1
|
Hou Y, Tan S, Wang G. Significance of TP53 Mutation in Cellular Process and Disease Progression in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:346-354. [PMID: 33956533 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: TP53 (tumor protein p53) is one of the most commonly mutanted genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Materials and Methods: In this study, we used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to evaluate the importance of TP53 mutations in cellular processes, disease progression, the prognosis in LUAD, and to identify critical hub genes and pathways associated with oncogenesis. Results: Analysis of the TCGA data showed TP53 mutations in 22% of LUAD patients. Clinicopathological analyses demonstrated that TP53 mutation was correlated with the disease progression but not prognosis. We identified 1935 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly concentrated in metabolism, cell differentiation, and cancer-related pathways. The top hub genes were identified and disease analysis revealed the most critical genes related to disease progression and prognosis. The expression levels of several of these genes were then tested in tumor tissues. Conclusion: Our results showed that TP53 mutation plays a critical role in cellular process and the clinicopathological findings in LUAD. We also identified potential key genes, which could provide novel evidence for individualized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Hou
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo CF, Zhuang Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Peng H, Zhou S. Significance of tumor protein p53 mutation in cellular process and drug selection in brain lower grade (WHO grades II and III) glioma. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1139-1150. [PMID: 32664789 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutant is one of the most frequently mutated genes in glioma. Results: The Cancer Genome Atlas data has shown that TP53 mutation is present in 49% of lower grade (World Health Organization [WHO] grades II and III) glioma patients. Data from The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database showed that three drugs: (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, dabrafenib and nutlin-3a (-), have shown more resistance in patients with TP53 mutation. We identified 1100 differentially expressed genes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes are mainly concentrated in the transport of ionic and cancer-related pathways. The top ten hub genes were identified and an outcome analysis revealed the most critical genes related to prognosis. Conclusion: Our results identified the key genes and pathways that might provide the basic proof to improve individualized treatment in patients with glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Guo
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yugang Zhuang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuanzhuo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kempf W, Mertz KD, Hofbauer GFL, Tinguely M. Skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Pathobiology 2013; 80:302-9. [PMID: 24013135 DOI: 10.1159/000350757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplant recipients (OTR) are at a significantly increased risk for developing a wide variety of skin cancers, particularly epithelial skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Melanoma, skin adnexal neoplasm and cutaneous lymphomas are also more common in OTR and may differ in their clinicopathologic presentation from tumors in immunocompetent patients. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of suspected premalignant and malignant skin lesions in OTR is modest. Therefore, histopathological diagnosis is an essential element for the diagnostic workup of skin cancers and, in addition, provides important information on prognosis. Squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasias (actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ or Bowen's disease) are the most common forms of skin cancer in OTR. The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma is dramatically increased in OTR. Merkel cell carcinoma shows a highly aggressive course. Kaposi's sarcoma tends to spread to extracutaneous sites. Primary cutaneous lymphomas developing after organ transplantation are rare. The spectrum of cutaneous B cell lymphomas in OTR, in particular, differs significantly from that of the general population, with a predominance of Epstein-Barr virus-driven posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. This review discusses the clinical and histopathological aspects of skin cancers in OTR, the impact of dermatopathological analysis on prognosis and the understanding of the pathogenesis of these neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Kempf
