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Kaplan B, Altın B, Akyol MU, Aksoy S. Evaluation of Balance with Computerized Dynamic Posturography in Children with Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:4126-4133. [PMID: 38597754 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media with effusion (OME) frequently leads to vestibular symptoms in children. However, young children face difficulty expressing their symptoms due to their limited language abilities. METHODS The balance of study and patient group evaluated with computer dynamic posturography, single-leg stance test with eyes closed and regular Head Impulse Test. The study group was assessed once again after the insertion of a ventilation tube two months later. RESULTS In the Sensory Organization Test, the scores for conditions 5, 6, and composite equilibrium of the preoperative patient group were notably lower compared with both the control and postoperative patient groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant correlation was found between single-leg stance test with eyes closed results and conditions 5, 6, and composite equilibrium scores. CONCLUSION The impact of OME on the vestibular system is negative. This effect can be objectively assessed using Computer Dynamic Posturography and following tube insertion, there is a notable improvement in vestibular function. Furthermore, the single-leg stance (SLS) test with eyes closed has shown its reliability in assessing balance disorders, notably in children with OME. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Laryngoscope, 134:4126-4133, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Kaplan
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Büşra Altın
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Umut Akyol
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Songül Aksoy
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
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Rosenfeld RM, Tunkel DE, Schwartz SR, Anne S, Bishop CE, Chelius DC, Hackell J, Hunter LL, Keppel KL, Kim AH, Kim TW, Levine JM, Maksimoski MT, Moore DJ, Preciado DA, Raol NP, Vaughan WK, Walker EA, Monjur TM. Clinical Practice Guideline: Tympanostomy Tubes in Children (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 166:S1-S55. [PMID: 35138954 DOI: 10.1177/01945998211065662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insertion of tympanostomy tubes is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States. Tympanostomy tubes are most often inserted because of persistent middle ear fluid, frequent ear infections, or ear infections that persist after antibiotic therapy. All these conditions are encompassed by the term otitis media (middle ear inflammation). This guideline update provides evidence-based recommendations for patient selection and surgical indications for managing tympanostomy tubes in children. The guideline is intended for any clinician involved in managing children aged 6 months to 12 years with tympanostomy tubes or children being considered for tympanostomy tubes in any care setting as an intervention for otitis media of any type. The target audience includes specialists, primary care clinicians, and allied health professionals. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical practice guideline update is to reassess and update recommendations in the prior guideline from 2013 and to provide clinicians with trustworthy, evidence-based recommendations on patient selection and surgical indications for managing tympanostomy tubes in children. In planning the content of the updated guideline, the guideline update group (GUG) affirmed and included all the original key action statements (KASs), based on external review and GUG assessment of the original recommendations. The guideline update was supplemented with new research evidence and expanded profiles that addressed quality improvement and implementation issues. The group also discussed and prioritized the need for new recommendations based on gaps in the initial guideline or new evidence that would warrant and support KASs. The GUG further sought to bring greater coherence to the guideline recommendations by displaying relationships in a new flowchart to facilitate clinical decision making. Last, knowledge gaps were identified to guide future research. METHODS In developing this update, the methods outlined in the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation's "Clinical Practice Guideline Development Manual, Third Edition: A Quality-Driven Approach for Translating Evidence Into Action" were followed explicitly. The GUG was convened with representation from the disciplines of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, otology, pediatrics, audiology, anesthesiology, family medicine, advanced practice nursing, speech-language pathology, and consumer advocacy. ACTION STATEMENTS The GUG made strong recommendations for the following KASs: (14) clinicians should prescribe topical antibiotic ear drops only, without oral antibiotics, for children with uncomplicated acute tympanostomy tube otorrhea; (16) the surgeon or designee should examine the ears of a child within 3 months of tympanostomy tube insertion AND should educate families regarding the need for routine, periodic follow-up to examine the ears until the tubes extrude.The GUG made recommendations for the following KASs: (1) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with a single episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) of less than 3 months' duration, from the date of onset (if known) or from the date of diagnosis (if onset is unknown); (2) clinicians should obtain a hearing evaluation if OME persists for 3 months or longer OR prior to surgery when a child becomes a candidate for tympanostomy tube insertion; (3) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with bilateral OME for 3 months or longer AND documented hearing difficulties; (5) clinicians should reevaluate, at 3- to 6-month intervals, children with chronic OME who do not receive tympanostomy tubes, until the effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are suspected; (6) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with recurrent acute otitis media who do not have middle ear effusion in either ear at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (7) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion in children with recurrent acute otitis media who have unilateral or bilateral middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (8) clinicians