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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Arostegui LGG, Prieto AM, Marín LP, López GG, Tvarijonaviciute A, Madrigal JJC, Rubio CP. Changes in biomarkers of redox status in serum and saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:33. [PMID: 36732758 PMCID: PMC9896751 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in dogs, leading to deleterious effects on a dog's life quality. This study aims to evaluate changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism. For this purpose, a comprehensive panel of antioxidants and oxidants biomarkers were measured in serum and saliva of 23 dogs with hypothyroidism, 21 dogs with non-thyroidal illness, and 16 healthy dogs. Among the antioxidants, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol, paraoxonase type 1 (PON-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in serum and CUPRAC, ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and TEAC in saliva. The oxidant biomarkers included were total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived compounds (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum and AOPP and TBARS in saliva. RESULTS Results showed a significantly higher TEAC, PON-1, GPx, TOS, POX-Act, and d-ROMs, and a significantly lower AOPP in serum of dogs with hypothyroidism. Meanwhile, significantly lower FRAS and AOPP were observed in saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. Once salivary concentrations were corrected based on their total protein concentrations, the only analyte showing significant changes was TBARS which was significantly higher in dogs with hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that dogs with hypothyroidism present alterations in the redox status in both serum and saliva. This study should be considered a preliminary study and further research addressing these changes should be made using larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. González Arostegui
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz Prieto
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luis Pardo Marín
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Gregorio García López
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón Madrigal
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Schlipf M, Fischer A, Patzl M, Hartmann K, Pankraz A, Dick M, Zablotski Y, Küchenhoff H, Wehner A. Laboratory indicators of hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity in the Eurasian dog breed. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280906. [PMID: 36693083 PMCID: PMC9873187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hypothyroidism represents a concern for dog breeders; thus, surveillance programs have been established for several dog breeds. METHODS Thyroid profiles (total thyroxine (TT4), thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)), and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA)) collected as part of a breed surveillance program in Eurasians (2009-2017) were retrospectively analyzed. The study included data from 1,501 Eurasians from a German breeding club. Classification was exclusively based on laboratory data. Hypothyroidism was defined as a combined decrease in TT4 and increase in TSH in serum and was classified as TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) independent of the concentrations of TT4 and TSH were determined. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism, TgAA-positive hypothyroidism, TgAA-negative hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity was assessed when the dogs entered the program. Follow-up laboratory data was available for 324 dogs without hypothyroidism on initial examination. RESULTS The initial screening was performed at a median age of 18 months (interquartile range (IQR): 15-29). The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3.9% (n = 58; 95% CI: 2.9-4.8%) and the prevalence of a positive TgAA status was 7.9% (n = 118; 95% CI: 6.6-9.3%). The prevalence of TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism was 1.7% (n = 26; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4%) and 2.1% (n = 32; 95% CI: 1.4-2.9%), respectively. 22.0% of dogs with positive TgAA status (26/118) were already hypothyroid on initial examination. Overall, 42.5% (17/40) of TgAA-positive dogs on initial examination developed hypothyroidism on follow-up. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the Eurasian dog breed exhibits a relevant risk for hypothyroidism and presence of TgAA. The predictive value of TgAA for hypothyroidism or developing hypothyroidism was high in this breed. Further investigations with longitudinal studies in individual dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schlipf
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martina Dick
- Biocontrol, Bioscientia Healthcare GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Treeful AE, Coffey EL, Friedenberg SG. A scoping review of autoantibodies as biomarkers for canine autoimmune disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:363-378. [PMID: 35192227 PMCID: PMC8965235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoantibody biomarkers are valuable tools used to diagnose and manage autoimmune diseases in dogs. However, prior publications have raised concerns over a lack of standardization and sufficient validation for the use of biomarkers in veterinary medicine. Objectives Systematically compile primary research on autoantibody biomarkers for autoimmune disease in dogs, summarize their methodological features, and evaluate their quality; synthesize data supporting their use into a resource for veterinarians and researchers. Animals Not