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Baker A, Tassone P, Dooley LM, Galloway TI, Zitsch RP. Postoperative Chyle Leak Rate Following Neck Dissection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:2959-2964. [PMID: 36825523 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Compare the rates of post-operative chyle leak following therapeutic lateral neck dissection during treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) versus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 226 consecutive neck dissections in 201 patients who underwent therapeutic neck dissection involving at least levels II-IV with a final pathologic diagnosis of mucosal SCC of the head and neck or PTC from 2010 to 2020. Specific cases of chyle leak were reviewed. Surgical factors associated with chyle leak were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Duration of chyle leak was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier curve, and time-to-resolution was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS Postoperative chyle leak was encountered in 15 (6.6%) neck dissections, eight (12.3%) in PTC, and seven (4.3%) in SCC. High-volume chyle leak and chyle leak requiring operative intervention were only encountered in neck dissections performed for PTC. Chyle leak was significantly associated with PTC on univariable analysis (OR 3.08, p = 0.037), but not on multivariable analysis (OR 1.35, p = 0.711). High-volume chyle leak and the need for operative intervention were associated only with PTC patients (OR 23.6, p = 0.006; OR 18.09, p = 0.023 respectively). Median duration of chyle leak was 12.1 days among patients with SCC, and 20.5 days among patients with PTC (p = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS Among 201 patients undergoing therapeutic neck dissection, chyle leak was associated with PTC pathology on univariable but not multivariable analysis. However, high-volume leaks and leaks requiring operative intervention only occurred among patients with PTC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE level III Laryngoscope, 133:2959-2964, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Baker
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Patrick Tassone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Laura M Dooley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Tabitha I Galloway
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Robert P Zitsch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
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Gupta V, Dwivedi G, Chugh R, Sahu PK, Gupta DK, Basu A, Upadhyay K, Patnaik U, Bhatia R. Role of Octreotide in Conservative Management of Chyle Leak Post Neck Dissection in Cases of Head Neck Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:6078-6086. [PMID: 36742480 PMCID: PMC9895617 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chyle leak is a dreadful complication in patients undergoing neck dissections. Octreotide has been used in the management of chyle leak post neck dissections in head and neck cancer patients. Currently there is no consensus and practice guidelines on the same. (1) To study the role of octreotide in early cessation of post neck dissection chyle leak. (2) To study incidence of intra-operative and post-operative CL, its relation to the extent of nodal disease and neck dissection, prior radiotherapy. Retrospective analysis of 16 patients out of 529 neck dissection over a period of 03 years between Jan 2016 and Dec 2019 who developed post-operative chyle leak. All patients who had post-operative chyle leak were administered octreotide. Time taken for chyle leak to stop was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were duration of hospitalization post-operatively, incidence of intra-operative and post-operative chyle leak, its relation to the extent of nodal disease, prior radiotherapy and type of neck dissection. 59 of 529 neck dissections (11.15%) were noted to have intra-operative chyle leak. 16 of 529 neck dissections (3.02%) developed post-operative chyle leak. On applying chi square test, prior multimodality and N plus neck were found to be significant risk factors in developing postoperative chyle leak. Considering only RT versus no RT in prior multimodality treated group, the difference was insignificant. Onset of chyle leak varied from 1 to 5 post-op day (mean 2.68 days). 15 (93.75%) patients responded to octreotide. Chyle leak resolved between 3 and 10 days (mean 5.18 days) and octreotide was given for 5-12 days (mean-7.18 days). Overall duration of hospitalization ranged from 09 to 18 days (mean 12.18 days). 01 patient (6.25%) had to be re-explored due to high volume leak despite using octreotide. Adverse effects of octreotide were minimal and tolerable. Octreotide is effective in reducing the duration of chyle leak, hospital stay and need for surgical intervention. It may be considered as suitable adjunct to conservative measures in the management for post-operative chyle leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Gupta
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Gunjan Dwivedi
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | - Rajeev Chugh
- Department of ORL-HNS, Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Abhijit Basu
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Kiran Upadhyay
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Uma Patnaik
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra India
| | - Ritika Bhatia
- Department of ORL-HNS, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