should determine if a child with recurrent acute otitis media or with OME of any duration is at increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from otitis media because of baseline sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral factors; (10) the clinician should not place long-term tubes as initial surgery for children who meet criteria for tube insertion unless there is a specific reason based on an anticipated need for prolonged middle ear ventilation beyond that of a short-term tube; (12) in the perioperative period, clinicians should educate caregivers of children with tympanostomy tubes regarding the expected duration of tube function, recommended follow-up schedule, and detection of complications; (13) clinicians should not routinely prescribe postoperative antibiotic ear drops after tympanostomy tube placement; (15) clinicians should not encourage routine, prophylactic water precautions (use of earplugs or headbands, avoidance of swimming or water sports) for children with tympanostomy tubes.The GUG offered the following KASs as options: (4) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with unilateral or bilateral OME for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) AND symptoms that are likely attributable, all or in part, to OME that include, but are not limited to, balance (vestibular) problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life; (9) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in at-risk children with unilateral or bilateral OME that is likely to persist as reflected by a type B (flat) tympanogram or a documented effusion for 3 months or longer; (11) clinicians may perform adenoidectomy as an adjunct to tympanostomy tube insertion for children with symptoms directly related to the adenoids (adenoid infection or nasal obstruction) OR in children aged 4 years or older to potentially reduce future incidence of recurrent otitis media or the need for repeat tube insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Tunkel
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Charles E Bishop
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Daniel C Chelius
- Baylor College of Medicine-Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jesse Hackell
- Pomona Pediatrics, Boston Children's Health Physicians, Pomona, New York, USA.,New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Lisa L Hunter
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Ana H Kim
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tae W Kim
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine/Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jack M Levine
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | | | - Denee J Moore
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - William K Vaughan
- Consumers United for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Taskin M Monjur
- American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
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Impact of advancement of otitis media with effusion on vestibular organ condition in children. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the most common otorhinolaryngological (ENT) disorders in childhood. This study aimed to investigate the vestibular organ condition in children with OME and whether the presence of vestibular disturbances depends on the advancement of OME.
Materials and Methods
Subjects were 53 children between 4 and 14 years old with bilateral OME and treated with middle ear drainage. The study group was divided into two subgroups according to the advancement of the disease. The participants were submitted to an evaluation consisting of anamnesis, ENT evaluation, static posturography, and electronystagmography (ENG). Examination was performed before surgery and one month after drainage.
Results
The posturography revealed the presence of disturbances before and after ME drainage. After drainage, the assessed parameters improved; they still, however, remained elevated. Disturbances in posturography, both before and after drainage, were expressed more fully in the subgroup with stage II compared to the stage I subgroup, especially before drainage. The analysis of the ENG confirmed that the stage of clinical advancement affects the severity of vestibular disorders in children with OME. Greater vestibular disorders in the form of the presence of spontaneous nystagmus and position were more frequent in the subgroup with stage II.
Conclusions
ME effusion affects the vestibular organ in children with OME. The degree of vestibular disturbances depends on the clinical advancement of the disease. The assessment of the vestibular organ condition is beneficial and should be included in the OME diagnostic and for qualification for surgical treatment.
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A Systematic Review on the Association Between Vestibular Dysfunction and Balance Performance in Children With Hearing Loss. Ear Hear 2021; 43:712-721. [PMID: 34611117 PMCID: PMC8958172 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to understand the functional impact of vestibular dysfunction on balance control in children with hearing loss. The vestibular system is an important contributor to maintaining balance. In adults, vestibular dysfunction is known to lead to unsteadiness and falls. Considerably less is known about the effects of vestibular dysfunction in children with hearing loss. DESIGN We conducted a systematic review in concordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. We included articles on children with hearing loss who underwent vestibular and balance testing. The Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 20 articles were included in this systematic review, of which, 17 reported an association between vestibular dysfunction and balance abnormalities in children with hearing loss. Bias (as measured by the Downs and Black Checklist) was a concern, as most studies were nonblinded cohort studies or case series selected through convenience sampling. CONCLUSIONS Research to date has predominantly found that children with concomitant hearing loss and vestibular impairment tend to perform more poorly on balance measures than either children with hearing loss and normal vestibular function or children with both normal-hearing and normal vestibular function. A standardized approach to assessing both vestibular function and balance would better characterize the impact of vestibular dysfunction in children with hearing loss at the population level.
