1
|
Zaki MK, Abed MN, Alassaf FA. Antidiabetic Agents and Bone Quality: A Focus on Glycation End Products and Incretin Pathway Modulations. J Bone Metab 2024; 31:169-181. [PMID: 39307518 PMCID: PMC11416877 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2024.31.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with inadequate bone health and quality and heightened susceptibility to fractures, even in patients with normal or elevated bone mineral density. Elevated advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and a suppressed incretin pathway are among the mechanisms through which diabetes affects the bone. Accordingly, the present review aimed to investigate the effects of antidiabetic medications on bone quality, primarily through AGEs and the incretin pathway. Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and PubMed were used to examine related studies until February 2024. Antidiabetic medications influence AGEs and the incretin pathway directly or indirectly. Certain antidiabetic drugs including metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DDP-4) inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), directly affect AGEs through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include decreasing the formation of AGEs and the expression of AGEs receptor (RAGE) in tissue and increasing serum soluble RAGE levels, resulting in the reduced action of AGEs. Similarly, metformin, GLP-1RA, DDP-4 inhibitors, AGIs, and TZDs may enhance incretin hormones directly by increasing their production or suppressing their metabolism. Additionally, these medications could influence AGEs and the incretin pathway indirectly by enhancing glycemic control. In contrast, sulfonylureas have not demonstrated any obvious effects on AGEs or the incretin pathway. Considering their favorable effects on AGEs and the incretin pathway, a suitable selection of antidiabetic drugs may facilitate more protective effects on the bone in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna K. Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul,
Iraq
| | - Mohammed N. Abed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul,
Iraq
| | - Fawaz A. Alassaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul,
Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Xiang C, Sun X, Wu S, Lv J, Li P, Wei X, Wei L. DAla2GIP antagonizes H 2O 2-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammatory factor secretion. Bone 2019; 127:656-663. [PMID: 31283994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of DAla2GIP against the apoptosis and inflammatory factor secretion in H2O2-induced chondrocyte, and explore the possible mechanisms of DAla2GIP underlying its protection. METHODS The chondrocytes were divided into the following four groups: Control, 300 μM H2O2, 100 pM DAla2GIP and 300 μM H2O2 + 100 pM DAla2GIP. The apoptosis of chondrocyte was measured by using mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit (JC-1) and TUNEL assay, the inflammatory factor secretion were assessed by ELISA assay, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DAla2GIP protection were investigated by using Real time-PCR, flow cytometry, Non- invasive calcium detection and western blotting techniques. RESULTS (1) DAPla2GIP prevents apoptosis of chondrocyte induced by H2O2. (2) DAla2GIP alleviated the inflammation of chondrocyte induced by H2O2. (3) DAla2GIP prevents chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting calcium influx of chondrocyte and regulating expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3induced by H2O2. (4) DAla2GIP inhibited the H2O2 mediated inflammation by up- regulating the expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Our experimental results revealed that DAla2GIP prevents chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting calcium influx of chondrocyte and induced regulating expression of Bcl-2 and Casp ase-3by H2O2. Further, molecular biology experiments confirmed that DAla2GIP inhibited the H2O2 mediated inflammation vis up-regulating the expressions of Sox9 and Col2a1 and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. The results demonstrate that DAla2GIP has protective properties in H2O2-induced chondrocyte injury, this finding shows that novel GIP analogues have the potential as a novel therapeutic for osteoarthritis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chuan Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital (RIH), Providence, RI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pujadas G, Drucker DJ. Vascular Biology of Glucagon Receptor Superfamily Peptides: Mechanistic and Clinical Relevance. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:554-583. [PMID: 27732058 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory peptides produced in islet and gut endocrine cells, including glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exert actions with considerable metabolic importance and translational relevance. Although the clinical development of GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors has fostered research into how these hormones act on the normal and diseased heart, less is known about the actions of these peptides on blood vessels. Here we review the effects of these peptide hormones on normal blood vessels and highlight their vascular actions in the setting of experimental and clinical vascular injury. The cellular localization and signal transduction properties of the receptors for glucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are discussed, with emphasis on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The actions of these peptides on the control of blood flow, blood pressure, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and vascular inflammation are reviewed with a focus on elucidating direct and indirect mechanisms of action. How these peptides traverse the blood-brain barrier is highlighted, with relevance to the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists to treat obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. Wherever possible, we compare actions identified in cell lines and primary cell culture with data from preclinical studies and, when available, results of human investigation, including studies in subjects with diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Throughout the review, we discuss pitfalls, limitations, and challenges of the existing literature and highlight areas of controversy and uncertainty. The increasing use of peptide-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity underscores the importance of understanding the vascular biology of peptide hormone action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Pujadas