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Shirotsuki R, Uchida H, Tanaka Y, Shirota C, Yokota K, Murase N, Hinoki A, Oshima K, Chiba K, Sumida W, Hayakawa M, Tainaka T. Novel thoracoscopic navigation surgery for neonatal chylothorax using indocyanine-green fluorescent lymphography. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:1246-1249. [PMID: 29486888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative chylothorax after surgery for esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a rare but serious complication, especially in neonates. This study aimed to identify the thoracic duct and ligate chylous leakage sites, using thoracoscopic navigation of an indocyanine-green (ICG)-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system. METHODS From November 2014 to April 2017, thoracoscopic intraoperative ICG-NIR imaging was performed in 10 newborns (11 surgeries) with first TEF operation or with persistent postoperative chylothorax after TEF operation. NIR imaging was performed 1h after an inter-toe injection of ICG. Thoracoscopic ligations against the NIR-detected leakage sites were performed with sutures. RESULTS The thoracic duct or lymphatic leakage was directly visualized in each patient. In 8 surgeries with first thoracoscopic TEF operation, one case had suspected minor chylous leakage without postoperative chylothorax. Another case with no chylous leakage at the first operation resulted in chylothorax at postoperative day 11. In three neonates with postoperative chylothorax, leakage points were detected near the ablation site of the azygos vein during the first operation. These points were properly ligated, and postoperative chylous leakage ceased with no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Thoracoscopic ICG-NIR imaging encourages the repair of refractory chylothorax and seems reliable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shirotsuki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroo Uchida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chiyoe Shirota
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yokota
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Murase
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akinari Hinoki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuo Oshima
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Chiba
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Wataru Sumida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayakawa
- Division of Neonatology, Center for Maternal-Neonatal Care, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tainaka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Park I, Her N, Choe JH, Kim JS, Kim JH. Management of chyle leakage after thyroidectomy, cervical lymph node dissection, in patients with thyroid cancer. Head Neck 2017; 40:7-15. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Park
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Nayoon Her
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choe
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jee Soo Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jung-Han Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Derakhshan A, Lubelski D, Steinmetz MP, Corriveau M, Lee S, Pace JR, Smith GA, Gokaslan Z, Bydon M, Arnold PM, Fehlings MG, Riew KD, Mroz TE. Thoracic Duct Injury Following Cervical Spine Surgery: A Multicenter Retrospective Review. Global Spine J 2017; 7:115S-119S. [PMID: 28451482 PMCID: PMC5400197 DOI: 10.1177/2192568216688194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Multicenter retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of thoracic duct injury during cervical spine operations. METHODS A retrospective case series study was conducted among 21 high-volume surgical centers to identify instances of thoracic duct injury during anterior cervical spine surgery. Staff at each center abstracted data for each identified case into case report forms. All case report forms were collected by the AOSpine North America Clinical Research Network Methodological Core for data processing, cleaning, and analysis. RESULTS Of a total of 9591 patients reviewed that underwent cervical spine surgery, 2 (0.02%) incurred iatrogenic injury to the thoracic duct. Both patients underwent a left-sided anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. The interruption of the thoracic duct was addressed intraoperatively in one patient with no residual postoperative effects. The second individual developed a chylous fluid collection approximately 2 months after the operation that required drainage via needle aspiration. CONCLUSIONS Damage to the thoracic duct during cervical spine surgery is a relatively rare occurrence. Rapid identification of the disruption of this lymphatic vessel is critical to minimize deleterious effects of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark Corriveau
- University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sungho Lee
- University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Ziya Gokaslan
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Norman Prince Neurosciences Institute, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - K. Daniel Riew
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,New York-Presbyterian/The Allen Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E. Mroz
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA,Thomas E. Mroz, Departments of Orthopaedic and Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, S-40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Delaney SW, Shi H, Shokrani A, Sinha UK. Management of Chyle Leak after Head and Neck Surgery: Review of Current Treatment Strategies. Int J Otolaryngol 2017; 2017:8362874. [PMID: 28203252 PMCID: PMC5288539 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8362874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chyle leak formation is an uncommon but serious sequela of head and neck surgery when the thoracic duct is inadvertently injured, particularly with the resection of malignancy low in the neck. The thoracic duct is the primary structure that returns lymph and chyle from the entire left and right lower half of the body. Chyle extravasation can result in delayed wound healing, dehydration, malnutrition, electrolyte disturbances, and immunosuppression. Prompt identification and treatment of a chyle leak are essential for optimal surgical outcome. In this article we will review the current treatment options for iatrogenic cervical chyle leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Delaney