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Kelly EA, Janky KL, Patterson JN. The Dizzy Child. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2021; 54:973-987. [PMID: 34304898 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dizziness occurs in children with an estimated prevalence of 0.45% to 15.0%. Vestibular disorders in the pediatric population can impact gross motor function development, visual acuity, and contribute to psychological distress. Appropriate case history and focused direct examination can be helpful when determining the etiology of dizziness. Vestibular testing can be completed in children and guide management of suspected vestibular dysfunction. Vestibular dysfunction is commonly seen in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Migraine disorders are the most common cause of dizziness in childhood. Etiologies of dizziness in children differ from those commonly seen in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kelly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
| | - Kristen L Janky
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Jessie N Patterson
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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Nystagmus in adult patients with acute otitis media or otitis media with effusion without dizziness. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250357. [PMID: 33983960 PMCID: PMC8118351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the incidence and patterns of nystagmus in adult patients with acute otitis media (AOM) or otitis media with effusion (OME) without dizziness or vertigo, and discuss possible mechanisms. From February 2018 to November 2018, 34 consecutive patients with AOM or OME without dizziness were included. Nystagmus was examined with video Frenzel glasses. Of 34 adult AOM or OME patients without dizziness, nystagmus was observed in 28 patients (82%). In unilateral AOM or OME (n = 30), the most commonly observed nystagmus pattern was irritative-type direction-fixed nystagmus (n = 13), followed by paretic-type direction-fixed nystagmus (n = 8), and direction-changing positional nystagmus (n = 4). In bilateral AOM or OME (n = 4), direction-fixed nystagmus and direction-changing positional nystagmus were observed in two and one patients, respectively. Nystagmus was observed in as many as 82% of adult AOM or OME patients even though they did not complain of dizziness, and the pattern of nystagmus was either direction-fixed or direction-changing. Direct effect of inflammatory mediators penetrated from the middle ear and biochemical alteration in the inner ear fluids due to blood-perilymph barrier dysfunction may result in the presence of nystagmus in AOM or OME patients without dizziness.
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Chronic Effects of Pediatric Ear Infections on Postural Stability. Int J Pediatr 2021; 2021:6688991. [PMID: 33628279 PMCID: PMC7899764 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6688991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ear infections in children often cause abnormal postural stability. However, the long-term effects of recurrent ear infections on postural stability have not been investigated. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effects of multiple ear infections on pediatric postural stability. Methods Forty children aged 10-12 years were divided into two groups (18 participants with a history of tympanostomy tubes and/or 3 or more ear infections prior to age five and 22 participants without a history of tympanostomy tubes and/or 0-2 ear infections prior to age five). Computerized Stability Evaluation Test (SET) and noncomputerized postural stability were measured for all participants. Results A significant difference was found in median postural stability scores in the SET during a tandem stance on an unstable surface between the two groups (median (minimum, maximum) of 9.1 (1.4, 11.4) versus 5.8 (1.7, 12.8), p = 0.04). In addition, there was a significant difference in median Pediatric Balance Scale scores between participants with versus without ear infection (54 (47, 56) versus 56 (55, 56), p = 0.001). Conclusions Results suggest that children ages 10-12 with a history of tympanostomy tubes and/or 3 or more ear infections prior to age five have decreased postural stability.
