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Liang C, Sun M, Zhong J, Miao C, Han X. The Role of Pink1-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2226-2237. [PMID: 34014489 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying propofol-induced toxicity in developing neurons are still unclear. The aim of present study was to explore the role of Pink1 mediated mitochondria pathway in propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity. The primary Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) were isolated from the hippocampus of E15.5 mice embryos and then treated with propofol. The effects of propofol on proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, mitochondria ultrastructure and MMP of NSCs were investigated. In addition, the abundance of Pink1 and a group of mitochondria related proteins in the cytoplasm and/or mitochondria were investigated, which mainly included CDK1, Drp1, Parkin1, DJ-1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1. Moreover, the relationship between Pink1 and these molecules was explored using gene silencing, or pretreatment with protein inhibitors. Finally, the NSCs were pretreated with mitochondrial specific antioxidant (MitoQ) or Drp1 inhibitor (Mdivi-1), and then the toxic effects of propofol on NSCs were investigated. Our results indicated that propofol treatment inhibited NSCs proliferation and division, and promoted NSCs apoptosis. Propofol induced significant NSCs mitochondria deformation, vacuolization and swelling, and decreased MMP. Additional studies showed that propofol affected a group of mitochondria related proteins via Pink1 inhibition, and CDK1, Drp1, Parkin1 and DJ-1 are the important downstream proteins of Pink1. Finally, the effects of propofol on proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, mitochondrial ultrastructure and MMP of NSCs were significantly attenuated by MitoQ or Mdivi-1 pretreatment. The present study demonstrated that propofol regulates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of NSCs via Pink1mediated mitochondria pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minli Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zhu B, Li Z, Qian PY, Herrup K. Marine bacterial extracts as a new rich source of drugs against Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 152:493-508. [PMID: 31381155 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent, progressive and irreversible, neurodegenerative disease with no disease modifying treatment yet available. The projected burden of AD on our healthcare system is immense and thus there is an immediate need for new drugs that prevent or attenuate AD symptoms. While most efforts in the field are directed at treatments that reduce amyloid or tau burden in the brain, we have taken an alternate approach - a model based on reducing AD-associated neuronal cell cycle events. Using this model, we have screened a largely unexplored source of compounds with therapeutic potential - the natural products created by diverse strains of marine bacteria. Two hundred and twenty-five bacterial extracts from different strains were tested for both toxicity and neuroprotective properties by crystal violet and In-cell Western - first in HT22 cells and then in mouse primary neuronal cultures. Based on these screens, we have identified several promising leads, and here we focus on the most promising of these. We found that we could directly assay even a crude bacterial extract in our E16 mouse cortical neuronal cultures and screen for activities that prevent cell cycle reentry and preserve synaptic structure. Preliminary tests in 1-month-old animals from a mouse model of Ataxia telangiectasia, showed that blockage of cell cycle-related neuronal death could also be successful in vivo. This adds an important extension to our in vitro studies. These findings showcase a new effective and efficient assay system and validate the use of marine natural compounds as a novel source for new drugs to fight Alzheimer's disease. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beika Zhu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongrui Li
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Pfister JA, D'Mello SR. Regulation of Neuronal Survival by Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) Is Dependent on Its Expression Level, Subcellular Localization, and Oligomerization Status. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20787-97. [PMID: 27510036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NPM1 (nucleophosmin 1) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that regulates many cellular processes, including ribosome biogenesis, proliferation, and genomic integrity. Although its role in proliferating cell types and tissues has been extensively investigated, little is known about its function in neurons and in the brain where it is highly expressed. We report that NPM1 protein expression is increased selectively in the striatum in both the R6/2 transgenic and 3-nitropropionic acid-injected mouse models of Huntington's disease. Examination of the effect of ectopic expression on cultured neurons revealed that increasing NPM1 is toxic to otherwise healthy cerebellar granule and cortical neurons. Toxicity is dependent on its cytoplasmic localization and oligomerization status. Forced retention of NPM1 in the nucleus, as well as inhibiting its ability to oligomerize, not