- Kempf and Pfaltz Histological Diagnostics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khodaeiani E, Fakhrjou A, Amirnia M, Babaei-nezhad S, Taghvamanesh F, Razzagh-Karimi E, Alikhah H. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 and Ki67 expression in skin epithelial tumors. Indian J Dermatol 2013; 58:181-7. [PMID: 23723466 PMCID: PMC3667278 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.110824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cellular mechanisms responsible for initiating or limiting the tumors including skin types are of great importance. The p53 is a tumor-inhibiting gene which is believed to be defective in many malignant situations. Ki67 is a non-histonic protein which is mainly interfere with the proliferation and has many controlling effects during the cell cycle. Because of their importance in skin tumor cell growth, this study aimed at evaluating the p53 and Ki67 expression in skin epithelial tumors by immunohistochemical method. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a descriptive setting, 50 biopsy samples (30 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 8 keratoacanthomas (KAs), and 2 trichoepitheliomas (TEs)) were immunohistochemically evaluated for p53 and Ki67 expression during a 14-month period. The incidence and expression rate of these two variables were separately reported in each group of samples. RESULTS The expression rate of p53 was 67.77% for the BCCs, 50.20% for the SCCs, and null for the KAs. For both TEs, it was 50%. The expression rate of Ki67 was 57.33% for the BCCs, 47.70% for the SCCs, 37.5% for the KAs, and 0.0% for TEs. The incidence of P53+ cells was 100% and 90% in the BCC and SCC samples, respectively. The both TEs were positive in this regard. The incidence of Ki67+ cells was 100% for the BCC, SCC, and KA samples. The both TEs were negative in this regard. CONCLUSION This study showed that the incidence rate of p53- and Ki67-positive cells is very high in skin malignant epithelial tumors. The expression rate of these two variables is comparable with reports in the literature. Further studies with large sample size are recommended to be carried out for KA and TE samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf Fakhrjou
- Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Amirnia
- From the Department of Dermatology, Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Hossein Alikhah
- From the Department of Dermatology, Sina Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stratigos AJ, Kapranos N, Petrakou E, Anastasiadou A, Pagouni A, Christofidou E, Petridis A, Papadopoulos O, Kokka E, Antoniou C, Georgala S, Katsambas AD. Immunophenotypic analysis of the p53 gene in non-melanoma skin cancer and correlation with apoptosis and cell proliferation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005; 19:180-6. [PMID: 15752287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2005.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunlight precipitates a series of genetic events that lead to the development of skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The p53 tumour suppressor gene, which plays a pivotal role in cell division and apoptosis, is frequently found mutated in sunlight-induced skin tumours. OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunoreactivity of the p53 gene in non-melanoma skin cancers and to correlate its expression with apoptotic and cell proliferation markers. METHODS We analysed 35 non-melanoma tumours including 19 BCCs and 16 SCCs from sun-exposed skin areas. p53 protein expression was studied immunohistochemically using the DO7 monoclonal antibody against wild-type and mutant p53 forms. The percentage of p53-immunopositive nuclei was measured by image analysis. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also assessed by image analysis following Ki-67 immunostaining and application of the TUNEL method on paraffin sections, respectively. RESULTS The percentage of p53-expressing cells varied from 3.5 to 90 in BCCs (median value 54.4%) and from 3.7 to 94 in SCCs (median value 40.3%). The mean value of Ki-67-positive cells was comparable in both groups of tumours with a mean value of 40.6% in BCCs and 34.6% in SCCs. Conversely, the TUNEL assay showed sporadic staining of apoptotic cells within the tumours with a mean value of 1.12% in BCCs and 1.8% in SCCs. p53 protein expression was correlated positively with cell proliferation (r = 0.75, P = 0.000001) and negatively with apoptosis (r = -0.23, P = 0.05). CONCLUSION p53 immunoreactivity was high in the majority of the skin carcinomas examined and correlated positively with cell proliferation and negatively with apoptosis. The p53 protein overexpression appears to be related to an inactivated protein resulting from mutations of the p53 gene or other unclear molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
McKenna KE. Iatrogenic skin cancer: induction by psoralen/ultraviolet A and immunosuppression of organ transplant recipients. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2004; 20:289-96. [PMID: 15533236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2004.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemotherapy (psoralen/UVA (PUVA)) is an efficient therapeutic tool for a wide range of skin diseases. Concern, however, exists regarding the long-term carcinogenic effects of this treatment modality and, as a consequence, is being used less frequently. PUVA remains an important treatment in our therapeutic armamentarium but must be used with caution in those patients with risk factors and cumulative dose exposure must be limited. PUVA-induced cancers show features in common with skin cancers induced by immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Tumours in the latter group of individuals are, however, much more aggressive and difficult to manage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E McKenna
- Department of Dermatology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK. kevin.mckenna@@bch.n-i.nhs.uk
