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Milite C, Amendola G, Nocentini A, Bua S, Cipriano A, Barresi E, Feoli A, Novellino E, Da Settimo F, Supuran CT, Castellano S, Cosconati S, Taliani S. Novel 2-substituted-benzimidazole-6-sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation against isoforms I, II, IX and XII and molecular docking studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1697-1710. [PMID: 31537132 PMCID: PMC6758606 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1666836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) has been clinically exploited for many decades for a variety of therapeutic applications. Within a research project aimed at developing novel classes of CA inhibitors (CAIs) with a proper selectivity for certain isoforms, a series of derivatives featuring the 2-substituted-benzimidazole-6-sulfonamide scaffold, conceived as frozen analogs of Schiff bases and secondary amines previously reported in the literature as CAIs, were investigated. Enzyme inhibition assays on physiologically relevant human CA I, II, IX and XII isoforms revealed a number of potent CAIs, showing promising selectivity profiles towards the transmembrane tumor-associated CA IX and XII enzymes. Computational studies were attained to clarify the structural determinants behind the activities and selectivity profiles of the novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Caserta , Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
| | - Silvia Bua
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
| | - Alessandra Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy.,PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Feoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno , Fisciano (SA) , Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Caserta , Italy
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Tektas O, Akkemik E, Baykara H. Investigation of the Effect of Some Optically Active Imine Compounds on the Enzyme Activities of hCA-I and hCA-II under In Vitro Conditions: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:277-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Tektas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Siirt University; 56100 Siirt Turkey
| | - Ebru Akkemik
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Food Engineering; Siirt University; 56100 Siirt Turkey
| | - Haci Baykara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Siirt University; 56100 Siirt Turkey
- Center of Nanotechnology Research and Development (CIDNA), Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Ciencias de la Producción; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL; Campus Gustavo Galindo Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral Guayaquil Ecuador
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Durgun M, Turkmen H, Ceruso M, Supuran CT. Synthesis of 4-sulfamoylphenyl-benzylamine derivatives with inhibitory activity against human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:982-8. [PMID: 26803577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Imine derivatives were obtained by condensation of sulfanilamide with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The Schiff bases were thereafter reduced with sodium borohydride, leading to the corresponding amines, derivatives of 4-sulfamoylphenyl-benzylamine. These sulfonamides were investigated as inhibitors of the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms hCA I and II (cytosolic isozymes), as well as hCA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated enzymes). We noted that the compounds incorporating secondary amine moieties showed a better inhibitory activity against all CA isozymes compared to the corresponding Schiff bases. Low nanomolar CA II, IX and XII inhibitors were detected, whereas the activity against hCA I was less potent. The secondary amines incorporating sulfonamide or similar zinc-binding groups, poorly investigated chemotypes for designing metalloenzyme inhibitors, may offer interesting opportunities in the field due to the facile preparation and possibility to explore a vast chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, 63190 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Turkmen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, 63190 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mariangela Ceruso
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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Baher E, Darzi N, Morsali A, Beyramabadi SA. Quantum Chemical Studies of Some Sulphanilamide Schiff Bases Inhibitor Activity Using QSAR Methods. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2015. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2015.59.6.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Ceruso M, Carta F, Osman SM, Alothman Z, Monti SM, Supuran CT. Inhibition studies of bacterial, fungal and protozoan β-class carbonic anhydrases with Schiff bases incorporating sulfonamide moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4181-4187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Durgun M, Turkmen H, Ceruso M, Supuran CT. Synthesis of Schiff base derivatives of 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonamide with inhibitory activity against carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2377-81. [PMID: 25913118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schiff base derivatives were obtained by reaction of 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide with aromatic aldehydes. The corresponding secondary amine derivatives were also prepared by reduction of the imine compounds with NaBH4. These derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of four human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, the cytosolic isozymes hCA I and II, as well as, the transmembrane, tumor-associated hCA IX and XII. Some of the newly synthesised compounds showed effective inhibitory activities against these CA isozymes. Many low nanomolar inhibitors were detected against all isoforms among the secondary amines whereas the Schiff bases were by far less active compared to the corresponding reduced derivatives among all investigated isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, 63190 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Turkmen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, 63190 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mariangela Ceruso