only neutralizes NPM1 toxicity but also renders it protective against apoptosis. Although not blocked by pharmacological inhibition of the pro-apoptotic molecules, JNK, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, or caspases, toxicity is blocked by compounds targeting cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), as well as by dominant-negative forms of CDK1 and CDK2 and the pan-CDK inhibitor, p21(Cip1/Waf1) Although induced in in vivo Huntington's disease models, NPM1 protein levels are unchanged in cultured cerebellar granule and cortical neurons induced to die by low potassium or homocysteic acid treatment, respectively. Moreover, and counterintuitively, knockdown of its expression or inhibition of endogenous NPM1 oligomerization in these cultured neurons is toxic. Taken together, our study suggests that although neurons need NPM1 for survival, an increase in its expression beyond physiological levels and its translocation to the cytoplasm leads to death through abortive cell cycle induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Pfister
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080 and
| | - Santosh R D'Mello
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275
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Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics Contributes to Propofol-induced Cell Death in Human Stem Cell-derived Neurons. Anesthesiology 2016; 123:1067-83. [PMID: 26352374 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in developing animals have shown that anesthetic agents can lead to neuronal cell death and learning disabilities when administered early in life. Development of human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons has provided a valuable tool for understanding the effects of anesthetics on developing human neurons. Unbalanced mitochondrial fusion and fission lead to various pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to dissect the role of mitochondrial dynamics in propofol-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick-end labeling staining was used to assess cell death in human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Mitochondrial fission was assessed using TOM20 staining and electron microscopy. Expression of mitochondrial fission-related proteins was assessed by Western blot, and confocal microscopy was used to assess opening time of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). RESULTS Exposure to 6 h of 20 μg/ml propofol increased cell death from 3.18 ± 0.17% in the control-treated group to 9.6 ± 0.95% and led to detrimental increases in mitochondrial fission (n = 5 coverslips per group) accompanied by increased expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1, key proteins responsible for mitochondrial fission. Propofol exposure also induced earlier opening of the mPTP from 118.9 ± 3.1 s in the control-treated group to 73.3 ± 1.6 s. Pretreatment of the cells with mdivi-1, a mitochondrial fission blocker rescued the propofol-induced toxicity, mitochondrial fission, and mPTP opening time (n = 75 cells per group). Inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 1 attenuated the increase in cell death and fission and the increase in expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate for the first time that propofol-induced neurotoxicity occurs through a mitochondrial fission/mPTP-mediated pathway.
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Zhang Y, She F, Li L, Chen C, Xu S, Luo X, Li M, He M, Yu Z. p25/CDK5 is partially involved in neuronal injury induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:976-84. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chen MJ, Ng JMJ, Peng ZF, Manikandan J, Yap YW, Llanos RM, Beart PM, Cheung NS. Gene profiling identifies commonalities in neuronal pathways in excitotoxicity: evidence favouring cell cycle re-activation in concert with oxidative stress. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:719-30. [PMID: 23291249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity, induced by the aberrant rise in cytosolic Ca(2+) level, is a major neuropathological process in numerous neurodegenerative disorders. It is triggered when extracellular glutamate (Glu) concentration reaches neuropathological levels resulting in dysregulation and hyper-activation of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtype (iGluRs). Even though all three members of the iGluRs, namely N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPAR) and kainate (KAR) receptors are implicated in excitotoxicity, their individual contributions to downstream signaling transduction have not been explored. In this study, we report a comprehensive description of the recruitment of cellular processes in neurons upon iGluR activation during excitotoxicity through temporal (5h, 15h, and 24h) global gene profiling of AMPA, KA, NMDA, and Glu excitotoxic models. DNA microarray analyses of mouse primary cortical neurons treated with these four pharmacological agonists are further validated via real-time PCR. Bi-model analyses against Glu model demonstrate that NMDARs and KARs play a more pivotal role in Glu-mediated excitotoxicity, with a higher degree of global gene profiling overlaps, as compared to that of AMPARs. Comparison of global transcriptomic profiles reveals aberrant calcium ion binding and homeostasis, organellar (lysosomal and endoplasmic reticulum) stress, oxidative stress, cell cycle re-entry and activation of cell death processes as the main pathways that are significantly modulated across all excitotoxicity models. Singular profile analyses demonstrate substantial transcriptional regulation of numerous cell cycle proteins. For the first time, we show that iGluR activation forms the basis of cell cycle re-activation, and together with oxidative stress fulfill the "two-hit" hypothesis that accelerates neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jessica Chen
