1
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Leno-Durán E, Ng SL, Strominger JL. Regulation of EAE by spontaneously generated IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in HLA-DR15/TCR.Ob1A12 double transgenic mice. Immunology 2021; 163:338-343. [PMID: 33565605 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized double transgenic mice express both HLA-DR15 (the MHC gene linked to MS) and TCR.Ob1A12 from a multiple sclerosis patient (that recognizes MBP85-99 presented by HLA-DR15), yet they fail to develop autoimmune encephalomyelitis quickly, although 5-10% develop disease at 12 months. These mice were found to express large numbers of IL-10-secreting splenocytes as early as 4 weeks of age. These regulatory T cells appeared spontaneously without prior immunization with the autoantigen MBP85-99. They were of murine origin and had a cytokine secretion profile and surface phenotype similar to that reported for Tr1 cells. Notably, the frequency of disease appeared to increase at 14 months. The diseased mice had small spleens which averaged 47 mg, while the remaining non-diseased mice in our colony killed at ages 14-15 months had splenocytes that averaged 80 mg (ranging from 47-130 mg). Thus, the appearance of disease was associated with diminution in numbers of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Leno-Durán
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sze-Ling Ng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jack L Strominger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Shi Y, Jia XY, Gu QH, Wang M, Cui Z, Zhao MH. A Modified Peptide Derived from Goodpasture Autoantigen Arrested and Attenuated Kidney Injuries in a Rat Model of Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 31:40-53. [PMID: 31666297 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Goodpasture disease, the noncollagenous domain 1 of the α3 chain (α3NC1) of type IV collagen is the main target antigen of antibodies against glomerular basement membrane (GBM). We previously identified a nephritogenic epitope, P14 (α3127-148), that could induce crescentic nephritis in WKY rats, and defined its core motif. Designing a modified peptide, replacing critical pathogenic residues with nonpathogenic ones (on the basis of homologous regions in α1NC1 chain of type IV collagen, known to be nonpathogenic), might provide a therapeutic option for anti-GBM GN. METHODS We synthesized a modified peptide, replacing a single amino acid, and injected it into α3-P14-immunized rats from day 0 (the early-treatment group) or a later-treatment group (from days 17 to 21). A scrambled peptide administrated with the same protocol served as a control. RESULTS The modified peptide, but not the scrambled peptide, attenuated anti-GBM GN in both treatment groups, and halted further crescent formation even after disease onset. Kidneys from the modified peptide-treated rats exhibited reductions in IgG deposits, complement activation, and infiltration by T cells and macrophages. Treatment also resulted in an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile versus a proinflammatory profile for animals not receiving the modified peptide; it also reduced α3-P14-specific T cell activation, modulated T cell differentiation by decreasing Th17 cells and enhancing the ratio of Treg/Th17 cells, and inhibited binding of α3-P14 to antibodies and MHC II molecules. CONCLUSIONS A modified peptide involving alteration of a critical motif in a nephritogenic T cell epitope alleviated anti-GBM GN in a rat model. Our findings may provide insights into an immunotherapeutic approach for autoimmune kidney disorders such as Goodpasture disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and
| | - Xiao-Yu Jia
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; .,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and
| | - Qiu-Hua Gu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and
| | - Miao Wang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhao Cui
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; .,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and
| | - Ming-Hui Zhao
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China; and.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Ivanova VV, Khaiboullina SF, Gomzikova MO, Martynova EV, Ferreira AM, Garanina EE, Sakhapov DI, Lomakin YA, Khaibullin TI, Granatov EV, Khabirov FA, Rizvanov AA, Gabibov A, Belogurov A. Divergent Immunomodulation Capacity of Individual Myelin Peptides-Components of Liposomal Therapeutic against Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1335. [PMID: 29085375 PMCID: PMC5650689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and consequent neuron injury. Although the pathogenesis of MS is largely unknown, a breach in immune self-tolerance to myelin followed by development of autoreactive encephalitogenic T cells is suggested to play the central role. The myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be one of the main targets for autoreactive lymphocytes. Recently, immunodominant MBP peptides encapsulated into the mannosylated liposomes, referred as Xemys, were shown to suppress development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a rodent model of MS, and furthermore passed the initial stage of clinical trials. Here, we investigated the role of individual polypeptide components [MBP peptides 46-62 (GH17), 124-139 (GK16), and 147-170 (QR24)] of this liposomal peptide therapeutic in cytokine release and activation of immune cells from MS patients and healthy donors. The overall effects were assessed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whereas alterations in antigen-presenting capacities were studied utilizing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Among three MBP-immunodominant peptides, QR24 and GK16 activated leukocytes, while GH17 was characterized by an immunosuppressive effect. Peptides QR24 and GK16 upregulated CD4 over CD8 T cells and induced proliferation of CD25+ cells, whereas GH17 decreased the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and had limited effects on CD25+ T cells. Accordingly, components of liposomal peptide therapeutic differed in upregulation of cytokines upon addition to PBMCs and pDCs. Peptide QR24 was evidently more effective in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas GH17 significantly increased production of IL-10 through treated cells. Altogether, these data suggest a complexity of action of the liposomal peptide therapeutic that does not seem to involve simple helper T cells (Th)-shift but rather the rebalancing of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilena V Ivanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Marina O Gomzikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - André M Ferreira