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Incretins and bone: friend or foe? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
6
|
Faienza MF, Luce V, Ventura A, Colaianni G, Colucci S, Cavallo L, Grano M, Brunetti G. Skeleton and glucose metabolism: a bone-pancreas loop. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:758148. [PMID: 25873957 PMCID: PMC4383460 DOI: 10.1155/2015/758148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone has been considered a structure essential for mobility, calcium homeostasis, and hematopoietic function. Recent advances in bone biology have highlighted the importance of skeleton as an endocrine organ which regulates some metabolic pathways, in particular, insulin signaling and glucose tolerance. This review will point out the role of bone as an endocrine "gland" and, specifically, of bone-specific proteins, as the osteocalcin (Ocn), and proteins involved in bone remodeling, as osteoprotegerin, in the regulation of insulin function and glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenza Luce
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ventura
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavallo
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
- *Giacomina Brunetti:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mabilleau G, Mieczkowska A, Irwin N, Simon Y, Audran M, Flatt PR, Chappard D. Beneficial effects of a N-terminally modified GIP agonist on tissue-level bone material properties. Bone 2014; 63:61-8. [PMID: 24594344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is under complex regulation from nervous, hormonal and local signals, including gut hormones. Among the gut hormones, a role for the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been suggested. However, the rapid degradation of GIP in the bloodstream by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) precludes therapeutic use. To circumvent this problem, a series of N-terminally modified GIP agonists have been developed, with N-AcGIP being the most promising. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of N-AcGIP on bone at the micro-level using trabecular and cortical microstructural morphology, and at the tissue-level in rats. Copenhagen rats were randomly assigned into control or N-AcGIP-treated groups and received daily injection for 4 weeks. Bone microstructural morphology was assessed by microCT and dynamic histomorphometry and tissue-level properties by nanoindentation, qBEI and infra-red microscopy. Four week treatment with N-AcGIP did not alter trabecular or cortical microstructural morphology. In addition, no significant modifications of mechanical response and properties at the tissue-level were observed in trabecular bone. However, significant augmentations in maximum load (12%), hardness (14%), indentation modulus (13%) and dissipated energy (16%) were demonstrated in cortical bone. These beneficial modifications of mechanical properties at the tissue-level were associated with increased mineralization (22%) and collagen maturity (13%) of the bone matrix. Taken together, the results support a beneficial role of GIP, and particularly stable analogs such as N-AcGIP, on tissue material properties of bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Mabilleau
- LUNAM Université, GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; LUNAM Université, SCIAM, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France.
| | | | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, U K
| | - Yannick Simon
- LUNAM Université, GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Maurice Audran
- LUNAM Université, GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; Service de Rhumatologie, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Peter R Flatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, U K
| | - Daniel Chappard
- LUNAM Université, GEROM-LHEA, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France; LUNAM Université, SCIAM, Institut de Biologie en Santé, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mieczkowska A, Irwin N, Flatt PR, Chappard D, Mabilleau G. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor deletion leads to reduced bone strength and quality. Bone 2013; 56:337-42. [PMID: 23851294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone is permanently remodeled by a complex network of local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect osteoclast and osteoblast biology. In this context, a role for gastro-intestinal hormones has been proposed based on evidence that bone resorption dramatically falls after a meal. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is one of the candidate hormones as its receptor, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), is expressed in bone. In the present study we investigated bone strength and quality by three-point bending, quantitative x-ray microradiography, microCT, qBEI and FTIR in a GIPR knockout (GIPR KO) mouse model and compared with control wild-type (WT) animals. Animals with a deletion of the GIPR presented with a significant reduction in ultimate load (--11%), stiffness (-16%), total absorbed (-28%) and post-yield energies (-27%) as compared with WT animals. Furthermore, despite no change in bone outer diameter, the bone marrow diameter was significantly increased and as a result cortical thickness was significantly decreased by 20% in GIPR deficient animals. Bone resorption at the endosteal surface was significantly increased whilst bone formation was unchanged in GIPR deficient animals. Deficient animals also presented with a pronounced reduction in the degree of mineralization of bone matrix. Furthermore, the amount of mature cross-links of collagen matrix was significantly reduced in GIPR deficient animals and was associated with lowered intrinsic material properties. Taken together, these data support a positive effect of the GIPR on bone strength and quality.