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Università degli Studi di Firenze, Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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Sarikaya B, Ceruso M, Carta F, Supuran CT. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX and XII with novel Schiff bases: Identification of selective inhibitors for the tumor-associated isoforms over the cytosolic ones. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5883-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nasr G, Cristian A, Barboiu M, Vullo D, Winum JY, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of human cytosolic isoforms I and II with (reduced) Schiff’s bases incorporating sulfonamide, carboxylate and carboxymethyl moieties. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scozzafava A, Saramet I, Banciu MD, Supuran CT. Carbonic Anhydrase Activity Modulators: Synthesis of Inhibitors and Activators Incorporating 2-substituted-thiazol-4-yl-methyl Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360109162383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scozzafava
- Universite degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7,1–50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Ioana Saramet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, T. Vuia Str.6, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea D. Banciu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polytechnic University, Splaiul Independentei 313, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Universite degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7,1–50121, Florence, Italy
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10
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Sethi KK, Verma SM, Prasanthi N, Sahoo SK, Parhi RN, Suresh P. 3D-QSAR study of benzene sulfonamide analogs as carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3089-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Oltulu O, Yaşar MM, Eroğlu E. A QSAR study on relationship between structure of sulfonamides and their carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity using the eigenvalue (EVA) method. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3439-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Eroglu E. Some QSAR studies for a group of sulfonamide Schiff base as carbonic anhydrase CA II inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:181-197. [PMID: 19325742 PMCID: PMC2635660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, quantitative structure–activity-relationship (QSAR) study on a group of sulfonamide Schiff-base inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) enzyme has been carried out using Codessa Pro methodology and software. Linear regression QSAR models of the biological activity (Ki) of 38 inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase CA-II isozyme were established with 12 different molecular descriptors which were selected from more than hundreds of geometrical, topological, quantum-mechanical, and electronic types of descriptors and calculated using Codessa Pro software. Among the models presented in this study, statistically the most significant one is a five-parameter equation with correlation coefficient, R2 values of ca. 0.840, and the cross-validated correlation coefficient, R2 values of ca. 0.777. The obtained models allowed us to reveal some physicochemical and structural factors, which are strongly correlated with the biological activity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Eroglu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey
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Eroglu E, Türkmen H. A DFT-based quantum theoretic QSAR study of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors against isozyme, CA-II. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 26:701-8. [PMID: 17493855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, DFT/B3LYP level of theory with the 6-31G (d) basis set, was used to calculate a set of molecular descriptors of 30 sulfonamide compounds with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of the biological activity (K(i)) of 30 inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (CA-II) were established using some of the following calculated quantum mechanical descriptors, dipole moment (mu), average polarizability (P), ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), LUMO energy (epsilon(LUMO)), HOMO energy (epsilon(HOMO)), total energy at 0K (Te), entropy at 298K (S), electronegativity (chi), hardness (eta), electrophilicity (omega), and differences between HOMO and LUMO energies (epsilon(H)-epsilon(L)). The QSAR models obtained by employing multiple linear regression techniques are aimed at correlating the structures to their reported experimental inhibitory activity values, K(i). Among the models presented in this study, statistically the most significant one is a four-parameter linear equation with correlation coefficient, R(2) values of ca. 0.847 and the cross-validated correlation coefficient, R values of ca. 0.775. This study also reconstructed the obtained models using AM1-based calculated descriptors to demonstrate the superiority of DFT over AM1 for quantum calculations of mechanical descriptors. The results are discussed in the light of the main factors that influence the inhibitory activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA-II) isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Eroglu
- Harran University, Physics Department, Osmanbey Kampus, 6300 Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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14
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Hemmateenejad B, Miri R, Jafarpour M, Tabarzad M, Shamsipur M. Exploring QSAR for the Inhibitory Activity of a Large Set of Aromatic/Heterocyclic Sulfonamides toward Four Different Isoenzymes of Carbonic Anhydrase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200730010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Agrawal VK, Singh J, Khadikar PV, Supuran CT. QSAR study on topically acting sulfonamides incorporating GABA moieties: A molecular connectivity approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2044-51. [PMID: 16458003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative Structure-activity relationship study (QSAR) on a set of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors is reported using first-order valence connectivity index ((1)chi(v)). The inhibitory activity against three isozymes CAI, CAII (cystolic forms), and CAIV (membrane bound form), some of which are involved in important physiological processes, were considered for this purpose. All the three activities were excellently modeled by (1)chi(v) in multi-parametric regression containing indicator parameters. The results are critically discussed on the basis of various regression parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Agrawal
- QSAR and Computer Chemical Laboratories, A.P.S. University, Rewa 486 003, India.