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Tozar M, Cömert E, Şencan Z, Şimşek G, Muluk NB, Kılıç R. Video head impulse test in children with otitis media with effusion and dizziness. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 129:109783. [PMID: 31760334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of the study were to evaluate the vestibular impairment in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) and dizziness by using vHIT test, and to compare their results with healthy children. METHODS The study population consisted of 30 pediatric patients with OME and dizziness and 30 healthy children, age between 4 and 15. Otoscopic and tympanometric examination and vHIT testing were performed to all subjects. vHIT test parameters were compared between pediatric patients with OME and dizziness and healthy children. Additionally, the differences of the mean vHIT gains between tympanogram types, otoscopic findings and the presence of saccades were analyzed. RESULTS The mean vHIT gains and gain asymmetry values of patients with OME and dizziness and healthy children were comparable. No significant difference was observed between the mean vHIT gains of patients with type B and type C2 tympanogram. Covert saccades were observed in 57% of the patients with OME and dizziness. None of the patients had over saccades and none of the healthy children had saccades. CONCLUSION Our study is a preliminary study analyzing the vestibular impairment in children with OME and dizziness using vHIT test. Based on our results, it can be assumed that the children with OME and dizziness usually don't have a great vestibular impairment that can be detected with vHIT test. The covert saccades detected in this patient group are accepted as a sign of slight vestibular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Tozar
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, 1st Floor, Yenişehir, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Ela Cömert
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, 1st Floor, Yenişehir, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Ziya Şencan
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, 1st Floor, Yenişehir, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Gökçe Şimşek
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, 1st Floor, Yenişehir, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, 1st Floor, Yenişehir, Yahşihan, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Rahmi Kılıç
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Clinic of Otolaryngology Sakarya Mh. Ulucanlar Street No 89 Altındağ, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bista R, Datta R, Nilakantan A, Gupta A, Singh A. Vestibular Dysfunction in Children Suffering from Otitis Media with Effusion: Does Grommet Help? An Observational Study Using Computerized Static Posturography. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 71:537-541. [PMID: 31750116 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-019-01720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) has a detrimental effect on balance, which may not present as a clear symptom in children. This effect can be improved by the insertion of ventilation tubes. This study assesses balance in children suffering from OME pre and post operatively using computerized static posturography. 50 children of 3-6 years, suffering from OME were included in this observational descriptive study. These patients underwent myringotomy and grommet insertion. The balance was evaluated pre and post operatively after 3 months using computerized static posturography with Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance under four conditions, namely eyes open/closed on firm surface/foam. Posturography mean sway velocity was deranged in these children preoperatively and it showed statistically significant improvement post operatively at 3 months. There is occult vestibular dysfunction in children with OME as assessed by static posturography which improves significantly 3 months after myringotomy and grommet insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranishma Bista
- 1Department of ORL-HNS, Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowari, Pune, 411040 India
| | - Rakesh Datta
- 1Department of ORL-HNS, Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowari, Pune, 411040 India
| | | | | | - Anubhav Singh
- 1Department of ORL-HNS, Armed Forces Medical College, Wanowari, Pune, 411040 India
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Monsanto RDC, Kasemodel ALP, Tomaz A, Paparella MM, Penido NDO. Current evidence of peripheral vestibular symptoms secondary to otitis media. Ann Med 2018; 50:391-401. [PMID: 29699430 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1470665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between otitis media and vestibular symptoms has been hypothesized in the past. Thus, in this study, we aimed to critically analyze (based in a systematic review of the literature) whether patients who have otitis media are at greater risk of developing vestibular impairment or not. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature and identified potentially relevant articles reporting vestibular symptoms and results of vestibular function tests in patients with otitis media through searches of the PubMED, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the final set of records was assessed using the "Newcaste-Ottawa Scale". RESULTS Of the 2334 records searched, 43 met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, and those included 2250 patients. The records comprised 20 longitudinal studies, 21 cross-sectional studies, and 2 case reports. Regarding the type of otitis media studied, 25 examined vestibular impairment in otitis media with effusion, 6 acute otitis media, and 12 chronic otitis media. Results of anamnesis, clinical exams, and several vestibular function tests are reported and critically discussed. CONCLUSION Most studies evaluating the association between otitis media and vestibular symptoms have potential methodological flaws. Clinical evidence suggests that patients with otitis media have increased chances for having vestibular symptoms, delayed acquisition of developmental milestones, and abnormalities in several vestibular function tests as compared with controls. Future studies with rigorous methodology aiming to assess the clinical significance (and prognostic factors) of the association between otitis media and vestibular impairment are warranted. Key message Several studies demonstrated long-term sequelae secondary to otitis media. However, the evidence supporting those assumptions are based in low-quality evidence. Thus, better structured studies are warranted to better understand the clinical relevance of such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael da Costa Monsanto