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
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7
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Wu J, Kharebava G, Piao C, Stoica BA, Dinizo M, Sabirzhanov B, Hanscom M, Guanciale K, Faden AI. Inhibition of E2F1/CDK1 pathway attenuates neuronal apoptosis in vitro and confers neuroprotection after spinal cord injury in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42129. [PMID: 22848730 PMCID: PMC3405037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of post-mitotic neurons plays a significant role in secondary tissue damage following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Activation of E2F1-dependent transcription promotes expression of pro-apoptotic factors, including CDK1; this signal transduction pathway is believed to represent an important mechanism for the physiological or pathological neuronal cell death. However, a specific role for this pathway in neuronal apoptosis induced by SCI has not yet been reported. Here we demonstrate up-regulation of the E2F1/CDK1 pathway that is associated with neuronal apoptosis following impact SCI in rats. Expression of E2F1 and CDK1 were robustly up-regulated as early as 15 min after injury and sustained until 3 days post-injury. CDK1 activity and E2F1 downstream targets bim and c-Myb were significantly increased after SCI. Activation of E2F1/CDK1 signaling also was associated with death of neurons in vitro; this was attenuated by shRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the E2F1/CDK1 pathway. CR8, a novel and potent CDK1 inhibitor, blocked apoptosis of primary cortical neurons at low-micromolar concentrations. Moreover, SCI-induced up-regulation of E2F1/CDK1 and associated neuronal apoptosis was significantly attenuated by systemic injection of CR8 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) at 5 min after injury. CR8 significantly decreased posttraumatic elevation of biochemical markers of apoptosis, such as products of caspase-3 and α–fodrin cleavage, as well as neuronal cell death, as indicated by TUNEL staining. Importantly, CR8 treatment also increased the number of surviving neurons at 5 weeks after injury. Together, these findings indicate that activation of the E2F1/CDK1 pathway contributes to the pathophysiology of SCI and that selective inhibition of this signaling cascade may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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8
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Liu DZ, Ander BP. Cell cycle inhibition without disruption of neurogenesis is a strategy for treatment of aberrant cell cycle diseases: an update. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:491737. [PMID: 22547985 PMCID: PMC3323905 DOI: 10.1100/2012/491737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since publishing our earlier report describing a strategy for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases by inhibiting the cell cycle and without disrupting neurogenesis (Liu et al. 2010), we now update and extend this strategy to applications in the treatment of cancers as well. Here, we put forth the concept of "aberrant cell cycle diseases" to include both cancer and CNS diseases, the two unrelated disease types on the surface, by focusing on a common mechanism in each aberrant cell cycle reentry. In this paper, we also summarize the pharmacological approaches that interfere with classical cell cycle molecules and mitogenic pathways to block the cell cycle of tumor cells (in treatment of cancer) as well as to block the cell cycle of neurons (in treatment of CNS diseases). Since cell cycle inhibition can also block proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and thus impair brain neurogenesis leading to cognitive deficits, we propose that future strategies aimed at cell cycle inhibition in treatment of aberrant cell cycle diseases (i.e., cancers or CNS diseases) should be designed with consideration of the important side effects on normal neurogenesis and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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9
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GSK3β inhibition is involved in the neuroprotective effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in neurons. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) evokes a complex cascade of events with initial mechanical damage leading to secondary injury processes that contribute to further tissue loss and functional impairment. Growing evidence suggests that the cell cycle is activated following SCI. Up-regulation of cell cycle proteins after injury appears to contribute not only to apoptotic cell death of postmitotic cells, including neurons and oligodendrocytes, but also to post-traumatic gliosis and microglial activation. Inhibition of key cell cycle regulatory pathways reduces injury-induced cell death, as well as microglial and astroglial proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with cell cycle inhibitors in rodent SCI models prevents neuronal cell death and reduces inflammation, as well as the surrounding glial scar, resulting in markedly reduced lesion volumes and improved motor recovery. Here we review the effects of SCI on cell cycle pathways, as well as the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of cell cycle inhibitors for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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11
