Teoría de péptidos de alta unión de malaria al glóbulo rojo

[Probabilistic spatial-temporal prediction of total and severe epidemic of dengue in Colombia]

OBJECTIVE

To establish a new predictive methodology to determine the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the annual total of dengue infections per department based on the probability theory.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Based on annual data on the number of infected persons by department in the period 2005-2010, the proportion of cases of severe dengue was calculated with respect to the total for each year. Probability spaces were constructed to evaluate these events in the ranges 0.5 and 0.3. Sets of ranges were determined and probability, mean square deviation and the difference between them were estimated. A prediction of the range of infected people for 2011 was made using the arithmetic average of the values of the last two years.

RESULTS

The range in which the proportion of the number of people infected with severe dengue is included with respect to the total amount in each department was correctly predicted, with an effectiveness of 93.3% for the 0.5 range and 86.7% for the 0.3 range.

CONCLUSION

A mathematical spatial-temporal self-organization was found in the proportion of severe dengue with respect to the total, which allows establishing useful predictions for decision-making in public health.

Dinámica de la epidemia de malaria en Colombia: Predicción probabilística temporal

Objetivo Realizar una predicción de la dinámica de la epidemia de malaria para el 2007 en Colombia con base en el análisis de la dinámica geométrica de 1960-2006 como una caminata al azar probabilista.Materiales y Métodos Basados en la caminata al azar probabilística se estudió la dinámica geométrica del número de casos anuales de malaria registrados en Colombia durante los años 1960-2006, analizando el comportamiento probabilístico de aumentos y disminuciones consecutivos, y el comportamiento probabilístico de casos durante rangos de años consecutivos, para así realizar una predicción temporal de los casos.Resultados Se desarrolló una metodología sencilla y acausal  que predice los valores extremos 81 003 y 104 098 para el número de infectados en el año 2007, predicción que fue refinada con el análisis de las variaciones anuales obteniendo un valor de 104 098 para el número de infectados en el año 2007. Esta predicción fue posteriormente corroborada con los datos del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, correspondiendo al 95,6 % respecto al número de casos reportados.Conclusión La comprensión del fenómeno acausal a partir de la caminata al azar probabilística permite realizar predicciones temporales, simples y prácticas, directamente comprobables y aplicables, economizando tiempo y recursos.

Diagnosis of cervical cells based on fractal and Euclidian geometrical measurements: Intrinsic Geometric Cellular Organization

Background

Fractal geometry has been the basis for the development of a diagnosis of preneoplastic and neoplastic cells that clears up the undetermination of the atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS).

Methods

Pictures of 40 cervix cytology samples diagnosed with conventional parameters were taken. A blind study was developed in which the clinic diagnosis of 10 normal cells, 10 ASCUS, 10 L-SIL and 10 H-SIL was masked. Cellular nucleus and cytoplasm were evaluated in the generalized Box-Counting space, calculating the fractal dimension and number of spaces occupied by the frontier of each object. Further, number of pixels occupied by surface of each object was calculated. Later, the mathematical features of the measures were studied to establish differences or equalities useful for diagnostic application. Finally, the sensibility, specificity, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic concordance with Kappa coefficient were calculated.

Results

Simultaneous measures of the nuclear surface and the subtraction between the boundaries of cytoplasm and nucleus, lead to differentiate normality, L-SIL and H-SIL. Normality shows values less than or equal to 735 in nucleus surface and values greater or equal to 161 in cytoplasm-nucleus subtraction. L-SIL cells exhibit a nucleus surface with values greater than or equal to 972 and a subtraction between nucleus-cytoplasm higher to 130. L-SIL cells show cytoplasm-nucleus values less than 120. The rank between 120–130 in cytoplasm-nucleus subtraction corresponds to evolution between L-SIL and H-SIL. Sensibility and specificity values were 100%, the negative likelihood ratio was zero and Kappa coefficient was equal to 1.

Conclusions

A new diagnostic methodology of clinic applicability was developed based on fractal and euclidean geometry, which is useful for evaluation of cervix cytology.

Predictions of CD4 lymphocytes' count in HIV patients from complete blood count

Background

HIV diagnosis, prognostic and treatment requires T CD4 lymphocytes’ number from flow cytometry, an expensive technique often not available to people in developing countries. The aim of this work is to apply a previous developed methodology that predicts T CD4 lymphocytes’ value based on total white blood cell (WBC) count and lymphocytes count applying sets theory, from information taken from the Complete Blood Count (CBC).

Methods

Sets theory was used to classify into groups named A, B, C and D the number of leucocytes/mm³, lymphocytes/mm³, and CD4/μL³ subpopulation per flow cytometry of 800 HIV diagnosed patients. Union between sets A and C, and B and D were assessed, and intersection between both unions was described in order to establish the belonging percentage to these sets. Results were classified into eight ranges taken by 1000 leucocytes/mm³, calculating the belonging percentage of each range with respect to the whole sample.

Results

Intersection (A ∪ C) ∩ (B ∪ D) showed an effectiveness in the prediction of 81.44% for the range between 4000 and 4999 leukocytes, 91.89% for the range between 3000 and 3999, and 100% for the range below 3000.

Conclusions

Usefulness and clinical applicability of a methodology based on sets theory were confirmed to predict the T CD4 lymphocytes’ value, beginning with WBC and lymphocytes’ count from CBC. This methodology is new, objective, and has lower costs than the flow cytometry which is currently considered as Gold Standard.