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaudin-Audrain C, Irwin N, Mansur S, Flatt PR, Thorens B, Baslé M, Chappard D, Mabilleau G. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor deficiency leads to modifications of trabecular bone volume and quality in mice. Bone 2013; 53:221-30. [PMID: 23220186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A role for the gastro-intestinal tract in controlling bone remodeling is suspected since serum levels of bone remodeling markers are affected rapidly after a meal. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) represents a suitable candidate in mediating this effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of total inhibition of GIP signaling on trabecular bone volume, microarchitecture and quality. We used GIP receptor (GIPR) knockout mice and investigated trabecular bone volume and microarchitecture by microCT and histomorphometry. GIPR-deficient animals at 16 weeks of age presented with a significant (20%) increase in trabecular bone mass accompanied by an increase (17%) in trabecular number. In addition, the number of osteoclasts and bone formation rate was significantly reduced and augmented, respectively in these animals when compared with wild-type littermates. These modifications of trabecular bone microarchitecture are linked to a remodeling in the expression pattern of adipokines in the GIPR-deficient mice. On the other hand, despite significant enhancement in bone volume, intrinsic mechanical properties of the bone matrix was reduced as well as the distribution of bone mineral density and the ratio of mature/immature collagen cross-links. Taken together, these results indicate an increase in trabecular bone volume in GIPR KO animals associated with a reduction in bone quality.
Collapse
|
10
|
Irwin N, Gault V, Flatt PR. Therapeutic potential of the original incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:1039-48. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.513381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Diabetes and Pharmacy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK ;
| | - Victor Gault
- SAAD Centre for Diabetes and Pharmacy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK ;
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Diabetes and Pharmacy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nyberg J, Anderson MF, Meister B, Alborn AM, Ström AK, Brederlau A, Illerskog AC, Nilsson O, Kieffer TJ, Hietala MA, Ricksten A, Eriksson PS. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is expressed in adult hippocampus and induces progenitor cell proliferation. J Neurosci 2005; 25:1816-25. [PMID: 15716418 PMCID: PMC6725940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4920-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is an area of active proliferation and neurogenesis within the adult brain. The molecular events controlling adult cell genesis in the hippocampus essentially remain unknown. It has been reported previously that adult male and female rats from the strains Sprague Dawley (SD) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) have a marked difference in proliferation rates of cells in the hippocampal DG. To exploit this natural variability and identify potential regulators of cell genesis in the hippocampus, hippocampal gene expression from male SHR as well as male and female SD rats was analyzed using a cDNA array strategy. Hippocampal expression of the gene-encoding glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) varied strongly in parallel with cell-proliferation rates in the adult rat DG. Moreover, robust GIP immunoreactivity could be detected in the DG. The GIP receptor is expressed by cultured adult hippocampal progenitors and throughout the granule cell layer of the DG, including progenitor cells. Thus, these cells have the ability to respond to GIP. Indeed, exogenously delivered GIP induced proliferation of adult-derived hippocampal progenitors in vivo as well as in vitro, and adult GIP receptor knock-out mice exhibit a significantly lower number of newborn cells in the hippocampal DG compared with wild-type mice. This investigation demonstrates the presence of GIP in the brain for the first time and provides evidence for a regulatory function for GIP in progenitor cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Nyberg
- The Arvid Carlsson Institute for Neuroscience at the Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu Y, Jawa A, Pan W, Kastin AJ. Effects of peptides, with emphasis on feeding, pain, and behavior A 5-year (1999-2003) review of publications in Peptides. Peptides 2004; 25:2257-89. [PMID: 15572212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel effects of naturally occurring peptides are continuing to be discovered, and their mechanisms of actions as well as interactions with other substances, organs, and systems have been elucidated. Synthetic analogs may have actions similar or antagonistic to the endogenous peptides, and both the native peptides and analogs have potential as drugs or drug targets. The journal Peptides publishes many leading articles on the structure-activity relationship of peptides as well as outstanding reviews on some families of peptides. Complementary to the reviews, here we extract information from the original papers published during the past five years in Peptides (1999-2003) to summarize the effects of different classes of peptides, their modulation by other chemicals and various pathophysiological states, and the mechanisms by which the effects are exerted. Special attention is given to peptides related to feeding, pain, and other behaviors. By presenting in condensed form the effects of peptides which are essential for systems biology, we hope that this summary of existing knowledge will encourage additional novel research to be presented in Peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|