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Yamazaki T, Kirchmair A, Sato A, Buqué A, Rybstein M, Petroni G, Bloy N, Finotello F, Stafford L, Navarro Manzano E, Ayala de la Peña F, García-Martínez E, Formenti SC, Trajanoski Z, Galluzzi L. Mitochondrial DNA drives abscopal responses to radiation that are inhibited by autophagy. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1160-1171. [PMID: 32747819 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy supports both cellular and organismal homeostasis. However, whether autophagy should be inhibited or activated for cancer therapy remains unclear. Deletion of essential autophagy genes increased the sensitivity of mouse mammary carcinoma cells to radiation therapy in vitro and in vivo (in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts). Autophagy-deficient cells secreted increased amounts of type I interferon (IFN), which could be limited by CGAS or STING knockdown, mitochondrial DNA depletion or mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization blockage via BCL2 overexpression or BAX deletion. In vivo, irradiated autophagy-incompetent mammary tumors elicited robust immunity, leading to improved control of distant nonirradiated lesions via systemic type I IFN signaling. Finally, a genetic signature of autophagy had negative prognostic value in patients with breast cancer, inversely correlating with mitochondrial abundance, type I IFN signaling and effector immunity. As clinically useful autophagy inhibitors are elusive, our findings suggest that mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization may represent a valid target for boosting radiation therapy immunogenicity in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kirchmair
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ai Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marissa Rybstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norma Bloy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Finotello
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena Stafford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther Navarro Manzano
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala de la Peña
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena García-Martínez
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Biocenter, Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France.
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Walther LE, Wulfes J, Blödow A, Kniep R. Magnesium as an intrinsic component of human otoconia. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:775-778. [PMID: 29764268 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2018.1467572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate morphology changes of artificial otoconia (CGC) in the presence of magnesium during growth under in vitro conditions. METHODS Investigating human otoconia by environmental scanning electron microscope and determining their magnesium content by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Comparing structural and morphological data of human and artificial otoconia (CGC, Ca1Mg0) without and with magnesium substitution (Ca1-xMgx). RESULTS EDX- and X-ray data reveals that the inorganic component in human otoconia consists of calcite containing a minor amount of magnesium substitution (Ca1-xMgx). CGC containing magnesium (length 397.0 ± 146.4 µm, diameter 325.6 ± 100.1 µm) are slimmer and significantly smaller (p < .01) than pure CGC (length 548.6 ± 160 µm, diameter 373.0 ± 110.4 µm) and reveal a significant influence on the final morphology. The length/diameter ratio is significantly higher by incorporation of magnesium into CGC (1.84 ± 0.25 µm versus 1.48 ± 0.11 µm in pure CGC, p < .01), which brings the overall shape to a close relationship with human otoconia (1.98 ± 0.08 µm). CONCLUSIONS Magnesium is an intrinsic component of human otoconia by partial substitution of calcium in the calcite crystal structure (Ca1-xMgx) and affects the development of the shape of artificial otoconia (calcite gelatin composites, CGC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Wulfes
- Chemical Physics of Solids, Max Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Blödow
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Medizinische Fakultät, Halle, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Kniep
- Chemical Physics of Solids, Max Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany
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Zhao X, Yang H, Yamoah EN, Lundberg YW. Gene targeting reveals the role of Oc90 as the essential organizer of the otoconial organic matrix. Dev Biol 2007; 304:508-24. [PMID: 17300776 PMCID: PMC1950278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A critical part of the functional development of our peripheral balance system is the embryonic formation of otoconia, composite crystals that overlie and provide optimal stimulus input to the sensory epithelium of the gravity receptor in the inner ear. To date neither the functions of otoconial proteins nor the processes of crystal formation are clearly defined. Using gene targeting and protein analysis strategies, we demonstrate that the predominant mammalian otoconin, otoconin-90/95 (Oc90), is essential for formation of the organic matrix of otoconia by specifically recruiting other matrix components, which includes otolin, a novel mammalian otoconin that we identified to be in wildtype murine otoconia. We show that this matrix controls otoconia growth and morphology by embedding the crystallites during seeding and growth. During otoconia development, the organic matrix forms prior to CaCO3 deposition and provides optimal calcification efficiency. Histological and ultrastructural examinations show normal inner ear epithelial morphology but reduced acellular matrices, including otoconial, cupular and tectorial membranes, in Oc90 null mice, likely due to an absence of Oc90 and a profound reduction of otolin. Our data demonstrate the critical roles of otoconins in otoconia seeding, growth and anchoring and suggest mechanistic similarities and differences between otoconia and bone calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Genetics Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE68131, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Genetics Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE68131, USA
| | - Ebenezer N Yamoah
- Center for Neuroscience, Communication Science Program, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yunxia Wang Lundberg
- Genetics Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE68131, USA
- Corresponding author: Yunxia Wang Lundberg, Ph. D., Genetics Department, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131, Ph : 1-402-498-6735, Fax : 1-402-498-6351,