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Camins A, Pizarro JG, Alvira D, Gutierrez-Cuesta J, de la Torre AV, Folch J, Sureda FX, Verdaguer E, Junyent F, Jordán J, Ferrer I, Pallàs M. Activation of ataxia telangiectasia muted under experimental models and human Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3865-82. [PMID: 20502937 PMCID: PMC11115894 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrated that neurotoxin MPP(+)-induced DNA damage is followed by ataxia telangiectasia muted (ATM) activation either in cerebellar granule cells (CGC) or in B65 cell line. In CGC, the selective ATM inhibitor KU-55933 showed neuroprotective effects against MPP(+)-induced neuronal cell loss and apoptosis, lending support to the key role of ATM in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Likewise, we showed that knockdown of ATM levels in neuroblastoma B65 cells using an ATM-specific siRNA attenuates the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein without affecting other cell-cycle proteins involved in the G(0)/G(1) cell-cycle phase. Moreover, we demonstrated DNA damage, in human brain samples of PD patients. These findings support a model in which MPP(+) leads to ATM activation with a subsequent DNA damage response and activation of pRb. Therefore, this study demonstrates a new link between DNA damage by MPP(+) and cell-cycle re-entry through retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Camins
- Institut de Biomedicina, Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Liu DZ, Ander BP, Sharp FR. Cell cycle inhibition without disruption of neurogenesis is a strategy for treatment of central nervous system diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 37:549-57. [PMID: 19944161 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, the cell cycle is regarded as the process leading to cellular proliferation. However, increasing evidence over the last decade supports the notion that neuronal cell cycle re-entry results in post-mitotic death. A mature neuron that re-enters the cell cycle can neither advance to a new G0 quiescent state nor revert to its earlier G0 state. This presents a critical dilemma to the neuron from which death may be an unavoidable but necessary outcome for adult neurons attempting to complete the cell cycle. In contrast, tumor cells that undergo aberrant cell cycle re-entry divide and can survive. Thus, cell cycle inhibition strategies are of interest in cancer treatment but may also represent an important means of protecting neurons. In this review, we put forth the concept of the "expanded cell cycle" and summarize the cell cycle proteins, signal transduction events and mitogenic molecules that can drive a neuron into the cell cycle in various CNS diseases. We also discuss the pharmacological approaches that interfere with the mitogenic pathways and prevent mature neurons from attempting cell cycle re-entry, protecting them from cell death. Lastly, future attempts at blocking the cell cycle to rescue mature neurons from injury should be designed so as to not block normal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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13
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Folch J, Alvira D, López-Querol M, Tajes M, Sureda FX, Forsby A, Rimbau V, Camins A, Pallàs M. Evaluation of transcriptional activity of caspase-3 gene as a marker of acute neurotoxicity in rat cerebellar granular cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 24:465-71. [PMID: 19815060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3 is a key protein involved in the classical apoptosis mechanism in neurons, as in many other cells types. In the present research, we describe the transcriptional activity of caspase-3 gene as a marker of acute toxicity in a primary culture model of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). CGNs were incubated for 16h in complete medium containing the chemicals at three concentrations (10, 100microM and 1mM). A total of 48 different compounds were tested. Gene transcriptional activity was determined by low-density array assays, and by single Taqman caspase-3 assays. Results from the PCR arrays showed that the caspase-3 gene was up-regulated when CGNs were exposed to neurotoxic chemicals. Significative correlations were found between the transcriptional activity of caspase-3 and the activity of some other genes related to apoptosis, cell-cycle and ROS detoxification. In our experiments, acute exposure of CGNs to well-documented pro-apoptotic xenobiotics modulated significantly caspase-3 gene expression, whereas chemicals not related to apoptosis did not modify caspase-3 gene expression. In conclusion, acute exposure of CGNs to neurotoxic compounds modulates the transcriptional activity of genes involved in the classical apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress and cell-cycle control. Transcriptional activity of caspase-3 correlates significantly with these changes and it could be a good indicator of acute neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Folch