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jurewicz WA, Miles A. Strategies for ensuring effective surveillance in post-transplant patients: practical organization and clinical evaluation. J Eval Clin Pract 2004; 10:37-56. [PMID: 14731150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2003.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Results of renal transplantation have improved steadily over the years. This article reviews the current status of patient and graft survival and discusses major causes of mortality and renal allograft failure. Review of recent literature demonstrates that the traditional enemies of transplantation, acute rejection and opportunistic infections are no longer major problems facing transplantation. Chronic graft nephropathy and death with functioning graft due to cardiovascular disease are the main challenges in the current era. An impact of an early graft thrombosis, recurrent renal disease and post-transplant malignancies are also reviewed. Chronic graft nephropathy is examined in a context of differences between two calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporin microemulsion and tacrolimus. Strategies of post-transplant surveillance are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Adam Jurewicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seçkin D, Demirhan B, Karakayali H, Akgün S, Erdal R, Turan M. Immunohistochemical expression of p53, Bcl-2, Bax, and Fas proteins in squamous cell carcinomas from immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent individuals. Transplant Proc 2002; 34:2139-40. [PMID: 12270344 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)02882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Seçkin
- Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
O'Connor DP, Kay EW, Leader M, Murphy GM, Atkins GJ, Mabruk MJ. Altered p53 expression in benign and malignant skin lesions from renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients with skin cancer: correlation with human papillomaviruses? DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2001; 10:190-9. [PMID: 11552722 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200109000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal transplant recipients are prone to numerous benign and malignant skin lesions. Previous work in the authors' laboratory has determined that the human papillomavirus may be the viral aetiology of these skin lesions. The p53 tumor-suppressor gene is the most frequently mutated gene in a wide range of human cancers. Here the authors describe an immunohistochemical study to evaluate the expression of p53 in benign and malignant skin lesions from renal transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients with skin cancer. The effect of p53 mutations on the expression patterns observed were examined by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct cycle sequencing. The expression of the p53-regulated cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 and Mdm2 was also examined in p53-positive cells. The expression of p53 in benign and malignant lesions was found to be markedly different. p53 was expressed in only 40% (6/15) of viral warts analyzed. The expression was confined to the basal layer both in the lesion and in adjacent normal skin, and the level of expression was low and only in a small number of cells (<10%). Of the cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas analyzed, 60% (9/15) showed p53 expression. Two different patterns of expression were observed. Basal layer expression in both the invasive tumor and adjacent normal skin was observed in 50% of the p53-positive squamous cell carcinomas; in the remaining 50%, p53 was expressed diffusely throughout the invasive tumor and in the basal layer of adjacent normal skin. The level of expression was high and in a large number of cells. Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed that only one of the squamous cell carcinomas expressing p53 harbored a p53 mutation and that the accumulated p53 in the remaining tumors was wild type. No Mdm2 or p21Waf1/Cip1 expression was detected in the p53-positive squamous cell carcinomas, indicating that although the accumulated p53 is stable, it does not function effectively as a transcriptional activator. This represents a novel p53 phenotype in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, no correlation was seen between the presence and absence of human papillomavirus and p53 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P O'Connor
- Pathology Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kasiske BL, Vazquez MA, Harmon WE, Brown RS, Danovitch GM, Gaston RS, Roth D, Scandling JD, Singer GG. Recommendations for the outpatient surveillance of renal transplant recipients. American Society of Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001. [PMID: 11044969 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v11suppl_1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many complications after renal transplantation can be prevented if they are detected early. Guidelines have been developed for the prevention of diseases in the general population, but there are no comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of diseases and complications after renal transplantation. Therefore, the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Transplantation developed these guidelines to help physicians and other health care workers provide optimal care for renal transplant recipients. The guidelines are also intended