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Verpy E, Leibovici M, Petit C. Characterization of otoconin-95, the major protein of murine otoconia, provides insights into the formation of these inner ear biominerals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:529-34. [PMID: 9892667 PMCID: PMC15170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.2.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a study aimed at identifying inner ear-specific transcripts, a 1,906-bp murine cDNA predicted to encode a secreted 469-aa protein with two domains of homology with the secreted phospholipases A2 was isolated. This transcript is specifically expressed in the inner ear from embryonic day 9.5. The encoded 95-kDa glycoprotein is the major protein of the utricular and saccular otoconia and thus was named otoconin-95. By immunohistofluorescence, otoconin-95 also was detected in the cupulae of the semicircular canals and in previously undescribed transient granular structures of the cochlea. Otoconin-95 was found to be synthesized by various nonsensory cell types, but not by the supporting cells of the sensory epithelia, which produce the otoconial precursor vesicles. In addition, multiple isoforms generated by differential splicing were observed in different combinations during development. Based on the present results, we propose a model for the formation of the otoconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Verpy
- Unité de Génétique des Déficits Sensoriels, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 1968, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Spoendlin H, Balle V, Bock G, Bredberg G, Danckwardt-Lillieström N, Felix H, Gleeson M, Johnsson LG, Luciano L, Rask-Andersen H. Multicentre evaluation of the temporal bones obtained from a patient with suspected Menière's disease. ACTA OTO-LARYNGOLOGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1992; 499:1-21. [PMID: 1488901 DOI: 10.3109/00016489209137000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A multicentre study of the inner ears of an 88-year-old patient with vertiginous spells and severe hearing loss in the left ear was performed, employing regular and block surface preparations, light and electron microscopy with qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the cochlear and vestibular nerves. There was severe hydrops of the left cochlea and saccule. Reissner's membrane extended into the vestibule and herniated into the perilymphatic space of the non-ampullated end of the horizontal canal. Furthermore, the short canal connecting the posterior ampulla with the utricle had a small, exceedingly thin balloon-like expansion. Only slight hydrops limited to the cochlea was found in the right ear. Sensorineural degeneration was much more pronounced in the left cochlea than in the right. The number of cochlear and vestibular nerve fibres was greatly reduced in the left ear where more fibres with degenerative changes were present. In both specimens the number of myelinated nerve fibres in osseous spiral lamina was smaller than that in the cochlear nerve in the internal auditory canal. Changes occurred in the endolymphatic sacs but were considered non-specific. In this case severe, apparently progressive hydrops and sensorineural degeneration, characteristic of Menière's disease, were associated with atypical onset of clinical symptoms at a late age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Spoendlin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Anniko M, Wenngren BI, Wróblewski R. Aberrant elemental composition of otoconia in the dancer mouse mutant with a semidominant gene causing a morphogenetic type of inner ear defect. Acta Otolaryngol 1988; 106:208-12. [PMID: 3176966 DOI: 10.3109/00016488809106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The elemental composition of otoconia from Jerker and Dancer mouse mutants was analysed in both maculae. A normal elemental content was found in otoconia from Jerker mutants, whereas in the Dancer mutant a large number of otoconia from both maculae contained very high concentrations of phosphorus. In these otoconia, the phosphorus calcium ratio was approximately 1:8, in Jerker (and normal) otoconia approximately 1:150-200. However, otoconia from Dancer mutants occurred with also a normal elemental composition. The increasing content of phosphorus in otoconia may possibly indicate an early onset of aging, i.e. corresponding to a phosphatization process as described in aging human otoconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anniko
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Umeå University Hospital, Sweden
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Johnsson LG, Hawkins JE, Rouse RC, Kingsley TC. Four variations of the Mondini inner ear malformations as seen in microdissections. Am J Otolaryngol 1984; 5:242-57. [PMID: 6333186 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(84)80034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Four variations and degrees of severity of the Mondini malformation were found in the temporal bones from two neonates, one with congenital heart disease and the other with trisomy D, and from one teenager with leukemia: 1) short cochlea and normal vestibular organs; 2) short cochlea and persistent horizontal canal anlage; 3) markedly shortened cochlea with no modiolus, wide internal auditory meatus, and persistent horizontal canal anlage; 4) same as variation 3, but with persistent anlagen in all semicircular canals. Variations 3 and 4 were from the case of trisomy D, in which the left cochlea had a normal hair cell population but few nerve fibers, and the intraganglionic spiral bundle was displaced from Rosenthal's canal to the osseous spiral lamina. The right ear had no cochlear nerve fibers; the organ of Corti was present, but hair cells were unusually small. In the case of trisomy D, both ears showed subtotal loss of vestibular nerve fibers. Although the rudimentary cristae of the right ear had numerous hair cells, the macular hair cells were fewer and malformed. No hydrops was present.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
- Cochlea/abnormalities
- Ear, Inner/abnormalities
- Ear, Inner/pathology
- Female
- Hair Cells, Auditory/abnormalities
- Heart Defects, Congenital/complications
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/complications
- Male
- Microsurgery
- Organ of Corti/abnormalities
- Trisomy
- Vestibule, Labyrinth/abnormalities
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Rouse RC, Johnsson LG, Wright CG, Hawkins JE. Abnormal otoconia and calcification in the labyrinths of deaf Dalmatian dogs. Acta Otolaryngol 1984; 98:61-71. [PMID: 6464727 DOI: 10.3109/00016488409107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal mineral deposits from the membranous labyrinths of deaf Dalmatian puppies were examined microscopically. Most such deposits were located on the saccular otoconial membrane and were associated with collapse of the saccule and of Reissner's membrane. In both ears of one pup, crystals resembling otoconia were found on the surface of the stria vascularis. In two others, grossly abnormal crystals were seen on the utricular otoconial membrane, and in one of these crystals were also attached to the cupula of the left horizontal canal. In four animals the tectorial membrane was calcified. Most deposits consisted of apatite spherulites, but large multiple crystals (probably of calcite) were occasionally present. Some of the abnormal mineral deposits in the Dalmatian closely resemble those found in man, and they may originate in the same way.