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Papi Kasemodel
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Andreza Tomaz
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Michael M Paparella
- b Department of Otolaryngology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA.,c Paparella Ear, Head & Neck Institute , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Norma de Oliveira Penido
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Devaraja K. Vertigo in children; a narrative review of the various causes and their management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 111:32-38. [PMID: 29958611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vertigo is a not an uncommon symptom in children, but often the treating doctors are unsure of the diagnosis and the management of these cases. This narrative review of the literature discusses the brief etiopathology, the clinical manifestations and the management algorithm of most of the conditions causing vertigo in children. The relevant information has been condensed into a table for the perusal of the readers, which would assist in the appropriate management of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Devaraja
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Long-term evaluation of the effect of middle ear effusion on the vestibular system in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 109:13-16. [PMID: 29728166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media with effusion (OME) is one of the most common clinical conditions in childhood. Fluid accumulation in the middle ear may impact inner ear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this random sample cohort study was to investigate whether the past history of middle ear effusion has a long-term negative impact on the vestibular system in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out on 22 children aged 7-15 years who had undergone drainage of the middle ear 5 years before evaluation. The control group consisted of 29 healthy children aged 4-17 years. Vestibular function was examined using sway posturography and electronystagmography (ENG). RESULTS The stabilogram parameters of the study group and the control group were compared. The field of developed area (FDA) and the average body sway velocity (ASV) were analyzed. Elevated stabilogram parameters of FDA and ASV, both with eyes open and eyes closed, were found in the study group. Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) were present for ASV with eyes open and with eyes closed. The ENG recordings were analyzed in both groups. In the study group, spontaneous nystagmus was observed in 40.9% of the children and positional nystagmus occurred in 63.6% of the children. According to tests, eye tracking test was impaired in 27.3% of cases. Rotatory chair testing revealed asymmetry in 18.2% of the children. CONCLUSION The presence of effusion in the middle ear in the past has a negative impact on the vestibular part of the inner ear. Clinicians should be aware of the possible negative impact of middle ear effusion on the vestibular function in children with a history of otitis media with effusion. With seeimingly asymptomatic children clinicians should inquire parents about symptoms of dysequlibrium and imbalance.
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Gravel JS, Casselbrant ML, Andalibi A, Bellussi L, Dhooge I, Hunter LL, Karma P, Marchisio P, Passàli D, Post CJ, Vernon-Feagans L. 7. Diagnosis and Screening. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00034894051140s111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Said EA, Ahmed MK, Mohamed ES. Role of vestibular testing in deciding treatment strategies for children with otitis media with effusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejenta.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vestibular evaluation in children with otitis media with effusion. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2015; 129:326-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215115000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Fifty per cent of children with serous otitis media may have some balance disturbances.Objective:To evaluate vestibular function in children with otitis media with effusion.Methods:The control group comprised 25 children with bilateral normal hearing and middle-ear function. The study group consisted of 30 children with bilateral otitis media with effusion; these were divided into 2 subgroups according to air–bone gap size. Measures included the Arabic Dizziness Handicap Inventory, an imbalance evaluation sheet for children, vestibular bedside tests for children, and air- and bone-conducted vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing.Results:Arabic Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores and some vestibular bedside test results were significantly abnormal, with normal video-nystagmography results, in children with otitis media with effusion. Air-conducted vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials were recorded in 73 per cent of children with otitis media with effusion, with significantly delayed latencies. Bone-conducted vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials were successfully detected in 100 per cent of children with otitis media with effusion with similar results to the control group.Conclusion:The Arabic Dizziness Handicap Inventory and vestibular bedside tests are valuable tools for detecting vestibular impairment in children. Bone-conducted vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials are useful for vestibular system evaluation.
