1
|
Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Ghilardi S, Creta F, Pasquinelli B, Brambilla PG, Romussi S. Does the Cambridge classification alone predict the possibility to perform echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency in dogs affected by brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286914. [PMID: 37285377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate if the functional grading system (Cambridge classification) of brachycephalic obstructive airways syndrome (BOAS) and the temperament score can be useful tools in predicting the feasibility of echocardiographic examination in lateral recumbency. The hypothesis is that the temperament of the dog, rather than the severity of BOAS alone, can exacerbate respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, stertor, stridor and/or cyanosis) during lateral containment. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Twenty-nine French Bulldogs were included and classified according to the Cambridge classification for the BOAS and to the Maddern score for the temperament. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the Cambridge classification, of the temperament score and their sum to predict the feasibility of the echocardiography in lateral recumbency without dyspnea/cyanosis. RESULTS 8 females (27.59%) and 21 (72.41%) males French Bulldogs of 3 years (IQR25-75 1-4), and 12.45 kg (IQR25-7511.5-13.25) were included. The Cambridge classification alone was not predictive for the possibility of performing the echocardiography in lateral recumbency, unlike temperament score and the sum of the two classification indices. The diagnostic accuracy of Cambridge classification (AUC 0.81, Se 50%, Sp 100%), temperament score (AUC 0.73, Se 75%, Sp 69%), and their sum (AUC 0.83, Se 75%, Sp 85%) cut-offs was moderate for each score. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The dog's temperament, and therefore its susceptibility to stress, rather than the severity of BOAS (Cambridge classification) alone, is a good predictor of the possibility of performing the echocardiographic examination in standing instead of lateral recumbency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Federica Creta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Beatrice Pasquinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Stefano Romussi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences - DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi (LO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparison of different radiographic scores with associated echocardiographic measurements and prediction of heart enlargement in dogs with and without myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 44:1-12. [PMID: 36174296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staging of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) requires an echocardiographic examination along with thoracic radiographs. The aims of this study were to calculate mean values for radiographic scores vertebral heart size (VHS), left atrial width (LAWidth), radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD), and vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) in conventional and grayscale inverted images in healthy dogs and dogs with different stages of MMVD, and to find cutoff values for a stage assignment. ANIMALS One hundred fifty dogs in different stages of MMVD and 50 unaffected dogs were evaluated. METHODS Radiographic scores, echocardiographic left atrium-to-aorta ratio and normalized left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole, and results of a clinical examination were obtained. Analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between radiographic scores and echocardiographic values, to determine cutoff values for a radiographic stage assignment, and to compare measurements in conventional and inverted radiographs. RESULTS After excluding breed-specific higher VHS, the means of VHS, LAWidth, RLAD, and VLAS were similar in the control group and stage B1. All radiographic scores increased in stages B2 and C. The cutoff values identifying heart enlargement, and therefore differentiating stages B1 and B2, were 11.0 for VHS, 1.8 for LAWidth, 2.0 for RLAD, and 2.3 for VLAS. Besides RLAD, scores were similar in conventional and inverted radiographs. CONCLUSION Cutoff values for the different radiographic scores for stage assignment were calculated. Radiographic cardiac scores using either conventional or inverted grayscale could be a tool to differentiate between different stages of MMVD when echocardiography is unavailable.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsai CH, Huang CC, Ho CC, Claretti M. Echocardiographic parameters and indices in 23 healthy Maltese dogs. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e60. [PMID: 34423598 PMCID: PMC8460461 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a primary tool used by veterinarians to evaluate heart diseases. In recent years, various studies have targeted standard echocardiographic values for different breeds. Reference data are currently lacking in Maltese dogs and it is important to fill this gap as this breed is predisposed to myxomatous mitral valve disease, which is a volume overload disease. OBJECTIVES To establish the normal echocardiographic parameters for Maltese dogs. METHODS In total, 23 healthy Maltese dogs were involved in this study. Blood pressure measurements, thoracic radiography, and complete transthoracic echocardiography were performed. The effects of body weight, age and sex were evaluated, and the correlations between weight and linear and volumetric dimensions were calculated by regression analysis. RESULTS The mean vertebral heart size was 9.1 ± 0.4. Aside from the ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and the left atrial to aorta root ratio, all the other echocardiographic parameters were significantly correlated with weight. CONCLUSION This study describes normal echocardiographic parameters that may be useful in the echocardiographic evaluation of Maltese dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia-Chi Ho