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Johnsson LG, Hawkins JE, Weiss JM, Federspil P. Total deafness fromaminoglycoside overdosage: Histopathologic case study. Am J Otolaryngol 1984; 5:118-26. [PMID: 6568093 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(84)80030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 57-year-old patient became totally deaf two days after receiving excessive doses of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic lividomycin parenterally for 14 days; she died four and a half months later. Her temporal bones were examined by microdissection, surface preparation, and serial sectioning of the modiolus. Loss of inner and outer cochlear hair cells was virtually complete. Refractile concretions were scattered along the atrophic stria vascularis, especially in the middle turn. The distal half of the radial cochlear nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina had degenerated, but closer to the modiolus they appeared to be intact. The spiral ganglion in the basal turn showed partial loss of neurons. Scanning electron microscopy revealed hair cell loss from the vestibular end-organs, more severe in the ampullar cristae than in the utricular macula. The dark cells of the utricular wall appeared to be altered.
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Johnsson LG, Hawkins JE, Rouse RC. Sensorineural and vascular changes in an ear with acoustic neurinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 1984; 5:49-59. [PMID: 6152516 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(84)80020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The temporal bones from a 55-year-old woman with deafness and dizzy spells caused by a right-sided acoustic neurinoma were examined by the techniques of microdissection, surface preparations, and celloidin sections. Sensorineural degeneration was present in the basal end of the right cochlea but was not severe enough to explain the deafness. The compression of the cochlear nerve by the tumor was postulated to have caused deafness by injury to neurons adjacent and central to the tumor. There was profound degeneration of the vestibular nerve and sensory cells. A gelatinous material occluded the scala vestibuli, and the vestibular fluid spaces contained an amorphous proteinaceous substance. Fewer erythrocytes were seen in the vessels of the right cochlea, but there was no atrophy of capillaries to indicate long-term reduction of circulation. Vasculoneogenesis of venous vessels had occurred in the scala tympani, probably as a result of venous stasis.
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Wright CG, Rouse RC, Zajic GH, Schaefer SD, Hubbard DG, Barnard LA. A calcareous concretion in the posterior semicircular duct of a human labyrinth. Am J Otolaryngol 1982; 3:196-201. [PMID: 7201751 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Temporal bones were acquired four hours post mortem from a 67-year-old cancer patient. During dissection of the left vestibular labyrinth, a glistening white, spherical concretion was found in the posterior semicircular duct near the ampulla. The object was subsequently studied by light and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray energy dispersive elemental analysis. It was composed of four concentric layers: an outer zone of tabular vaterite crystals, a colorless intermediate zone of spherulitic octacalcium phosphate (OCP), and a cloudy core with inner and outer zones both composed of OCP. Examination of the vestibular receptor organs revealed severe loss of hair cells on all three cristae. Very few otoconia were present in the utricle, although the gelatinous layer of the otoconial membrane was intact on the macular surface. During the year preceding his death, the patient had received 800 mg of the potentially ototoxic drug cis-platinum. The concretion described in this report was, however, probably connected with age-related degeneration rather than with any effect of the drug.
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Johnsson LG, Rouse RC, Wright CG, Henry PJ, Hawkins JE. Pathology of neuroepithelial suprastructures of the human inner ear. Am J Otolaryngol 1982; 3:77-90. [PMID: 7091544 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial suprastructures in abnormal human inner ears were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The most common abnormality was calcification, which selectively affected the gelatinous membranes (otoconial, cupular, and tectorial) and the secretory tissues (stria vascularis and utricular dark cells). The structures most frequently affected were the otoconial membranes. The minerals involved were apatite, octacalcium phosphate, and vaterite, replacing the normal layer of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite crystals. The first two of these substances were sometimes mixed with calcite. In the saccule such abnormal otoconial deposits were usually associated with a collapsed saccular wall. Formation of abnormal otoconia is characterized as primary (no pre-existing normal calcite otoconia) or secondary (formed after the destruction of normal otoconia). Such deposits probably depend upon an abnormal composition of the endolymph, especially upon an elevated concentration of phosphate ions. It is inferred that a normal endolymphatic microhomeostasis is necessary to maintain the functional state of the neuroepithelial suprastructures.
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