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Gioacchini FM, Alicandri-Ciufelli M, Kaleci S, Magliulo G, Re M. Prevalence and diagnosis of vestibular disorders in children: a review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:718-24. [PMID: 24612555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review and discuss the main pathologies associated with vertigo and dizziness in children, paying particular attention to recent advances in diagnosis and therapy. METHODS One appropriate string was run on PubMed to retrieve articles dealing with the topics mentioned above. A cross-check was performed on citations and full-text articles found using the selected inclusion and exclusion criteria. A non-comparative meta-analysis concerning the rate of singular vertiginous forms was performed. RESULTS Ten articles were identified comprising a total of 724 subjects. Overall, the articles we analyzed indicated benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (18.7%) and migraine-associated vertigo (17.6%) as the two main entities connected with vertigo and dizziness in children. Head trauma (14%) was the third most common cause of vertigo. The mean (95% CI) rate of every vertiginous form was also calculated in relation to the nine studies analyzed with vestibular migraine (27.82%), benign paroxysmal vertigo (15.68%) and vestibular neuritis (9.81%) being the three most common forms. There appeared to be a paucity of recent literature concerning the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the literature study, when evaluating a young patient with vertigo and dizziness, the otolaryngologist should be aware that, in children, these symptoms are often connected to different pathologies in comparison to the entities observed in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaniko Kaleci
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magliulo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology "G. Ferreri", "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Re
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Pynnonen MA, Tunkel DE, Hussey HM, Fichera JS, Grimes AM, Hackell JM, Harrison MF, Haskell H, Haynes DS, Kim TW, Lafreniere DC, LeBlanc K, Mackey WL, Netterville JL, Pipan ME, Raol NP, Schellhase KG. Clinical Practice Guideline. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149:S1-35. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599813487302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Insertion of tympanostomy tubes is the most common ambulatory surgery performed on children in the United States. Tympanostomy tubes are most often inserted because of persistent middle ear fluid, frequent ear infections, or ear infections that persist after antibiotic therapy. Despite the frequency of tympanostomy tube insertion, there are currently no clinical practice guidelines in the United States that address specific indications for surgery. This guideline is intended for any clinician involved in managing children, aged 6 months to 12 years, with tympanostomy tubes or being considered for tympanostomy tubes in any care setting, as an intervention for otitis media of any type. Purpose The primary purpose of this clinical practice guideline is to provide clinicians with evidence-based recommendations on patient selection and surgical indications for and management of tympanostomy tubes in children. The development group broadly discussed indications for tube placement, perioperative management, care of children with indwelling tubes, and outcomes of tympanostomy tube surgery. Given the lack of current published guidance on surgical indications, the group focused on situations in which tube insertion would be optional, recommended, or not recommended. Additional emphasis was placed on opportunities for quality improvement, particularly regarding shared decision making and care of children with existing tubes. Action Statements The development group made a strong recommendation that clinicians should prescribe topical antibiotic eardrops only, without oral antibiotics, for children with uncomplicated acute tympanostomy tube otorrhea. The panel made recommendations that (1) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with a single episode of otitis media with effusion (OME) of less than 3 months’ duration; (2) clinicians should obtain an age-appropriate hearing test if OME persists for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) or prior to surgery when a child becomes a candidate for tympanostomy tube insertion; (3) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with bilateral OME for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) and documented hearing difficulties; (4) clinicians should reevaluate, at 3- to 6-month intervals, children with chronic OME who did not receive tympanostomy tubes until the effusion is no longer present, significant hearing loss is detected, or structural abnormalities of the tympanic membrane or middle ear are suspected; (5) clinicians should not perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) who do not have middle ear effusion in either ear at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (6) clinicians should offer bilateral tympanostomy tube insertion to children with recurrent AOM who have unilateral or bilateral middle ear effusion at the time of assessment for tube candidacy; (7) clinicians should determine if a child with recurrent AOM or with OME of any duration is at increased risk for speech, language, or learning problems from otitis media because of baseline sensory, physical, cognitive, or behavioral factors; (8) in the perioperative period, clinicians should educate caregivers of children with tympanostomy tubes regarding the expected duration of tube function, recommended follow-up schedule, and detection of complications; (9) clinicians should not encourage routine, prophylactic water precautions (use of earplugs, headbands; avoidance of swimming or water sports) for children with tympanostomy tubes. The development group provided the following options: (1) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in children with unilateral or bilateral OME for 3 months or longer (chronic OME) and symptoms that are likely attributable to OME including, but not limited to, vestibular problems, poor school performance, behavioral problems, ear discomfort, or reduced quality of life and (2) clinicians may perform tympanostomy tube insertion in at-risk children with unilateral or bilateral OME that is unlikely to resolve quickly as reflected by a type B (flat) tympanogram or persistence of effusion for 3 months or longer (chronic OME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Rosenfeld