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Damir I Sakhapov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yakov A Lomakin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Gabibov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Belogurov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Design of peptide immunotherapies for MHC Class-II-associated autoimmune disorders. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:826191. [PMID: 24324511 PMCID: PMC3845387 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders, that occur when autoreactive immune cells are induced to activate their responses against self-tissues, affect one percent of the world population and represent one of the top 10 leading causes of death. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a principal susceptibility locus for many human autoimmune diseases, in which self-tissue antigens providing targets for pathogenic lymphocytes are bound to HLA molecules encoded by disease-associated alleles. In spite of the attempts to design strategies for inhibition of antigen presentation targeting the MHC-peptide/TCR complex via generation of blocking antibodies, altered peptide ligands (APL), or inhibitors of costimulatory molecules, potent therapies with minimal side effects have yet to be developed. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, GA) is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer that reduces the relapse rate by about 30% in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Based on the elucidated binding motifs of Copaxone and of the anchor residues of the immunogenic myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide to HLA-DR molecules, novel copolymers have been designed and proved to be more effective in suppressing MS-like disease in mice. In this report, we describe the rationale for design of second-generation synthetic random copolymers as candidate drugs for a number of MHC class-II-associated autoimmune disorders.
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5
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Jalilian B, Einarsson HB, Vorup-Jensen T. Glatiramer acetate in treatment of multiple sclerosis: a toolbox of random co-polymers for targeting inflammatory mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immune system? Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:14579-605. [PMID: 23203082 PMCID: PMC3509598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system, resulting in the demyelination of neurons, causing mild to severe symptoms. Several anti-inflammatory treatments now play a significant role in ameliorating the disease. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a formulation of random polypeptide copolymers for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS by limiting the frequency of attacks. While evidence suggests the influence of GA on inflammatory responses, the targeted molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we review the multiple pharmacological modes-of-actions of glatiramer acetate in treatment of multiple sclerosis. We discuss in particular a newly discovered interaction between the leukocyte-expressed integrin α(M)β(2) (also called Mac-1, complement receptor 3, or CD11b/CD18) and perspectives on the GA co-polymers as an influence on the function of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Jalilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1242, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; E-Mails: (B.J.); (H.B.E.)
| | - Halldór Bjarki Einarsson
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1242, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; E-Mails: (B.J.); (H.B.E.)
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1242, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark; E-Mails: (B.J.); (H.B.E.)
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6
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Berthelot L, Miqueu P, Pettré S, Guillet M, Moynard J, Wiertlewski S, Lefrère F, Brouard S, Soulillou JP, Laplaud DA. Failure of glatiramer acetate to modify the peripheral T cell repertoire of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:33-42. [PMID: 20116333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a random copolymer used as an immunomodulatory treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood, and several hypotheses have been put forward, the majority of which rely on in vitro studies. It has been hypothesised that further to processing by APC, GA could provide a large number of different epitopes with a possible sequence similarity to auto-antigens, which are able to stimulate a large proportion of T cells. Given that in a previous study we showed that the circulating T cells of MS patients present more alterations of the Vbeta T cell receptor (TCR) usage than normal individuals, we explored the possible effect of GA on the ex vivo T cell repertoire of MS patients. Here we used quantitative PCR and electrophoresis to longitudinally analyse (and without any ex vivo stimulation), the CDR3 length distribution (LD) and the amount of Vbeta TCR, as well as various cytokines, in the blood T cells of 10 RR-MS patients before and after 3 months and 2 years of GA treatment. In addition, we also determined the status of responder and non-responder patients after 24 months of GA treatment based on clinical and radiological criteria. We found no significant modification of cytokine production, Vbeta TCR mRNA accumulation or CDR3-LD in the patients after short-term and long-term treatment. In addition, we did not observe any difference in CDR3-LD in the GA responder patients (n=6) compared to non-responder patients (n=4). Focusing our study on responder patients, we performed TCR repertoire analysis in the CD4+ and CD8+ compartment. Alterations of CDR3-LD were predominantly found in the CD8+ compartment, without any significant influence of GA treatment. Finally, the T cell repertoire variations in MS patients treated with GA and healthy controls were equivalent. Collectively, our data suggest that GA therapy does not induce significant variations in cytokine production or TCR usage in MS patients.