used. Methods Five indices were searched to identify studies for evaluation: PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Agricola, and SCOPUS. Two independent reviewers (AET and ELC) screened titles and abstracts for exclusion criteria followed by full‐text review of remaining articles. Relevant studies were classified based on study objectives (biomarker, epitope, technique). Data on study characteristics and outcomes were synthesized in independent data tables for each classification. Results Ninety‐two studies qualified for final analysis (n = 49 biomarker, n = 9 epitope, and n = 34 technique studies). A high degree of heterogeneity in study characteristics and outcomes reporting was observed. Opportunities to strengthen future studies could include: (1) routine use of negative controls, (2) power analyses to inform sample sizes, (3) statistical analyses when appropriate, and (4) multiple detection techniques to confirm results. Conclusions These findings provide a resource that will allow veterinary clinicians to efficiently evaluate the evidence supporting the use of autoantibody biomarkers, along with the varied methodological approaches used in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Treeful
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily L Coffey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Strey S, Mischke R, Rieder J. [Hypothyroidism in dogs: an overview]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:195-205. [PMID: 34157761 DOI: 10.1055/a-1367-3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs. In rare cases, it may be associated with further endocrinopathies. The most common combination is the con-currence of hypothyroidism and hypoadrenocorticism. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is based on the measurement of thyroid hormones (T4/fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). As thyroid hormone concentrations in the blood are influenced by various factors (e. g. systemic diseases or drugs), test results must be interpreted in conjunction with complaints demonstrated by the patient. In cases when diagnosis is not definite, stimulating tests or diagnostic imaging techniques (ultrasound, scintigraphy) are advisable. Dogs with hypothyroidism should be diagnosed and treated with thyroid hormones. When addiditional clinical signs are not consistent with hypothyroidism, co-existing additional endocrinopathies need to be considered. Furthermore, when treatment fails to result in the expected clinical response, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism must be subject to critical re-evaluation. This article provides an overview of the current diagnostic and treatment methods in canine hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Strey
- Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Abstract
Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention.
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TESHIMA T, HARA Y, SHIGIHARA K, TAKEKOSHI S, NEZU Y, HARADA Y, YOGO T, TERAMOTO A, OSAMURA RY, TAGAWA M. Coexistence of Corticotroph Adenoma and Thyrotroph Hyperplasia in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:93-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro TESHIMA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yasushi HARA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Kae SHIGIHARA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | | | - Yoshinori NEZU
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yasuji HARADA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Takuya YOGO
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | | | | | - Masahiro TAGAWA
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy in the dog. Rather than being a comprehensive review of all possible thyroid function tests, the focus in this article is on the logical progression of test choice, highlighting total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin (TSH), and antithyroid antibodies. This article includes extensive discussion of the current status of the canine TSH assay and the potential for improving this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C Ferguson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boari
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Internal Medicine Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Viale Crispi 212, 64020, Teramo, Italy.
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Lurye JC, Behrend EN, Kemppainen RJ. Evaluation of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative measurement of serum total thyroxine concentration in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221:243-9. [PMID: 12118587 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations obtained with an in-house ELISA and a validated radioimmunoassay (RIA). DESIGN Laboratory trial. SAMPLE POPULATION 50 canine and 50 feline serum samples submitted for measurement of total T4 concentration with the RIA; samples were selected to represent a wide range of concentrations (< 6 to 167 nmol/L). PROCEDURE Results of the ELISA and RIA were compared by calculating correlation coefficients, examining linearity, determining bias and precision, and evaluating clinical interpretations. RESULTS Correlation coefficients for results of the 2 methods were 0.84 for the canine samples and 0.59 for the feline samples. Examination of bias plots revealed large variations in ELISA results, compared with RIA results. For the feline samples, the ELISA consistently overestimated total T4 concentration obtained with the RIA. When results of the 2 methods were categorized (low, borderline low, normal, borderline high, or high), results were discordant for 24 (48%) and 29 (58%) of the canine samples and for 18 (36%) and 28 (56%) of the feline samples (depending on whether borderline high ELISA results were considered normal or high). Reliance on results of the ELISA would have led to inappropriate clinical decisions for 31 (62%) canine samples and 25 (50%) feline samples. The ELISA coefficients of variation for the pooled canine and feline samples were 18 and 28%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Substantial discrepancies between ELISA and RIA results for T4 concentrations were detected. Thus, we concluded that the in-house ELISA kit was not accurate for determining serum total T4 concentrations in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Lurye