to indirectly help patients receive the access to care that they need to ensure long-term allograft survival, by attempting to systematically define what that care encompasses. The guidelines are applicable to all adult and pediatric renal transplant recipients, and they cover the outpatient screening for and prevention of diseases and complications that commonly occur after renal transplantation. They do not cover the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and complications after they become manifest, and they do not cover the pretransplant evaluation of renal transplant candidates. The guidelines are comprehensive, but they do not pretend to cover every aspect of care. As much as possible, the guidelines are evidence-based, and each recommendation has been given a subjective grade to indicate the strength of evidence that supports the recommendation. It is hoped that these guidelines will provide a framework for additional discussion and research that will improve the care of renal transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Kasiske
- Division of Nephrology, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55415, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ferrándiz C, José Fuente M. [Skin cancer in patients submitted to organ transplantation: a growing problem]. Med Clin (Barc) 2001; 116:217-9. [PMID: 11333720 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(01)71775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Hudson AR, Antley CM, Kohler S, Smoller BR. Increased p53 staining in normal skin of posttransplant, immunocompromised patients and implications for carcinogenesis. Am J Dermatopathol 1999; 21:442-5. [PMID: 10535572 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199910000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is a transcriptional activator involved in control of cell cycle. Nonmelanoma skin cancers and premalignant lesions in transplant patients have been associated with an increased rate of p53 mutation. It is possible that normal skin in transplant patients also has a more labile p53 tumor suppressor gene, predisposing them to the development of nonmelanocytic cutaneous malignancies. To test this hypothesis, we looked at p53 expression in normal skin from posttransplant, immunocompromised patients and compared this to p53 expression in normal skin from immunocompetent patients. Twenty-three skin biopsies of normal, non-sun-exposed skin from 23 immunosuppressed transplant patients and 6 skin biopsies of normal, non-sun-exposed skin from 3 immunocompetent patients were stained for p53 immunoreactivity. The skin biopsies from the immunocompromised patients showed increased staining for p53 when compared to the skin biopsies from the immunocompetent patients (mean = 7.52/mm for the immunocompromised patients and mean = 1.05/mm for the normal control group). Background levels of p53 mutation may be increased in normal skin of posttransplant immunocompromised patients. This background increase in p53 expression could reflect mutation of the gene, which may play a role in the subsequent development of cutaneous malignancies in this subgroup of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Hudson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Little Rock 72205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Isomura I, Morita A, Tsuji T. The application of microwave irradiation in immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous disease. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:356-7. [PMID: 10468820 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Ferrándiz C, Fuente MJ, Fernández-Figueras MT, Bielsa I, Just M. p53 immunohistochemical expression in early posttransplant-associated malignant and premalignant cutaneous lesions. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25:97-101. [PMID: 10037511 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence suggests that p53 accumulation is critical to the development of skin cancer in the general population. It is possible, however, that the molecular steps involved in transplant-associated and non-transplant-associated skin carcinogenesis may differ. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to examine p53 expression in premalignant and malignant skin lesions from renal transplant recipients (RTRs) in their first 3 years of immunosuppression, as well as in equivalent lesions from immunocompetent normal individuals. METHODS p53 expression was examined by routine immunohistochemical methods using the anti-p53 monoclonal antibody DO7. RESULTS p53 immunoreactivity was more prevalent in dysplastic epidermal keratoses and cutaneous carcinomas from RTRs than in equivalent lesions from nontransplant controls. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences, however, only in premalignant skin lesions (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that accumulation of p53 protein is frequently encountered in both premalignant and malignant skin lesions of RTRs, and that this may occur as an early step in transplant-associated skin carcinogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Keratosis/genetics
- Keratosis/pathology
- Kidney Transplantation
- Mutation/genetics
- Postoperative Complications/diagnosis
- Postoperative Complications/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Precancerous Conditions/surgery
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ferrándiz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|