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Tompa DR, Immanuel A, Srikanth S, Kadhirvel S. Trends and strategies to combat viral infections: A review on FDA approved antiviral drugs. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:524-541. [PMID: 33454328 PMCID: PMC8055758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infectious microscopic viruses invade living cells to reproduce themselves, and causes chronic infections such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, flu, etc. in humans which may lead to death if not treated. Different strategies have been utilized to develop new and superior antiviral drugs to counter the viral infections. The FDA approval of HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine in 1987 boosted the development of antiviral agents against different viruses. Currently, there are a number of combination drugs developed against various viral infections to arrest the activity of same or different viral macromolecules at multiple stages of its life cycle; among which majority are targeted to interfere with the replication of viral genome. Besides these, other type of antiviral molecules includes entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, interferons, immunomodulators, etc. The antiviral drugs can be toxic to human cells, particularly in case of administration of combination drugs, and on the other hand viruses can grow resistant to the antiviral drugs. Furthermore, emergence of new viruses like Ebola, coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) emphasizes the need for more innovative strategies to develop better antiviral drugs to fight the existing and the emerging viral infections. Hence, we reviewed the strategic enhancements in developing antiviral drugs for the treatment of different viral infections over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Rao Tompa
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aruldoss Immanuel
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimari Srikanth
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saraboji Kadhirvel
- Biomolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Huang XS, Luo RH, Hu XL, Chen H, Xiang SY, Tang CR, Zhang CT, Shen XN, Zheng YT. The New NNRTI ACC007 Combined with Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Show Synergy Anti-HIV Activity In Vitro. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:332-341. [PMID: 32562524 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200620211922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome can hardly be cured currently and people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) need lifelong treatment that may result in the emergence of drug resistance which leads to failed treatment. Thus, the development of new anti- HIV drugs and new treatment regimens are necessary. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze the combined anti-HIV activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and ACC007, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. METHODS The antiviral activity of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and ACC007 alone or in combination against different HIV-1 strains was determined by the detection of HIV-1 p24 level through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULT ACC007 showed EC50 of nanomolar range (from 3.03 nM to 252.59 nM) against all HIV-1 strains used in this study except the HIV-1A17, with EC50 of 1.57 μM. The combined antiviral activity of ACC007, lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate showed synergy antiviral activity against all HIV-1 strains used in this study. The three-drug combination showed moderate synergism against HIV-1A17, HIV-14755-5, HIV-1K103N and HIV-1V106M, with a combination index value ranging from 0.71 to 0.87, and showed synergism against the other HIV-1 strains with combination index value from 0.35 to 0.67. The combination with ACC007 significantly increases the dose reduction index value of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, compared with two-drug combination. CONCLUSION ACC007 exhibits potent antiviral activity alone or with 3TC and TDF, and exerts synergistic effect against all HIV strains used in our investigation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiong-Lin Hu
- Nanjing Accelas Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Ying Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Cheng-Run Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Shen
- Jiangsu Aidea Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease
Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research
in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
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