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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Kemppainen RJ, Behrend EN. Diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism. Perspectives from a testing laboratory. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31:951-62, vii. [PMID: 11570134 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most common sample received by our endocrine testing laboratory is submitted for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in a dog. The current tests most frequently employed in our laboratory for thyroid evaluation in dogs are total T4, free T4 by dialysis, and canine TSH measurement. Each test has strengths and weaknesses and suffers from the possibility of both false positive and false negative results. This article provides a working description of each test and an approach to interpretation of results. Other tests that are less commonly used are also discussed. Examples of interpretation of test results in individual hypothyroid-suspect dogs are presented for illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Endocrine Diagnostic Service, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
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Abstract
The following review is based on notes used in the teaching of clinical immunology to veterinary students. Immune diseases of the dog are placed into six different categories: (1) type I or allergic conditions; (2) type II or auto- and allo-antibody diseases; (3) type III or immune complex disorders; (4) type IV or cell-mediated immune diseases; (5) type V conditions or gammopathies; and (6) type VI or immunodeficiency disorders. Separate discussions of transplantation immunology and the use of drugs to regulate unwanted immune responses are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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13
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Abstract
A definitive diagnosis of hypothyroidism can be difficult because of the many clinical abnormalities associated with thyroid hormone deficiency, and the lack of readily available diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity. Thyroid function tests should be performed only in dogs with clinical findings consistent with hypothyroidism. Measurement of serum total thyroxine (T4) concentration is a useful initial screening test since most hypothyroid dogs have values below the reference range. Serum free T4 concentration measured by equilibrium dialysis is a more sensitive and specific test of thyroid function than total T4 and is particularly useful in dogs with non-thyroidal illness or atypical clinical signs. Measurement of serum endogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration is also helpful, but many hypothyroid dogs have normal results. The gold standard for diagnosis of hypothyroidism remains the thyroid-stimulating hormone response test. It should be used to confirm hypothyroidism when other tests do not agree with the clinical impression or if atypical signs or non-thyroidal illness exist or there has been administration of drugs known to alter thyroid function tests. Ultimately, a positive response to treatment is expected in hypothyroid dogs treated appropriately with levothyroxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061-0442, USA
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Dixon RM, Mooney CT. Evaluation of serum free thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations in the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:72-8. [PMID: 10088086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH), total thyroxine (T4) and free T4 by equilibrium dialysis (fT4d) were measured in serum samples from 107 dogs with clinical signs suggestive of hypothyroidism in which the diagnosis was either confirmed (n = 30) or excluded (n = 77) by exogenous TSH response testing. Median serum total T4 and fT4d concentrations were significantly lower and cTSH significantly higher (P < 0.001) in hypothyroid compared with euthyroid dogs. Differential positive rate analysis determined optimal cut-off values of less than 14.9 nmol/litre (total T4), less than 5.42 pmol/litre (fT4d), greater than 0.68 ng/ml (cTSH), less than 17.3 (T4 to cTSH ratio), and less than 7.5 (fT4d to cTSH ratio) for hypothyroidism. These had a sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 75.3 per cent, 80 and 93.5 per cent, 86.7 and 81.8 per cent, 86.7 and 92.2 per cent, and 80 and 97.4 per cent, respectively, for diagnosing hypothyroidism. Corresponding areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.92, 0.93, 0.87, 0.93 and 0.93. Unexpectedly low cTSH values in hypothyroid dogs may have resulted from concurrent non-thyroidal illness. Unexpectedly high serum cTSH values in the euthyroid dogs might have resulted from recovery from illness or concurrent potentiated sulphonamide therapy. Measurement of endogenous cTSH concentration is a valuable diagnostic tool for canine hypothyroidism if used in association with assessment of T4. Estimation of fT4d added only limited additional information over total T4 measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Dixon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow
