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Intracranial kaposiform hemangioendothelioma presenting as epistaxis: a rare case report with review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2057-2062. [PMID: 32989498 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor of intermediate malignancy with tendency for local invasion and recurrence. The tumor almost exclusively occurs in children, especially in infants. Intracranial KHE are extremely rare with only two cases reported in the literature. REPORT We report the clinical and pathological features of this rare tumor arising from basitemporal region in a 21-month child. Our case did not present with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of KHE. CONCLUSION KHE should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial extra-axial neoplasm in children, and histopathological examination plays an important role in distinguishing KHE from its morphologic mimics. It is essential to diagnose KHE due to its locally aggressive nature.
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Eseonu K, Anwar H. Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma in the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Int J Spine Surg 2020; 14:426-432. [PMID: 32699767 DOI: 10.14444/7056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare, locally aggressive vascular tumor of childhood. It has been most commonly reported in the trunk, retroperitoneum, and extremities, but cases involving the head and neck have been described. While thought to have limited metastatic potential, it is associated with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS), a consumptive coagulopathy and profound thrombocytopenia that is associated with significant mortality. Twelve cases of KHE with bony involvement have previously been reported. Of these, only 2 involved the spine, and both were managed with medical therapy alone. CASE PRESENTATION We report the first case of spinal KHE causing spinal cord compression managed with surgical excision presented in the literature to date. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of treatment modalities outlined in the literature. The lack of a consensus is due to the varying methods of presentation, difficulty in diagnosis, and disease rarity. Our case highlights the potential speed of local growth of this tumor, meaning that excision may be a technical challenge, especially when there is epidural extension. Treating clinicians should be aware of the risk of progression beyond the initial tumor boundaries to involve new vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Eseonu
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hanny Anwar
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, United Kingdom
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Wong BL, Lee VN, Tikka T, Kim D, Dwivedi RC. Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 104:156-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Rossi G, Galosi L, Berardi S, Piano MA, Robino P, Rose T, Calabrò ML. Neck Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma in a Fischer's lovebird (Agapornis fischeri). Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:112-5. [PMID: 27234547 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A six-year-old female Fischer's lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) presented at necropsy with a cutaneous mass on the neck, 3.5cm in diameter, yielding and with blood content. Histopathological findings showed a neoplasm characterized by proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. The histology of the mass revealed a multinodular, focally infiltrating tumor. Deeper dermal nodules were made of spindle cells forming vascular slits reminiscent of the histology seen in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). More superficially located dermal nodules consisted of small blood vessels, with histology resembling capillary hemangioma. The spindle cells and capillaries were strongly positive for Vimentin, endothelial cell marker CD31, and negative for sarcomeric α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Intravascular platelet trapping and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive hyaline globules were also observed. Differential diagnosis included Kaposi's sarcoma, capillary haemangioma, spindle cell haemangioendothelioma, and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. Based on morphological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a cutaneous Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma (KHE), a rare, low-grade malignant vascular neoplasm. Other organs showed no abnormalities. PCR amplifications, conducted using Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-specific primers and degenerate sets of primers designed to detect and characterize members of the Herpesviridae, on DNA extracted from tumor tissue and from whole blood failed to amplify any KSHV-related sequence. Moreover, no specific signal was obtained using primers for detection of psittacine herpesvirus, known to be linked to Pacheco's disease in parrots. To the best of our knowledge, this unusual case is the third report of KHE in a non-human animal species, the first described in a bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy.
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Sara Berardi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Piano
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Robino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Timothy Rose
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, JMB - 8 - Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Calabrò
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the kidney: an unusual presentation of a rare vascular neoplasm. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 32:e195-8. [PMID: 20588198 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3181e15c9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare, locally aggressive, vascular spindle-cell proliferation, with resemblance to Kaposi sarcoma. Usually, this tumor occurs in the skin and the retroperitoneum. We described a girl with a kidney localization and extension into the inferior vena cava and even into the right atrium. The case presented here is unique in 2 ways. First, kidney involvement of KHE has never been described in the literature until now. Second, and most remarkably, extensive tumor thrombosis suggests surgical excision even with cardiopulmonary bypass. The KHE of the kidney is a rare tumor but should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis with other pediatric renal neoplasms.
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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in multiple spinal levels without skin changes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:2464-71. [PMID: 19381744 PMCID: PMC2866913 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of childhood that is locally aggressive but has little metastatic potential and by itself is not known to be lethal. It most commonly presents as a superficial or deep soft tissue mass with associated cutaneous lesions. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon, a condition characterized by profound thrombocytopenia and life-threatening hemorrhage, often is associated with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Six cases of kaposiform hemangioendothelioma have been reported in bone, two of which were located in extracraniofacial bones. We report a diagnostically challenging case of a 6-year-old girl with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the thoracolumbar spine without Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon or cutaneous lesions.
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Refractory kaposiform hemangioendothelioma that expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3: a case report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31:194-7. [PMID: 19262246 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e3181979c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the case of a 10-month-old boy who was diagnosed to have kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS), which is a rare pediatric vascular tumor with a high mortality rate. Although both KHE with KMS were resistant to various therapies, such as oral prednisolone, sclerotherapy, and chemotherapy, repeated radiation therapy with methylprednisolone pulse therapy did reduce the volume of KHE and improved the symptoms of KMS. Unfortunately, a regrowth of KHE with KMS was observed 4 months after the cessation of treatment and the patient thereafter died from an intracranial hemorrhage and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which is a complication related to repetitive radiation and steroid therapy. A histopathologic examination of autopsy specimens confirmed a diagnosis of KHE and immunohistologic staining was positive for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3. These findings may provide the rationale to further investigate the role of VEGFRs in the pathogenesis of KHE and also to elucidate its prognostic value, along with the application of inhibitors for VEGFRs for the treatment of refractory KHE.