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Suite 204Q, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Haoran Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Shokrani
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Suite 204Q, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Uttam K. Sinha
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Suite 204Q, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Wei T, Liu F, Li Z, Gong Y, Zhu J. Novel Management of Intractable Cervical Chylous Fistula with Local Application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Injection. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 153:561-5. [PMID: 26002958 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815584917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cervical chylous fistula is an uncommon complication after neck dissection, but it might lead to some serious clinical outcomes. Although most cervical chylous fistulas can heal in a few days with standard treatments, some can be intractable. In this study, we describe a new method with local application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa injection for intractable cervical chylous fistula. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Subjects and Methods The charts of 18 patients who were treated with P aeruginosa injection (PAI) for intractable cervical chylous fistula were retrospectively reviewed. Results All patients were successfully treated with PAI. Mild fever (temperature, <38°C) occurred in 9 patients, moderate fever (38°C-39°C) in 4 patients, and severe fever (>39°C) in 5 patients. All patients had mild to severe neck pain. Conclusions Local application of PAI is an effective method for the treatment of intractable cervical chylous fistula, of which the most common side effects are transient fever and local pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review is focused on the management of lymphatic, chylous, and thoracic duct lesions following head and neck surgery, with particular attention to these complications after neck dissection. Postoperative scenarios may include chylous fistula, chylothorax, chylomediastinum, chylopericardium, lymphocele, persistent lymphorrhea, and secondary lymphedema. RECENT FINDINGS There is a paucity of literature on the treatment of lymphatic, chylous, and thoracic duct injuries following head and neck surgery; however, this review suggests that the most appropriate treatment should include both conservative and surgical approaches. Nonsurgical options consist of low-fat diet with medium-chain triglycerides, total parenteral nutrition, careful monitoring of fluid and electrolytes, drainage of the leakage, somatostatin analogs such as octreotide, and negative-pressure wound therapy. On the other hand, surgical management includes therapeutic percutaneous lymphography-guided thoracic duct cannulation and embolization, thoracic duct ligation, excision and imbrication of leaking lymphatics, chylous fistula surgical/microsurgical repair, fistula closure by locoregional flaps, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, thoracotomy, pleurodesis and decortication, pericardial 'window', and pleura-venous/pleura-peritoneal shunts. In addition, single or, preferably, multiple lymphovenous anastomoses may be taken into account. SUMMARY The various possible clinical presentations of such challenging lymphatic, chylous, and thoracic duct injuries require an appropriate multidisciplinary approach by experienced teams. Primary prevention of these complications can be achieved through adequate surgical planning to minimize lesions, including structured and thorough patient assessment, and centralization of resources and teams.
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Kranzfelder M, Gertler R, Hapfelmeier A, Friess H, Feith M. Chylothorax after esophagectomy for cancer: impact of the surgical approach and neoadjuvant treatment: systematic review and institutional analysis. Surg Endosc 2013; 27:3530-8. [PMID: 23708712 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-2991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophagectomy is a challenging operation with considerable potential for postoperative complications, including chylothorax. METHODS Because no randomized controlled trial or metaanalysis is available to clarify the incidence of chylothorax in esophageal cancer surgery, the authors analyzed their own institutional data for 1,856 patients and performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE database (9,794 patients) to identify risk factors, compare success rates of therapeutic approaches, and investigate long-term outcomes. RESULTS The overall institutional chylothorax rate was 2 % (n = 39). Reoperation was performed for 69 % of the patients. No significant difference was noted between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. Regression analysis showed neoadjuvant treatment (odds ratio [OR], 0.302; p = 0.001) and tumor type (OR, 0.304; p = 0.002) to be independent risk factors. The systematic review included 12 studies. Chylothorax occurred for 2.6 % of the patients. Treatment favored reoperation in five studies (70-100 %) and a conservative approach in four studies (58-72 %), with equal mortality rates. No significant difference was found between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. CONCLUSION Chylothorax rates are low in high-volume centers (2-3 %). No significant difference was noted between the transthoracic and transhiatal approaches. Neoadjuvant treatment and tumor type were shown to be independent risk factors. Treatment concept (reoperation vs conservative treatment) did not affect long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kranzfelder
