1
|
Leštarević S, Mandić P, Mijović M, Dejanović M, Marjanović D, Matejić S, Filipović M. Histological characteristics and volume density of elastic fibers in the dermis during aging. PRAXIS MEDICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/pramed1902001l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
2
|
Avci P, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, De Melo WC, Huang YY, Yin R, Chandran R, Kumar R, Otufowora A, Nyame T, Hamblin MR. Animal models of skin disease for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:331-55. [PMID: 23293893 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.761202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discovery of novel drugs, treatments, and testing of consumer products in the field of dermatology is a multi-billion dollar business. Due to the distressing nature of many dermatological diseases, and the enormous consumer demand for products to reverse the effects of skin photodamage, aging, and hair loss, this is a very active field. AREAS COVERED In this paper, we will cover the use of animal models that have been reported to recapitulate to a greater or lesser extent the features of human dermatological disease. There has been a remarkable increase in the number and variety of transgenic mouse models in recent years, and the basic strategy for constructing them is outlined. EXPERT OPINION Inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases are all represented by a range of mouse models both transgenic and normal. Skin cancer is mainly studied in mice and fish. Wound healing is studied in a wider range of animal species, and skin infections such as acne and leprosy also have been studied in animal models. Moving to the more consumer-oriented area of dermatology, there are models for studying the harmful effect of sunlight on the skin, and testing of sunscreens, and several different animal models of hair loss or alopecia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Boston MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hwang Y, Park H, Hahn H, Kim J, Ko J, Lee Y, Choe Y, Ahn K. Immediate pigment darkening and persistent pigment darkening as means of measuring the ultraviolet A protection factor in vivo: a comparative study. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1356-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Kim SM, Oh BH, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. The relation between the amount of sunscreen applied and the sun protection factor in Asian skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:218-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Bernstein EF, Brown DB, Schwartz MD, Kaidbey K, Ksenzenko SM. The Polyhydroxy Acid Gluconolactone Protects Against Ultraviolet Radiation in an In Vitro Model of Cutaneous Photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30:189-95; discussion 196. [PMID: 14756648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages skin through a variety of mechanisms, including the generation of free radicals. Gluconolactone is a polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that is capable of chelating metals and may also function by scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting skin from some of the damaging effects of UV radiation. OBJECTIVE This study measured the ability of gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation-induced damage. METHODS The ability of gluconolactone to prevent UV radiation-induced elastin promoter activation was determined in vitro using a transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging. Gluconolactone was also evaluated to determine its ability to promote the formation of sunburn cells in human skin after exposure to UV radiation. RESULTS Gluconolactone provided up to 50% protection against UV radiation, as measured in our in vitro system, and did not significantly increase sunburn cells in human skin. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the ability of the PHA gluconolactone to protect against UV radiation-induced elastin promoter activation. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated that gluconolactone treatment does not result in a significant increase in sunburn cells. Further investigation of this and other PHAs is necessary to identify their potential role in preventing and repairing cutaneous photodamage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Bernstein
- DakDak Photoaging Technologies, Division of Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Elkins Park KGL Inc., Ivy Laboratories University City Science Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernstein EF. Reactive oxygen species activate the human elastin promoter in a transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28:132-5. [PMID: 11860423 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.00328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generation of free radicals has been shown to play a role in cutaneous alterations resulting from ultraviolet radiation. OBJECTIVE Cells from a previously described in vitro transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging were exposed to reactive oxygen species to determine if this results in elastin promoter activation. METHODS Reactive oxygen species were generated using a hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system, and elastin promoter activation was measured using cells derived from transgenic mice containing the human elastin promoter. RESULTS Free radical generation resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in elastin promoter activity, and this increase was blocked with the addition of catalase. CONCLUSION Elastin promoter activation may play a role in the generation of solar elastosis in photoaged skin. Utilizing hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase with the in vitro transgenic photoaging model results in a sensitive system for evaluating agents that may prevent oxidative damage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Reactive Oxygen Species Activate the Human Elastin Promoter in a Transgenic Model of Cutaneous Photoaging. Dermatol Surg 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200202000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Maier H, Schauberger G, Brunnhofer K, Hönigsmann H. Change of ultraviolet absorbance of sunscreens by exposure to solar-simulated radiation. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:256-62. [PMID: 11511302 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the outdoor behavior of the Caucasian population, modern sunscreens should provide high and broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection in the ultraviolet B as well as in the ultraviolet A range and should be photochemically stable for ultraviolet doses, which can be expected in solar radiation. At present an assessment of the photostability of suncare products is not a general requirement before marketing. In order to evaluate the photostability of suncare products we conducted an in vitro test and measured the spectral absorbance of 16 sunscreens before, and after exposure to increasing biologically weighted standard erythema doses (5, 12.5, 25, 50) of solar-simulated radiation. Seven of 16 suncare products showed a significant dose- and wavelength-dependent decrease of the ultraviolet A protective capacity, whereas the ability to absorb ultraviolet B was not affected. In the ultraviolet A range, the decrease of absorbance (photoinactivation), respectively, the increase of transmission was 12-48% for an ultraviolet exposure of 25 standard erythema dose. Photoinactivation started in the wavelength range between 320 and 335 nm with a maximum above 350 nm. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the behavior of suncare products was not predictable from its individual ingredients. Neither complex combinations of organic filters nor addition of inorganic filters could absolutely prevent photoinactivation. The inclusion of a single photounstable filter did not mean photoinstability of the complete suncare product. Photoinactivation of sunscreens appears to be an underestimated hazard to the skin, first, by formation of free radicals, second, by increased ultraviolet A transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Maier
- Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernstein EF, Kong SK, Brown DB, Kwak BC, Takeuchi T, Gasparro FP, Uitto J. The nitroxide Tempol affords protection against ultraviolet radiation in a transgenic murine fibroblast culture model of cutaneous photoaging. Exp Dermatol 2001; 10:55-61. [PMID: 11168580 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.100107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species is among the various mechanisms by which ultraviolet radiation damages skin. Tempol, a superoxide dismutase analogue which readily penetrates cell membranes when administered exogenously, has been shown to provide protection against some forms of oxygen-dependent damage. In this study, we measured the ability of Tempol to protect against ultraviolet A- and ultraviolet B-induced damage, using a previously described transgenic mouse model of cutaneous photoaging. The ability of Tempol to prevent ultraviolet radiation-induced elastin promoter activation was determined in vitro. Tempol provided over 50% protection against ultraviolet B and over 70% protection against ultraviolet A as measured in our in vitro system. These results demonstrate the ability of the superoxide dismutase mimic, Tempol, to protect against ultraviolet induced elastin promoter activation. This compound could be a useful pharmacological agent to prevent cutaneous photoaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F Bernstein
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Damian DL, Halliday GM, Stc Barnetson R. Sun protection factor measurement of sunscreens is dependent on minimal erythema dose. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:502-7. [PMID: 10583055 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of skin colour and minimal erythema dose (MED) on the in vivo determination of sunscreen sun protection factors (SPFs). The MEDs of groups of 10-20 subjects were measured on the lower back with a 1000-W solar-simulated xenon arc lamp. Five sunscreens, with commercially measured SPFs ranging from 4 to 30 + were then tested on the different groups, and their SPFs were correlated with volunteers' MEDs. We found that the sunscreens had higher SPF values when tested on subjects with lower MEDs and paler skin. The SPF values obtained with our ultraviolet (UV) source were lower than the SPF values reported with commercially used solar simulators. We conclude that while SPF tests with artificial UV sources and pale-skinned volunteers can and should be used to rank the efficacy of various sunscreens in preventing sunburn, they should not be interpreted as measures of a sunscreen's absolute level of sun protection. Factors such as the differences in skin colour and MED between subjects used for SPF testing and the general population, the spectral differences between sunlight and artificial UV, as well as the tendency of the public to apply only small amounts of sunscreen and to re-apply it infrequently, mean that laboratory and sunlight SPFs may be markedly different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Damian
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hadshiew IM, Eller MS, Gilchrest BA. Age-associated decreases in human DNA repair capacity: Implications for the skin. AGE 1999; 22:45-57. [PMID: 23604396 PMCID: PMC3455240 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-999-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pathways are involved in accurate synthesis and distribution of DNA during replication, repair and maintenance of genomic integrity. An increased error rate, abovethe spontaneous mutation baseline, has been implicated in carcinogenesis and aging. Moreover, cytogenetic abnormalities are increased in Down's, Edwards', Patau's, and Klinefelter's syndromes with increasing maternal age, and in Marfan's and Apert's syndromes with paternal age. In response to DNA damage, multiple overlapping systems of DNA repair have evolved, preferentially repairing the transcribed strand within transcriptionally-active regions of the genome. These include direct reversal of dimers and specific adducts and pathways for base excision, nucleotide excision, and mismatch repair. A consensus has emerged that some DNA repair capacities decline with organism age, contradictory reports notwithstanding. As is the case for inborn defects in humans, knockout mice lacking components of nucleotide excision repair or DNA-damage checkpoint arrest have increased frequencies of skin and internal cancers, whereas mice overexpressing DNA repair genes have fewer spontaneous cancers. Oxidative stress and resultant free radicals can damage genomic and mitochondrial DNA; damage increases with age but decreases with caloric restriction. We review recent studies of long-lived C. elegans mutants which appear to involve metabolic attenuation, the role of telomere shortening and telomerase in cellular senescence, and the genetic bases of progeroid syndromes in humans. Finally, we discuss roles of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in skin aging, and their association with DNA damage, emphasizing preventive and protective measures and prospects for intervention by modulating DNA repair pathways in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina M. Hadshiew
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark S. Eller
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Barbara A. Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, 609 Albany St., J-501, Boston, MA 02118
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gabard B. Sunscreens. COSMETICS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59869-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|