- Yu-Kang Animal Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Marta Claretti
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morita T, Nakamura K, Osuga T, Takiguchi M. Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals for indices of right atrial longitudinal strain derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:274-279. [PMID: 33764827 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine repeatability, reproducibility, and reference intervals of indices of right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) derived from speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) in dogs without heart disease. ANIMALS 110 client-owned dogs and 10 laboratory Beagles. PROCEDURES To determine intraobserver within-day (repeatability) and interobserver (reproducibility) coefficients of variation, RALS during ventricular systole (ϵS), ventricular early diastole (ϵE), and atrial systole (ϵA), as derived with STE, were obtained by 2 investigators for 5 randomly selected client-owned dogs and analyzed by linear regression. Reference intervals were estimated from the results of all dogs. Correlations between RALS indices (ϵS, ϵE, and ϵA) and sex, age, body weight, heart rate, and blood pressure were determined. RESULTS RALS derived from STE showed good intraobserver within-day repeatability and interobserver reproducibility, with coefficients of variation of < 20%. Both ϵS and ϵE were significantly negatively correlated with age, but ϵA was not correlated with age. Indices were not correlated with sex, body weight, or blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RALS indices derived from STE were repeatable and reproducible and were affected by the age of dogs without heart disease. Age should be considered in the interpretation of RALS indices in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to apply RALS indices for assessing dogs with heart disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dermlim A, Nakamura K, Morita T, Osuga T, Nisa K, Sasaoka K, Leela-Arporn R, Sasaki N, Ohta H, Takiguchi M. The Repeatability and Left Atrial Strain Analysis Obtained via Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in healthy Dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:69-80. [PMID: 31174731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In left atrial (LA) strain-derived two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, the reference intervals in healthy dogs can provide useful information to evaluate the LA function in dogs with heart disease. ANIMALS Six laboratory beagles and 120 privately owned dogs without cardiac diseases were recruited. MATERIALS AND METHODS The LA strain and strain rate (SR) and echocardiographic indices were obtained in dogs who underwent standard echocardiography and offline analysis for LA strain and SR measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS The intra-observer within-day variations of strain variables showed adequate repeatability (coefficient of variation <20%). The mean values of strain were 25.37 for the LA reservoir function, 11.06 for the LA conduit function, and 14.17 for the LA booster-pump function; the strain was significantly correlated with the LA fractional volume change at each phasic function. The left atrial longitudinal strain during early ventricular diastole showed moderate correlation with the peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow (r = 0.5560) and ratio of peak velocity of early diastolic transmitral flow to peak velocity of late transmitral flow (r = 0.5515). In multiple regression analysis, only age was significantly related to the strain/SR and volumetric change indices, indicating conduit function. CONCLUSIONS Left atrial speckle tracking echocardiographic analysis provided useful information to assess the LA function in healthy dogs. The influencing factors on strain and SR variables including the age, body weight, and heart rate should be considered in interpretation of these parameters in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dermlim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - T Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Osuga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Nisa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Leela-Arporn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - H Ohta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Right ventricular function and dyssynchrony measured by echocardiography in dogs with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 23:1-14. [PMID: 31174719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography is important in dogs with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Few reports are available on RV function and dyssynchrony in dogs, especially in the context of precapillary PH. ANIMALS The study included 79 client-owned dogs: 25 dogs with precapillary PH and 54 control dogs. METHODS Dogs with precapillary PH were prospectively enrolled between December 2013 and February 2017. The echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain and the dyssynchrony index by speckle-tracking echocardiography, were measured. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. RESULTS Dogs with precapillary PH showed RV dilation, hypertrophy and right atrial dilation. Impaired echocardiographic indices of RV function, including RV strain, were observed. In addition, RV dyssynchrony occurred in dogs with precapillary PH. Multivariate analysis revealed that tricuspid regurgitation velocity and RV dilation were independent predictors of the RV dyssynchrony index. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RV function indices are impaired in dogs with precapillary PH. In addition, RV dilation and elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure estimated by echocardiography are associated with RV dyssynchrony.