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7
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Valenzuela RM, Costello K, Chen M, Said A, Johnson KP, Dhib-Jalbut S. Clinical response to glatiramer acetate correlates with modulation of IFN-γ and IL-4 expression in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2007; 13:754-62. [PMID: 17613604 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506074510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether glatiramer acetate (GA)-induced lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ and IL-4 modulation correlate with the clinical response in multiple sclerosis (MS). Background GA therapy involves the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine shifts. However, it is not known whether this response correlates with the clinical outcome. Methods Thirty-six relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients were treated with GA for at least two years, and classified clinically as GA-responders (GA-R=22) or hypo/non-responders (GA-HR/NR = 14). Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to GA and Tetanus toxoid (TT), as well as IL-4 and IFN-γ ELISPOT, were performed. Findings There was no difference in PBMC proliferation to GA or TT between GA-R and GA-HR/NR before and during treatment (P>0.05). The mean number of IFN-γ ELISPOTS in unstimulated, TT and anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was lower among GA-R (unstimulated: GA-R =10.1±6.21 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=17.8±12.7 (n=14), P=0.04; TT-GA-R =12.2±4.06 (n=12) versus GA-HR/NR=26.8±21.0 (n=8), P=0.028; anti-CD-3/CD28 GA-R=217.3±140.4 (n=22) versus GA-HR/NR=368.5±170.1 (n=14), P=0.006). In contrast, the number of IL-4 ELISPOTS remained unchanged in the GA-R group, but was progressively reduced in the GA-HR/NR group during GA therapy (GA-HR/NR IL-4: pre-Rx: 59±34 versus 22±11 at 12 months (n =6), P=0.0429). The IL-4/ IFN-γ ratio in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC was significantly higher among GA-R compared to GA-HR/NR (P=0.0474). Interpretation Lymphoproliferation to GA did not differentiate GA-R from GA-HR/NR. However, reduced IFN-γ expression and stable IL-4 expression in anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC, and an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio was associated with favorable clinical response. More data are needed to validate the prospective use of IL-4/IFN-γ expression in PBMC as a biomarker of clinical response to GA for individual patients. Multiple Sclerosis 2007; 13: 754-762. http://msj.sagepub.com
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Valenzuela
- UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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8
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Li X, Li R, Li Z. Inhibitory effects on HLA-DR1-specific T-cell activation by influenza virus haemagglutinin-derived peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 67:45-52. [PMID: 16451200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen (CII) 263-272 peptide, an autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis, is a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1/4-binding peptide recognized by T-cell receptors (TCR). The affinity of influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) 306-318 peptide for the antigen-binding groove of HLA-DR1/4 molecules is higher than that of CII263-272. The HLA-DR1/4-binding residues of HA306-318 are located in the region 308-317. Altered HA308-317 peptides with substitutions of TCR-contact residues may inhibit HLA-DR1/4-specific T-cell activation by blocking the antigen-binding site of HLA-DR1/4 molecules. To evaluate the role of altered HA308-317 peptides in HLA-DR1-restricted T-cell activation, we synthesized three altered HA308-317 peptides. The specific binding of altered HA308-317 peptides to HLA-DR1 molecules was examined using flow cytometry. Effects of altered HA308-317 peptides on HLA-DR1-specific T-cell hybridoma were studied by measuring T-cell proliferation and surface expression of CD69 or CD25. The results showed that altered HA308-317 peptides were able to bind to HLA-DR1 molecules and competed with CII263-272 or wildtype HA308-317 peptide. Compared with wildtype CII263-272 or HA308-317, altered HA308-317 peptides did not stimulate significant T-cell proliferation and CD69 or CD25 expression. Furthermore, the altered HA308-317 peptides inhibited HLA-DR1-specific T-cell activation induced by CII263-272 or wildtype HA308-317 peptide, which may suggest an effective therapeutic strategy in inhibition of HLA-DR1-specific T-cell responses in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital, Beijing University, China
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9
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system in genetically susceptible individuals. Because of the disease complexity and heterogeneity, its pathogenesis remains unknown despite extensive research efforts, and specific effective treatments have not yet been developed. Peptide-based research has been important in attempts to unravel particular aspects of this complex disease, including the characterization of the different molecular mechanisms of MS, with the goal of providing useful products for immune-mediated therapies. In fact, in the past decade, peptide-based research has been predominant in research aimed to identify and/or develop target antigens as synthetic probes for specific biomarkers as well as innovative immunomodulating therapies. This review presents an overview of the contributions of peptide science to MS research and discusses future directions of peptide-based investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia Alcaro
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, University of Firenze, Polo Scientifico, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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10