- Unitat de Bioquimica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./St. Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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14
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Evaluation of pathways involved in pentachlorophenol-induced apoptosis in rat neurons. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:451-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Casadesús G, Smith M, Pallàs M, Camins A. Neuroprotection by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 against potassium deprivation–induced apoptosis involves the Akt pathway and inhibition of cell cycle reentry. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1135-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Yeste-Velasco M, Folch J, Pallàs M, Camins A. The p38(MAPK) signaling pathway regulates neuronal apoptosis through the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:99-105. [PMID: 19007833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of SB202190, a selective p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor in cerebellar granule neurons (CGC) in response to serum potassium deprivation (S/K deprivation), an apoptotic stimulus. CGC apoptosis after S/K deprivation was shown to be mediated through cell cycle re-entry and the induction of transcription factor E2F-1. We found that SB 202190 (10muM) inhibits retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation, in response to S/K deprivation. Moreover, the expression of cyclin E and E2F-1 were also significantly decreased. Interestingly, SB202190 did not affect or modulate the increase in the protein expression levels of cyclin D1. Similarly, p-Akt and p-GSK3 protein levels, measured after 12h S/K deprivation, did not appear to be regulated by SB 202190 (10muM). These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of the p38 inhibitor were not mediated via Akt activation. In conclusion, these results suggest that p38MAPK converged with the cell cycle in S/K deprivation-induced apoptosis through pRb phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Yeste-Velasco
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Popova MS, Stepanichev MY. Cell cycle induction, amyloid-beta, and free radicals in the mechanisms of neurodegenerative process progression in the brain. NEUROCHEM J+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712408030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Pizarro JG, Yeste-Velasco M, Esparza JL, Verdaguer E, Pallàs M, Camins A, Folch J. The antiproliferative activity of melatonin in B65 rat dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells is related to the downregulation of cell cycle-related genes. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:8-16. [PMID: 18284548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potential application of melatonin is its ability to rescue many cell types from cell death, because of its antioxidant properties. Likewise, recent studies suggest that melatonin may also be used as an anti-tumor drug, due to its anti-proliferative properties in tumor cells when administered at physiologic or pharmacologic doses. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the apoptosis induced by acute exposure to melatonin and roscovitine in the rat dopaminergic neuroblastoma B65 cell line. Cell growth studies revealed that, at 24 hr of treatment, roscovitine blocked cell growth and induced apoptosis whereas melatonin delayed cell growth and induced a slight increase in the number of apoptotic nuclei. Melatonin also increased the percentage of cells in the G1-phase of the cell cycle, whereas roscovitine blocked cells in the G2/M-phase. Both compounds significantly downregulated the transcriptional activity of cdk4, while melatonin also downregulated cdk2 and cyclin D1. Taken together, our data show that melatonin at millimolar concentrations inhibits dopaminergic B65 proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and modulates cell cycle progression by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of cyclins and cdks related to the progression of the G1-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier G Pizarro
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain
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Modulation of SIRT1 expression in different neurodegenerative models and human pathologies. Neuroscience 2008; 154:1388-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Lithium Treatment Decreases Activities of Tau Kinases in a Murine Model of Senescence. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:612-23. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181776293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Akashiba H, Ikegaya Y, Nishiyama N, Matsuki N. Differential Involvement of Cell Cycle Reactivation between Striatal and Cortical Neurons in Cell Death Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6594-606. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Cohen D, Segal M, Reiner O. Doublecortin supports the development of dendritic arbors in primary hippocampal neurons. Dev Neurosci 2008; 30:187-99. [PMID: 18075265 DOI: 10.1159/000109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein necessary for neuronal migration. In spite of its ubiquitous distribution in dendrites, its possible role in dendrite development has not yet been documented. The present study examined the effects of different expression levels of DCX on the arborization of dendrites in cultured hippocampal neurons. Reduced expression of DCX following RNAi transfection resulted in reduced branch points, total length and complexity of the dendrites. Overexpression of DCX resulted in an increase in branch points and complexity of the dendrites. In contrast to control green fluorescent protein cells, DCX-overexpressing cells maintained highly branched and complex dendritic trees when subjected to reduced neuronal activity by blockade of immature GABA(A) receptors. These results suggest that DCX supports developing dendrites, in addition to its role in neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Cohen
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
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Sharma M, Hanchate NK, Tyagi RK, Sharma P. Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) mediated inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway results in CREB down regulation and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:379-84. [PMID: 17498664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) is active mainly in postmitotic cells like neurons and regulates important cellular functions by phosphorylating a wide variety of targets. Nerve growth factor stimulates the MEK-ERK MAP kinase pathway and causes neuronal differentiation and survival. It was reported previously that Cdk5 inhibits the MAP kinase pathway by phosphorylating Map kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) [1]. We have delineated the functional consequence of this cross talk and found that the cdk5 mediated inhibition of MEK1 results in apoptosis. We also demonstrate that the activity of transcription factor CREB, which is known to play pro-survival roles in neuronal cells, is attenuated as a result of this cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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24
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Sohn D, Essmann F, Schulze-Osthoff K, Jänicke RU. p21 blocks irradiation-induced apoptosis downstream of mitochondria by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated caspase-9 activation. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11254-62. [PMID: 17145870 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 as a mediator of p53-induced growth arrest is well established. In addition, recent data provide strong evidence for new emerging functions of p21, including a role as a modulator of apoptosis. The mechanisms, however, by which p21 interferes with the death machinery, especially following ionizing radiation (IR), are largely unknown. Here, we report that IR induced caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and subsequent apoptosis only in p21-deficient colon carcinoma cells, whereas similar treated wild-type cells were permanently arrested in the G(2)-M phase, correlating with the induction of cellular senescence. Interestingly, activation of the mitochondrial pathway, including caspase-2 processing, depolarization of the outer mitochondrial membrane, and cytochrome c release, was achieved by IR in both cell lines, indicating that p21 inhibits an event downstream of mitochondria but preceding caspase-9 activation. IR-induced p21 protein expression was restricted to the nucleus, and no evidence for a mitochondrial or cytoplasmic association was found. In addition, p21 did neither interact with caspase-3 or caspase-9, suggesting that these events are not required for the observed protection. Consistent with this assumption, we found that CDK inhibitors potently abrogated IR-induced caspase processing and activation without affecting mitochondrial events. In addition, in vitro caspase activation assays yielded higher caspase-3 activities in extracts of irradiated p21-deficient cells compared with extracts of similar treated wild-type cells. Thus, our results strongly indicate that p21 protects cells from IR-induced apoptosis by suppression of CDK activity that seems to be required for activation of the caspase cascade downstream of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Sohn
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Bukanov NO, Smith LA, Klinger KW, Ledbetter SR, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O. Long-lasting arrest of murine polycystic kidney disease with CDK inhibitor roscovitine. Nature 2006; 444:949-52. [PMID: 17122773 DOI: 10.1038/nature05348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are primarily characterized by the growth of fluid-filled cysts in renal tubules leading to end-stage renal disease. Mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes lead to autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), a slowly developing adult form. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease results from mutations in the PKHD1 gene, affects newborn infants and progresses very rapidly. No effective treatment is currently available for PKD. A previously unrecognized site of subcellular localization was recently discovered for all proteins known to be disrupted in PKD: primary cilia. Because ciliary functions seem to be involved in cell cycle regulation, disruption of proteins associated with cilia or centrioles may directly affect the cell cycle and proliferation, resulting in cystic disease. We therefore reasoned that the dysregulated cell cycle may be the most proximal cause of cystogenesis, and that intervention targeted at this point could provide significant therapeutic benefit for PKD. Here we show that treatment with the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (R)-roscovitine does indeed yield effective arrest of cystic disease in jck and cpk mouse models of PKD. Continuous daily administration of the drug is not required to achieve efficacy; pulse treatment provides a robust, long-lasting effect, indicating potential clinical benefits for a lifelong therapy. Molecular studies of the mechanism of action reveal effective cell-cycle arrest, transcriptional inhibition and attenuation of apoptosis. We found that roscovitine is active against cysts originating from different parts of the nephron, a desirable feature for the treatment of ADPKD, in which cysts form in multiple nephron segments. Our results indicate that inhibition of CDK is a new and effective approach to the treatment of PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay O Bukanov
- Cell Biology, Genzyme Corporation, 5 Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701-9322, USA
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26
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Yeste M, Alvira D, Verdaguer E, Tajes M, Folch J, Rimbau V, Pallàs M, Camins A. Evaluation of acute antiapoptotic effects of Li+ in neuronal cell cultures. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:405-16. [PMID: 16906355 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Li(+) exerts protective effect against several neurotoxins in neuronal cell preparations. Here we examined the antiapoptotic effects of GSK3beta in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in the presence of several neurotoxins. Acute treatment with Li(+) protected neurons against nocodazole and serum/potassium (S/K) deprivation, but were ineffective against kainic acid and MPP(+). Li(+) 5 mM also decreased caspase-3 activation induced by nocodazole and S/K deprivation as measured by Ac-DEVD-p-nitroaniline and the breakdown of alpha-spectrin. All the neurotoxins used in the present study activated GSK3beta, evaluated with a specific antibody phospho-GSK-3beta (Ser9) by Western-blot and immunocytochemistry and were always inhibited by Li(+) 5 mM. Our results implicate Li(+) in the regulation of apoptosis mediated by caspase activation (Type I). Furthermore inhibition of GSK3beta by acute treatment with Li(+) 5 mM is not an indicator of neuroprotection. The acute antiapoptotic function of Li(+) is discussed in terms of its inhibition of Type I pathway, the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway in cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yeste
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain
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Atanasova G, Jans R, Zhelev N, Mitev V, Poumay Y. Effects of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 (R-roscovitine) on the physiology of cultured human keratinocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:824-36. [PMID: 16011834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
CYC202 (R-roscovitine) is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, investigated as a potential anti-cancer agent. The knowledge of the action of this pharmacological agent on normal human cells is still limited. In this study, we have explored the effects of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CYC202 on normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The loss of cell viability induced by this compound was strongly dependent on the rate of keratinocyte proliferation. At slightly cytotoxic doses, CYC202 inhibited the proliferation of subconfluent keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and at higher concentrations induction of early apoptosis was observed, evidenced by caspase-3 activation. The signal transduction pathways in subconfluent keratinocytes were altered, as CYC202 increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. The activation of this kinase was confirmed by the increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK substrate, the small heat shock protein HSP27. Prolonged inhibition of highly proliferative cells with CYC202 for 48 and 72 h altered the expression of epidermal differentiation markers. The use of the selective p38 kinase inhibitor PD169316 demonstrated that involucrin mRNA was upregulated by CYC202 via p38 MAPK pathway. These effects were strongly dependent on cell density and were observed only in highly proliferative keratinocytes. We concluded that CYC202 although highly potent against cancer cells inhibits also the proliferation and induces early apoptotic events in autocrine culture of normal human keratinocytes, activates p38 MAP kinase pathway and alters the expression of the epidermal differentiation markers. These results suggest that despite this potency against tumour cells, CYC202 must be used attentively in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganka Atanasova
- Department Histology-Embryology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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