Collapse
|
7
|
Malcolm EL, Visser LC, Phillips KL, Johnson LR. Diagnostic value of vertebral left atrial size as determined from thoracic radiographs for assessment of left atrial size in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:1038-1045. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.8.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
The repeatability and characteristics of right ventricular longitudinal strain imaging by speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:351-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Caivano D, Rishniw M, Patata V, Giorgi M, Birettoni F, Porciello F. Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:146-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Visser LC, Scansen BA, Brown NV, Schober KE, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in conscious healthy dogs following a single dose of pimobendan versus atenolol. J Vet Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Visser LC, Scansen BA, Schober KE, Bonagura JD. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in conscious healthy dogs: Repeatability and reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17:83-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
Prada D, Oliveira V, Larsson M, Yamaki F. Echocardiographic evaluation of the left atrium of healthy dogs using the conventional M-mode and the bidimensional mode. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The left atrium (LA) was evaluated through the bidimensional method (2-D) (short axis) and the relation left atrium:aorta (LA:Ao) in a group of 40 healthy adult dogs between 1.5 and 7 years of age and weights ranging from 3.2 to 38.3kg, and these values were compared to those in the conventional M-mode. Comparing the variable LA and Ao with the two methods and their respective indexes, significant statistical difference was observed (P<0,001), high positive correlation between the weight and LA-2D and LAM, between body surface and LA-2D and LAM. A difference between LA and Ao in both methods and these respective indicators were observed. The association was higly positive between weight and body surface area (BSA) and between M- mode LA (LAM) and 2-D mode LA (LA-2D). No correlation was observed between these indicators and weight and BSA, in both methods, so these indicators are weight and BSA-independent. Conclusions: LA-2D is bigger than LAM, the LA-2D:Ao-2D average index is 1,379 and the confidence interval is 1,337 to 1,422. The index in the 2-D method is, therefore, superior to the index in the M-mode.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gómez A, Del Palacio JF, Latorre R, Henry RW, Sarriá R, Albors OL. PLASTINATED HEART SLICES AID ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION IN THE DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53:197-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Murcia; Spain
| | | | - Rafael Latorre
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Murcia; Spain
| | - Robert W. Henry
- College of Veterinary Medicine; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville; TN
| | - Ricardo Sarriá
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Murcia; Spain
| | - Octavio López Albors
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; Veterinary Faculty; University of Murcia; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Castro M, Veado J, Silva E, Araújo R. Estudo retrospectivo ecodopplercardiográfico das principais cardiopatias diagnosticadas em cães. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
15
|
Baumwart RD, Meurs KM, Bonagura JD. Tei Index of Myocardial Performance Applied to the Right Ventricle in Normal Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
16
|
Abstract
The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, and two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic findings of five cases of canine ostium secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) are described. The atrial septal anomaly was associated with other congenital cardiac abnormalities in two dogs: ventricular septal defect in one case and tricuspid dysplasia in the other. ASD was found in addition to dilated cardiomyopathy and suspected atrial thrombosis in one geriatric dog, but was the only cardiac abnormality detected in the remaining two dogs. Colour Doppler imaging facilitated the diagnosis of ASD in all subjects. The long-term prognosis for dogs with isolated and small-sized ASD is usually good, but can be compromised by the presence of concurrent congenital or acquired cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Guglielmini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Utilizaram-se 10 cães neonatos (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas), obtidos a partir de cinco ninhadas (um casal de cada) com o objetivo de estabelecer o perfil ecodopplercardiográfico normal durante a fase neonatal (de um até 30 dias). Por meio do Doppler pulsado foram mensurados os picos de velocidade dos fluxos sangüíneos através das valvas mitral, tricúspide, aórtica e pulmonar. Observou-se correlação positiva de todas as mensurações com o peso corporal e a idade dos neonatos de ambos os sexos. Não houve diferenças significativas no padrão de velocidade dos fluxos sangüíneos estudados entre machos e fêmeas durante a fase neonatal.
Collapse
|