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Farina C, Weber MS, Meinl E, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R. Glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: update on potential mechanisms of action. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4:567-75. [PMID: 16109363 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate is a synthetic random copolymer approved for the immunomodulatory therapy of relapsing-type multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous work has focused on the effects of this drug on T cells, especially the glatiramer-acetate-induced shift of the cytokine profile towards those characteristic of T-helper-2 (Th2) cells. Glatiramer acetate was thought to bring about this Th2 shift by acting like an altered peptide ligand but more recent work has shown that the drug notably affects the properties of antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells. These new observations might offer an explanation for the previously observed Th2 shift. In this review, we focus on these new findings. We address several controversial issues, including the possible neurotrophic effects of glatiramer acetate, the potential role of neutralising antibodies to the drug, and attempts to develop biomarkers of the treatment response. Finally, we will think about how a better understanding of glatiramer acetate might help the development of new immunomodulatory agents for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Farina
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Smith CE, Eagar TN, Strominger JL, Miller SD. Differential induction of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after soluble vs. cell-bound tolerogenic peptide therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9595-600. [PMID: 15983366 PMCID: PMC1172278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504131102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of different forms of myelin peptides to induce tolerance for the treatment of preestablished murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, was evaluated. i.v. administration of myelin peptide-pulsed, ethylene carbodiimide-fixed syngeneic splenocytes, but not soluble myelin peptide monomers or oligomers, proved exceedingly effective at treating preestablished EAE, resulting in amelioration of disease progression. In addition to the lack of therapeutic efficacy of soluble peptide and peptide oligomer, administering them i.v. after the onset of clinical symptoms in many but not all peptide-induced EAE models led to a rapid-onset anaphylactic reaction characterized by respiratory distress, erythema, decreased body temperature, unresponsiveness, and, often, death. By using anti-IgE antibody treatments and mice with targeted mutations of the FcgammaRIII alpha-chain or the common gamma-chain of FcepsilonRI and FcgammaRI/III, we demonstrate that IgE crosslinking of FcepsilonRI appears to be necessary and sufficient for myelin peptide-induced anaphylaxis. The implications of these findings to myelin peptide/protein tolerance strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra E Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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12
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Stern JNH, Illés Z, Reddy J, Keskin DB, Fridkis-Hareli M, Kuchroo VK, Strominger JL. Peptide 15-mers of defined sequence that substitute for random amino acid copolymers in amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1620-5. [PMID: 15665083 PMCID: PMC547868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409022102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Its immunodominant epitope, MBP 85-99, forms a complex with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 with which multiple sclerosis is genetically associated. Copolymer 1 (Copaxone), a random amino acid copolymer [poly (Y,E,A,K)n] as well as two modified synthetic copolymers [poly (F,Y,A,K)n and poly (V,W,A,K)n] also form complexes with HLA-DR2 (DRA/DRB1*1501) and compete with MBP 85-99 for binding. Moreover, two high-affinity synthetic peptide 15-mers that could inhibit binding even more effectively were previously designed. Here, we show that further-modified peptide 15-mers inhibited even more strongly (in order J5 > J3 > J2) both the binding of MBP 85-99 to HLA-DR2 and IL-2 production by two MBP 85-99-specific HLA-DR2-restricted T cells. J5, J3, and J2 also suppressed both MBP 85-99-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in humanized mice and proteolipid protein 139-151-induced EAE in SJL/J mice. Moreover, none of these previously uncharacterized peptide inhibitors crossreacted with MBP 85-99- or proteolipid protein 139-151-specific T cells. In both cases, spleen and lymph node cultures stimulated with these peptides produced large amounts of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and adoptive transfer of established T cell lines suppressed disease induction. These peptide 15-mers provide specific, nonrandom sequences that appear to be at least as effective as random copolymers in suppressing EAE in several models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N H Stern
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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13