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany,
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Wu G, Chang X, Xia Y, Huang W, Koch WM. Prospective randomized trial of high versus low negative pressure suction in management of chyle fistula after neck dissection for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 34:1711-5. [PMID: 22180331 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative pressure drainage has been shown to be an effective treatment of chyle fistula. However, the optimal level of negative pressure has not been determined. We therefore conducted a prospective randomized trial to address this issue. METHODS In all, 21 patients with chyle fistula were randomly assigned to a high negative pressure suction (HNPS) group (-600 mmHg, n = 10) or low negative pressure suction (LNPS) group (-125 mmHg, n = 11). The duration of drain leakage and hospital stay, and the incidence of complications were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS All patients were successfully treated with conservative management without surgical intervention. The median durations of chyle leakage and hospital stay were significantly shorter in the HNPS group compared with the LNPS group: 4 versus 7 days (p = .0048) and 5 versus 11 days (p = .0107), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Negative suction was demonstrated to be highly effective in the management of chyle fistula, and HNPS appeared to be more efficient than LNPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaosong Wu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Ashitate Y, Tanaka E, Stockdale A, Choi HS, Frangioni JV. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of thoracic duct anatomy and function in open surgery and video-assisted thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:31-8.e1-2. [PMID: 21477818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chylothorax resulting from thoracic duct damage is often difficult to identify and repair. We hypothesized that near-infrared fluorescent light could provide sensitive, real-time, high-resolution intraoperative imaging of thoracic duct anatomy and function. METHODS In 16 rats, 4 potential near-infrared fluorescent lymphatic tracers were compared in terms of signal strength and imaging time: indocyanine green, the carboxylic acid of IRDye 800CW (LI-COR, Lincoln, Neb), indocyanine green adsorbed to human serum albumin, and IRDye 800CW conjugated covalently to human serum albumin. Optimal agent was validated in 8 pigs approaching human size (n = 6 by open surgery with FLARE imaging system [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass] and n = 2 by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery minimally invasive [m-FLARE] imaging system [Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]). Lymphatic tracer injection site, dose, and timing were optimized. RESULTS For signal strength, sustained imaging time, and clinical translatability, the best lymphatic tracer was indocyanine green, which is already Food and Drug Administration approved for other indications. In pigs, a simple subcutaneous injection of indocyanine green into lower leg (≥ 36 μg/kg), provided thoracic duct imaging with onset of about 5 minutes after injection, sustained imaging for at least 60 minutes after injection, and signal-to-background ratio of at least 2. With this technology, normal thoracic duct flow, collateral flow, injury models, and repair models could all be observed under direct visualization. CONCLUSIONS Near-infrared fluorescent light could provide sensitive, sustained, real-time imaging of thoracic duct anatomy and function during both open and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Ashitate
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass 02215, USA
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12
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Ilczyszyn A, Ridha H, Durrani AJ. Management of chyle leak post neck dissection: a case report and literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 64:e223-30. [PMID: 21296632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chyle leakage post head-and-neck resection is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Management may be problematic and prolonged. Recently, thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct has emerged as a promising technique to definitively treat this difficult problem. We present a recent case of a hemimandibulectomy, radical modified neck dissection and osseocutaneous fibular-free-flap complicated by a chyle leakage. The chyle leak was successfully treated with thoracoscopic ligation of the thoracic duct. In the light of our clinical experience and following a thorough literature review, we have proposed that complicated or high-output chyle leaks (>1000 ml day(-1)) should be treated with early thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ilczyszyn
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Tubbs RS, Noordeh N, Parmar A, Cömert A, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Cohen-Gadol AA. Reliability of Poirier's triangle in localizing the thoracic duct in the thorax. Surg Radiol Anat 2010; 32:757-60. [PMID: 20480366 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-010-0681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preemptive ligation of the thoracic duct (TD) is occasionally performed during cardiothoracic procedures to prevent chylothorax. Landmarks for localizing this structure are thus important to the surgeon during such procedures. One historically used area for identifying this structure in the thorax is Poirier's triangle. The present paper aimed to investigate the relationship of the TD to Poirier's triangle. METHODS We evaluated the use of this geometric area in localizing the TD in 35 adult cadavers. RESULTS Poirier's triangle was found in all specimens, but the TD was found within the confines of Poirier's triangle in only 17 specimens (45.7%). When not identified in Poirier's triangle, the regional TD was often (28.6%) seen in the interval between the proximal left subclavian and left common carotid arteries. CONCLUSIONS These data may be of use to the surgeon when identifying the proximal TD within the thorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shane Tubbs