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Ramsey IK, Evans H, Herrtage ME. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and total thyroxine concentrations in euthyroid, sick euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. J Small Anim Pract 1997; 38:540-5. [PMID: 9444634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Canine thyroid-stimulating hormone (cTSH) was measured in a variety of clinical cases (n = 72). The cases were classified as euthyroid, sick euthyroid, hypothyroid or hypothyroid on nonthyroidal therapy on the basis of their history, clinical signs, laboratory results (including total thyroxine concentrations and, where indicated, thyroid-releasing hormone [TRH] stimulation tests) and response to appropriate therapy. Additional samples were taken during some of the TRH stimulation tests to measure the response of cTSH concentrations following TRH administration. A reference range (0 to 0.41 ng/ml) was calculated from the basal concentrations of cTSH in a group of 41 euthyroid dogs. Six of nine cases of confirmed hypothyroidism had basal cTSH concentrations above the reference range, whereas the remainder were within the normal range. One of these three remaining cases was a pituitary dwarf and did not show a rise in cTSH concentration following TRH stimulation. In contrast, only one of a group of six hypothyroid dogs that had been on non-thyroidal treatment within the previous four weeks had increased concentrations of basal cTSH. This study also found that five of a group of 16 dogs with sick euthyroid syndrome had increased cTSH concentrations. It was concluded that cTSH measurements are a useful additional diagnostic test in cases of suspected hypothyroidism in dogs but that dynamic testing is still required to confirm the diagnosis of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Ramsey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge
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Lieb AS, Grooters AM, Tyler JW, Partington BP, Pechman RD. Tetraparesis due to vertebral physeal fracture in an adult dog with congenital hypothyroidism. J Small Anim Pract 1997; 38:364-7. [PMID: 9282344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A four-year-old male affenpinscher was referred for evaluation of hindlimb weakness that had progressed to tetraparesis over a period of four weeks. Neurological examination was suggestive of a cervical spinal cord lesion. Radiographic examination revealed diffuse skeletal immaturity with open physes and epiphyseal dysplasia in long bones and vertebrae, consistent with a diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism. Total and free serum T4 concentrations were very low, indicative of hypothyroidism. Survey radiographs of the cervical spine revealed a dorsally displaced Salter-Harris type I fracture of the cranial portion of the fourth cervical vertebra with the endplate present in the vertebral canal. Although signs of transverse myelopathy are uncommon in dogs with congenital hypothyroidism, they may be associated with either intervertebral disc protrusion or endplate displacement into the vertebral canal secondary to the epiphyseal abnormalities associated with congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lieb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803-8410, USA
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Savastano S, Tommaselli AP, Valentino R, Dorato M, Scarpitta MT, Persechino A, Ciaramella P, Lombardi G. Usefulness of a chromatographic method to detect circulating antithyroid hormone autoantibodies in canine serum. J Endocrinol Invest 1996; 19:758-62. [PMID: 9061510 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antithyroid hormone autoantibodies (THBA), described in both humans and animals, result in variable interference when thyroid hormone plasma levels are measured by immunoassays. We previously described a quick chromatographic method to detect circulating THBA in humans. In the present experience, we applied the method on canine sera (10 normal dogs and 3 dogs affected by hypothyroidism) to detect the THBA presence in a dog (no. 13) with clinical evidence of hypothyroidism, in spite of apparently extremely high values of thyroid hormone. After a short incubation of samples with 125I-T3 and 125I-T4 in presence of 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulfonic acid, samples were eluted and radioactivity values counted. Eluate radioactivity values > 10% and > 30% were considered positive for THBA presence for antiT3 and antiT4 detection, respectively. High radioactivity values were detected in dog serum no. 13 and, therefore, it was considered positive for THBA presence. The Scatchard plot analysis revealed the presence of a monoclonal autoantibody with the highest affinity for T3 and an additional tenfold lower affinity for T4. In conclusion, our chromatographic method allows the detection and the characterization of THBA in species different from humans, with species specific differences in thyroid hormone metabolism; thus, taking into account the rarely availability of canine serum TSH and anti-thyroglobulin antibody immunoassay detection methods, it was possible to correctly diagnose the hypothyroidism in a dog with apparently extremely high values of thyroid hormones due to THBA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Savastano
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, CEOS (CNR), Italy
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