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Stern JNH, Illés Z, Reddy J, Keskin DB, Sheu E, Fridkis-Hareli M, Nishimura H, Brosnan CF, Santambrogio L, Kuchroo VK, Strominger JL. Amelioration of proteolipid protein 139-151-induced encephalomyelitis in SJL mice by modified amino acid copolymers and their mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11743-8. [PMID: 15292514 PMCID: PMC511046 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403832101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymer 1 [Cop1, glatiramer acetate, Copaxone, poly(Y,E,A,K)n] is widely used in the treatment of relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis in which it reduces the frequency of relapses by approximately 30%. In the present study, copolymers with modified amino acid compositions (based on the binding motif of myelin basic protein 85-99 to HLA-DR2) have been developed with the aim of suppressing multiple sclerosis more effectively. The enhanced efficacy of these copolymers in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in SJL/J mice with proteolipid protein 139-151 was demonstrated by using three protocols: (i) simultaneous administration of autoantigen and copolymer (termed prevention), (ii) pretreatment with copolymers (vaccination), or (iii) administration of copolymers after disease onset (treatment). Strikingly, in the treatment protocol administration of soluble VWAK and FYAK after onset of disease led to stasis of its progression and suppression of histopathological evidence of EAE. The mechanisms by which these effects are achieved have been examined in several types of assays: binding of copolymers to I-A(s) in competition with proteolipid protein 139-151 (blocking), cytokine production by T cells (T helper 2 polarization), and transfer of protection by CD3(+) splenocytes or, notably, by copolymer-specific T cell lines (induction of regulatory T cells). The generation of these copolymer-specific regulatory T cells that secrete IL-4 and IL-10 and are independent of the immunizing autoantigen is very prominent among the multiple mechanisms that account for the observed suppressive effect of copolymers in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N H Stern
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Novel peptides for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2003. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang J, Hutton G, Zang Y. A comparison of the mechanisms of action of interferon beta and glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Clin Ther 2002; 24:1998-2021. [PMID: 12581542 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(02)80094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of immunomodulatory agents has represented a major advance in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, immunomodulatory agents approved for the treatment of relapsing MS in the United States include 3 forms of recombinant interferon (IFN) beta (2 formulations of IFN beta-1a and 1 of IFN beta-1b) and synthetic glatiramer acetate (GA). Recognition of how these agents work to regulate the immune system may lead to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, as well as to development of more effective therapies or combinations of therapy. OBJECTIVE This article reviews the potential mechanisms of action of IFN beta products and GA in the context of their regulatory effects on autoimmune components that may be of importance in MS. METHODS MEDLINE and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine were searched for articles published in English from 1993 to the present using the search terms interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and multiple sclerosis. RESULTS IFN beta products affect the disease process in MS through multiple potential mechanisms of action, including antiviral, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanisms of action of GA are less clear, but may involve immune regulation induced by a gradual shift of T-cell phenotype from proinflammatory (type 1 T-helper cells) to anti-inflammatory (type 2 T-helper cells) and interference with antigen presentation. CONCLUSION Understanding the mechanisms of action of IFN beta products and GA provides important insights into the disease processes involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Santambrogio L, Stern JNH, Fugger L, Brosnan C, Strominger JL. Novel synthetic amino acid copolymers that inhibit autoantigen-specific T cell responses and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1635-43. [PMID: 12070311 PMCID: PMC151016 DOI: 10.1172/jci15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymer 1 (Cop 1, Copaxone [Teva Marion Partners, Kansas City, Missouri, USA]), a random amino acid copolymer of tyrosine (Y), glutamic acid (E), alanine (A), and lysine (K), reduces the frequency of relapses by 30% in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In the present study, novel random four-amino acid copolymers, whose design was based on the nature of the anchor residues of the immunodominant epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP) 85-99 and of the binding pockets of MS-associated HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501), have been synthesized by solid-phase chemistry. Poly (Y, F, A, K) (YFAK) inhibited binding of the biotinylated MBP 86-100 epitope to HLA-DR2 molecules more efficiently than did either unlabeled MBP 85-99 or any other copolymer including Cop 1. Moreover, YFAK and poly (F, A, K) (FAK) were much more effective than Cop 1 in inhibition of MBP 85-99-specific HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones. Most importantly, these novel copolymers suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, induced in the susceptible SJL/J (H-2(s)) strain of mice with the encephalitogenic epitope PLP 139-151, more efficiently than did Cop 1. Thus, random synthetic copolymers designed according to the binding motif of the human immunodominant epitope MBP 85-99 and the binding pockets of HLA-DR2 might be more beneficial than Cop 1 in treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Fridkis-Hareli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Santambrogio L, Stern JN, Fugger L, Brosnan C, Strominger JL. Novel synthetic amino acid copolymers that inhibit autoantigen-specific T cell responses and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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