- Department of Otolaryngology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Seth R. Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa A. Pynnonen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David E. Tunkel
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather M. Hussey
- Department of Research and Quality Improvement, American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fichera
- The Ear, Nose, Throat & Plastic Surgery Associates, Winter Park, Florida, USA
| | - Alison M. Grimes
- Department of Otology, Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Melody F. Harrison
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen Haskell
- Mothers Against Medical Error, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - David S. Haynes
- Neurotology Division, Otolaryngology and Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tae W. Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Denis C. Lafreniere
- Division of Otolaryngology, UCONN Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Wendy L. Mackey
- Connecticut Pediatric Otolaryngology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James L. Netterville
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary E. Pipan
- Trisomy 21 Program, Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikhila P. Raol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Schellhase
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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McCaslin DL, Jacobson GP, Gruenwald JM. The Predominant Forms of Vertigo in Children and Their Associated Findings on Balance Function Testing. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2011; 44:291-307, vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Engel-Yeger B, Golz A, Parush S. Impact of middle ear effusion on balance performance in children. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 26:97-102. [PMID: 14668146 DOI: 10.1080/09638280310001629697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Middle ear effusion (MEE) is a common childhood disease characterized by accumulation of fluid in the middle ear. MEE treatment focuses on the resultant conductive hearing loss. Recently, researchers have investigated the potential effects of MEE on balance. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare balance of children with MEE to that of healthy children and to examine whether a relation exists between balance skills and the degree of muscle strength. METHODS Twenty children with MEE and twenty healthy children aged 4.5 - 7.5 years underwent balance and strength sub-tests of Bruininks - Oseretsky Test of Motor Performance (BOTMP) and electronystagmography recordings (ENG). Parents completed a questionnaire designed to elicit their perceptions of their child's balance abilities in daily living activities. RESULTS MEE children performed significantly worse than did the control group on BOTMP balance sub-test. BOTMP strength subtest indicated that children with MEE had poorer muscle strength than the control group, although the difference was not significant. ENG results showed no pathologic recordings in both study group and control group. Finally, a significant correlation was found between parents' responses on the questionnaire and their child's performance on BOTMP balance subtest. CONCLUSIONS MEE may negatively impact children's balance, while muscle strength is less affected. Furthermore, the BOTMP appears to be a sensitive assessment of balance disturbances in children with MEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Engel-Yeger
- Occupational Therapy Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Dizziness can be caused by a variety of peripheral vestibular, central, and systemic disease processes. Eustachian tube dysfunction with and without middle-ear effusion has been considered one of the most common causes of balance disturbances in young children. Several studies have indicated that during an episode of otitis media the child's balance deteriorates and the child may become clumsy and fall more often. Thus, not only the adverse effect on hearing should be considered in the management of a child with otitis media, but also the child's balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha L Casselbrant
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Dinkin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Gawron W, Pośpiech L, Orendorz-Fraczkowska K. An evaluation of postural stability and the effects of middle-ear drainage on vestibulo-spinal reflexes of children with chronic otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004; 68:1175-9. [PMID: 15302148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many authors agree that chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) are the main causes of vertigo and balance disturbances in children. The aim of this work was the stabilometric evaluation of postural stability and the influence of middle ear drainage on vestibulo-spinal reflexes in children with OME. METHODS Fifteen children with OME (5-14 years old, 13 males and two females) were selected for bilateral drainage of the middle ear after conservative treatment proved ineffective. The control group consisted of 15 healthy children of an analogous age range. Static and quasi-dynamic posturography was performed to evaluate balance. The tests were performed three times: 1 day before drainage, 1 day after drainage and 4 weeks after drainage. Parameters including the field of the developed area and the average velocity of body deflection were analysed. RESULTS There was statistically significant elevation of stabilogram parameters in almost all the tests in children with OME as compared to the control group. The changes in the stabilogram parameters were analysed with reference to the timing of the evaluation. Significant improvement was noted after the fluid was removed from the ear, although recovery was not complete after 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The presence of fluid in the middle ear impairs the functioning of the balance system in children. Postural stability and the quantity of vestibulo-spinal reflexes seem to depend on the functional condition of the middle ear. Prolonged cases of OME could potentially handicap a child's motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Gawron
- ENT Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Wroclaw, ul. Chalubinskiego 2, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland.