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Fernández Y, Bernabeu-Wittel M, García-Morillo JS. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Eur J Intern Med 2009; 20:106-13. [PMID: 19327597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare, locally aggressive vascular neoplasm that mainly occurs during childhood. It generally originates on the skin, usually affecting deeper tissue by infiltrative growth. It appears as one or multiple masses, and in most cases is associated to consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt syndrome), and lymphangiomatosis. Although visceral involvement is very uncommon, several cases with bone, retroperitoneal, or mediastinal involvement have been described. These tumors tend to be locally invasive, but are not known to produce distant metastases. The development of KHE in adolescents or in adults is very rare, but cases have also been described. Several factors are associated with the outcome of patients with KHE: accessibility to surgical excision, location (cutaneous versus visceral), size of tumoral mass, clinical response to interferon and glucocorticoids, and the absence of lymphangiomatosis and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, may result in partial remissions. On the other hand, bulk visceral masses lead to a 40-50% mortality rate, mainly due to progressive failure of the infiltrated organ(s), in spite of interferon, glucocorticoids, and combined chemotherapy. In conclusion, the onset of a consumptive coagulopathy following the presence of a vascular tumor, in children as well as in older patients, should spark suspicion of KHE, among other entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fernández
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
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CHEN YJ, WANG CK, TIEN YC, HSIEH TJ. MRI of multifocal kaposiform haemangioendothelioma without Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon. Br J Radiol 2009; 82:e51-4. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/16482217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Cho WS, Kim SK, Park SH, Cho BK. Intracranial kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: proposal of a new malignant variant. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009; 3:147-50. [PMID: 19278316 DOI: 10.3171/2008.11.peds08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor of infancy and early childhood that occurs mainly in soft tissue and the retroperitoneum. The pathological characteristics of a KHE are fascicles of spindleshaped endothelial cells and slitlike vascular channels with irregular tumor margins. In spite of benign features such as rare mitoses and a low MIB-1 labeling index, a KHE is categorized as an intermediate malignancy because of local invasiveness into adjacent lymph nodes or organs. Resection is the treatment of choice for this type of tumor and adjuvant medical therapy is prepared for the tumor remnants and the associated Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. In this paper the authors report a case of a KHE without Kasabach-Merritt syndrome arising from the right tentorium cerebelli in a 13-month-old male child. The biological behavior of the tumor, including its pathological traits and clinical course, was malignant in nature. This case may be not only the first intracranial extraaxial KHE, but also the first truly malignant variant. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial and extraaxial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Sang Cho
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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San Miguel FL, Spurbeck W, Budding C, Horton J. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma: a rare cause of spontaneous hemothorax in infancy. Review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:e37-41. [PMID: 18206444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor found almost exclusively in early childhood often associated with a life-threatening thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy known as Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. The natural history of these lesions and treatment remains controversial. We portray a case of a spontaneous hemothorax in a 2-month-old female infant and review of 153 reported cases in attempts to better delineate the available treatment options.
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Bienaimé A, Rojat-Habib MC, Hesse S, Pelissier JF, Bonerandi JJ. Tumeur vasculaire géante de l’adulte : angiome en touffe ou hémangioendothéliome kaposiforme. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2006; 133:553-6. [PMID: 16885843 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(06)70961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tufted angioma and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma are two rare benign but aggressive vascular tumours that occur mainly in children. OBSERVATION A 72 year-old man consulted for a 50 cm wide vascular tumour of the right shoulder which was increasing for 10 years. On histological examination there were features of tufted angioma and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. DISCUSSION The tumour of this patient was atypical because of its big size never described before. The histological association of aspects which could correspond to tufted angioma and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma seems to confirm recent publications which support the hypothesis that these two tumours are two evolutive stages of one and only entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bienaimé
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille.
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Deraedt K, Vander Poorten V, Van Geet C, Renard M, De Wever I, Sciot R. Multifocal kaposiform haemangioendothelioma. Virchows Arch 2006; 448:843-6. [PMID: 16596383 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare, locally aggressive vascular spindle cell proliferation, with resemblance to Kaposi's sarcoma. This tumour usually occurs in skin and retroperitoneum of infants and young children and is often complicated by the Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). A 3-year-old boy presented with a right submandibular swelling due to lymphadenopathies, a violaceous skin lesion at the left commissure of the lips and an ill-defined lesion in the right thyroid lobe. There were some signs of KMP. Histological examination revealed a typical infiltrative multilobular spindle cell proliferation with slit-like vascular spaces in these three localisations. Immunohistochemical stains showed positivity for CD34 and CD31 and many alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive spindle cells around the vascular spaces. There was no Herpes virus type 8 expression. The presented case is unique in two ways. First, thyroid involvement of KHE has never been described in the literature until now. Secondly, and most remarkably, the multifocal presentation in three anatomically distinct and separated localisations is extremely unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Deraedt
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital St. Rafaël, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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DeFatta RJ, Verret DJ, Adelson RT, Gomez A, Myers LL. Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma: Case Report and Literature Review. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:1789-92. [PMID: 16222196 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000176539.94515.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of a kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KH) in the oropharynx of a 3-year-old boy. This is a rare endothelial-derived spindle cell neoplasm affecting children and early adolescents with features common to capillary hemangioma and Kaposi sarcoma. Nine cases of head and neck KH have been reported, this being the first in the otolaryngology literature. Our patient underwent wide local excision and has remained tumor free for over 1 year. KH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a vascular lesion demonstrating unexpected behavior from that of a hemangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DeFatta
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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