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Abdel-Galil K, Milton R, McCaul J. High output chyle leak after neck surgery: the role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 47:478-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Machado JDC, Suen VMM, Marchini JS. Is oral nutritional therapy effective for the treatment of chylothorax? A case report. Nutrition 2008; 24:607-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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van Goor AT, Kröger R, Klomp HM, de Jong MAA, van den Brekel MWM, Balm AJM. Introduction of lymphangiography and percutaneous embolization of the thoracic duct in a stepwise approach to the management of chylous fistulas. Head Neck 2007; 29:1017-23. [PMID: 17525970 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chylous fistula occurring after head and neck or thoracic surgery is an uncommon but well-described complication, with a reported incidence of 1% to 2.5%. Conservative management can be successful and consists of dietary measures combined with suction drainage. This article reports on percutaneous embolization of the thoracic duct through catheterization of the retroperitoneal lymph vessels. METHODS Two patients, in whom conservative management for cervical chylous fistula failed, underwent lymphangiography with opacification of the thoracic duct, followed by radioguided catheterization and embolization. RESULTS Embolization was successful in both patients. In 1 patient the procedure had to be repeated once to stop the chylous drainage. CONCLUSIONS Radioguided percutaneous catheterization and embolization of the retroperitoneal lymph vessels offers an excellent treatment option for patients with persistent chylous fistulas after failure of conservative management. We revised our stepwise management protocol (de Gier, Head Neck 1996; 18:347-351) and now consider this procedure as the secondary intervention step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud T van Goor
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gunnlaugsson CB, Iannettoni MD, Yu B, Chepeha DB, Teknos TN. Management of Chyle Fistula Utilizing Thoracoscopic Ligation of the Thoracic Duct. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2004; 66:148-54. [PMID: 15316236 DOI: 10.1159/000079335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To document the treatment of refractory chyle leaks using thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation and provide systematic guidelines to manage chyle leaks. METHODS The medical records of 2 patients with chyle leaks are reviewed, followed by a review of the literature on chyle leaks and their thoracoscopic management. CONCLUSIONS Initial treatment of chyle fistula is aimed at conservative medical management. Persistent high-output fistulas (>500 cm(3)) should be considered for neck reexploration as conservative management is likely to fail. Thoracoscopic thoracic duct ligation provides a safe and efficient means of treating chyle leaks refractory to repeated surgical and medical intervention. It should also be considered as a primary surgical intervention for patients with: (1) chyle output exceeding 500 cm(3)/day where prior intraoperative attempts at ligation have failed, (2) severe metabolic and nutritional complications, (3) coexisting chylothorax with respiratory compromise, and (4) low-output fistulas (<500 cm(3)/day) of long duration (>14 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad B Gunnlaugsson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0312, USA
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Brown DH. The versatile contact Nd:YAG laser in head and neck surgery: an in vivo and clinical analysis. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:854-67. [PMID: 10807364 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200005000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lasers have been used in otolaryngology as a surgical instrument for more than 25 years, and the CO2 laser has emerged as the most widely employed surgical laser in use today. However, recent technological advances have made the Nd:YAG laser a challenger as an effective photothermal surgical tool. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This is a two-part study. Tissue injury and healing profiles after application of both the CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers are compared using an in vivo rat tongue model. A prospective clinical review based on the experience of 327 operative cases spanning a 7-year interval using the Nd:YAG laser, highlighting its various applications and associated complications, is detailed. RESULTS Comparable tissue and healing effects were noted with both lasers in the in vivo rat tongue model with no statistical differences. The clinical application of the laser showed wide versatility in the head and neck with a complication rate of 3%. CONCLUSION The Nd:YAG laser has proved equivalent in tissue damage and healing to the CO2 laser. The Nd:YAG laser has proved itself to be an excellent and perhaps superior laser for use in head and neck surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Brown
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Toronto Hospital, Ontario, Canada
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