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Waldron MNH, Matthews JNS, Johnson IJM. The effect of otitis media with effusions on balance in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 29:318-20. [PMID: 15270815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the effect, otitis media with effusions (OME) has on the balance in children. The aim of our investigation was to determine whether a universal effect on balance could be demonstrated in children with OME by using sway posturography. Assessment was made in 20 children with proven OME before and after the insertion of bilateral ventilation tubes. Sway posturography was performed on each occasion in each of the four recording conditions in the presence and absence of both reduced optic fixation and reduced proprioception. The pathlength traversed during the recording interval was measured and analysed by a split-unit anova. The results demonstrate an overall improvement in mean pathlength of 20% following treatment of the effusions (P < 0.001) (95% CI 14-25%). The effect of reduced optic fixation and of reduced proprioception were similar when increasing the mean pathlength by 22% (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that OME has a universal effect on balance in all recording conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N H Waldron
- Department of Otolaryngology, Freeman Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether chronic suppurative otitis media may cause sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS The files of 121 patients with unilateral chronic suppurative otitis media were reviewed in a retrospective study. Air conduction and bone conduction threshold averages were calculated over the speech frequencies (500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, and 2,000 Hz). Thresholds at 4 kHz were examined separately but in a similar way. Multiple linear regression models were used to clarify the relationships between sensorineural hearing loss and chronic otitis media. RESULTS Chronic suppurative otitis media was seen to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss. When age and normal side were corrected for, pure-tone threshold and bone conduction threshold at either the speech frequencies or at 4 kHz increased gradually according to the duration of the chronic suppurative otitis media. The threshold shift was more accentuated as age increased. The sensorineural hearing loss at 4 kHz seemed to be higher than that at the speech frequencies. CONCLUSIONS The inner ear is vulnerable against chronic suppurative otitis media. Older age increases this vulnerability. The proximity of the sensory cells to the potential source of harm (inflamed middle ear) may mean higher exposure, as reflected by the fact that sensory cells processing higher frequencies are more seriously damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Papp
- University of Debrecen Health Science Center Medical School, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Debrecen, Hungary
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Chopra R. 'Glue ear' in perspective. THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF HEALTH 2000; 120:90-3. [PMID: 10944881 DOI: 10.1177/146642400012000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to common perception 'glue ear' is a vast and complex subject. It is the most common cause of hearing loss in children; its treatment is often questioned and involves utilisation of substantial health service resources. This article is aimed not only at placing the condition in perspective but also at establishing a short yet comprehensive understanding of its many aspects including aetiology and management. There is no intention, however, to dwell here excessively upon its intricacies and abstrusities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chopra
- Department of Otolaryngology, Crawley Hospital, West Sussex
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Casselbrant ML, Furman JM, Mandel EM, Fall PA, Kurs-Lasky M, Rockette HE. Past history of otitis media and balance in four-year-old children. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:773-8. [PMID: 10807356 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200005000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To obtain normative data for a population of children 4 years of age with respect to standard vestibular and balance test protocols and to determine, in the absence of concurrent middle ear effusion (MEE), the possible changes caused by a history of recurrent or persistent MEE. STUDY DESIGN Comparative studies of the results of vestibular and balance tests in a cohort of young children with and without a history of MEE. METHODS Seventy-one children, 4 years of age, with a well-documented history since early infancy regarding the presence or absence of MEE were evaluated using pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry, audiometry, and vestibular and balance (rotational and moving platform posturography) tests. For the results of the vestibular and balance tests, comparisons were made between the group of 31 children (43.7%) without and the group of 40 children (56.3%) with a history of recurrent or persistent MEE, when a positive disease history was defined as at least a 10% cumulative percentage of time with MEE between early infancy and time of testing. RESULTS When compared with children with a negative history of significant MEE, children with a positive history had a lower average gain to a rotational stimulus of 0.1 Hz, 150 degrees/s (0.57 vs. 0.44; P = .007). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to other measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a history of recurrent or persistent MEE affects the vestibular and/or balance function of 4-year-old children when tested in the absence of a concurrent episode of MEE. The possible sequelae of the disease should be weighed in future considerations of early intervention for MEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Casselbrant
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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