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Melagraki G, Afantitis A, Sarimveis H, Igglessi-Markopoulou O, Supuran CT. QSAR study on para-substituted aromatic sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors using topological information indices. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1108-14. [PMID: 16213737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A linear quantitative structure-activity relationship has been developed for a series of para-substituted aromatic sulfonamides by using topological index methodologies. The compounds were studied for their carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) inhibitory activity. A large series of topological indices were calculated and the stepwise regression method was used to derive the most significant model. Very good results were obtained using multi-parametric regressions and showed that the information approach used in the present work is quite useful for modeling carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Melagraki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Greece
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Gupta SP, Kumaran S. A quantitative structure-activity relationship study on some aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and their charged derivatives acting as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2005; 20:251-9. [PMID: 16119196 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500067439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study is made on a series of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides and their charged derivatives acting as carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. These compounds were studied by Scozzafava et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2000; 43: 292) for the selective inhibition of CAs--sulfonamides generally do not discriminate between different CA isozymes and hence exhibit many undesirable side effects when used as drugs against a particular disease. In this communication, an attempt has been made to investigate the physicochemical and structural properties that can make them selective for a given CA isozyme. Based on in vitro data reported by Scozzafava et al. against two cytosolic isozymes and one membrane-bound isozyme, the QSAR study has shown that uncharged compounds cannot be made selective for cytosolic or membrane-bound isozyme since in both the cases the compounds appear to follow the same mechanism of inhibition. However, for the charged compounds the polarizability of the molecule seems to greatly favor the inhibition of the membrane-bound enzyme, and hence they can be made selective for this enzyme by enhancing their polarizability, which is found to play no role in the inhibition of cytosolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.
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Agrawal VK, Banerji M, Gupta M, Singh J, Khadikar PV, Supuran CT. QSAR study on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: water-soluble sulfonamides incorporating β-alanyl moieties, possessing long lasting-intra ocular pressure lowering properties—a molecular connectivity approach. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:1002-12. [PMID: 15961191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A QSAR study on a series of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors, and more precisely on water-soluble sulfonamides incorporating beta-alanyl moieties, possessing long lasting intra-ocular pressure lowering properties, was carried out using a series of distance-based topological indices. The regression analysis has shown that out of the pool of topological indices used, the 1chi (first-order Randic connectivity index) is the best one for modeling CA inhibitory properties against all three investigated isozymes, the cytosolic CA I, CA II and the membrane-bound CA IV, and that excellent results are obtained in multiparametric regressions. The results are critically discussed on the basis of statistical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Agrawal
- QSAR and Computer Chemical Laboratories, A.P.S. University, Rewa 486 003, India.
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Jaiswal M, Khadikar PV, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the first QSAR study on inhibition of tumor-associated isoenzyme IX with aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3283-90. [PMID: 15149691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
QSAR study on the tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) isoenzyme has been made using a large pool of distance-based topological indices : W, Sz, PI (0)chi, (1)chi, (2)chi,(0)chi(v), (1)chi(v), (2)chi(v). A combined set of 32 aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, including the six clinically used derivatives: acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxyzolamide, dichlorophenamide, dorzolamide, and brinzolamide are used for this purpose. The results have shown that the inhibition of the tumor-associated isoenzyme IX with aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides can be modeled excellently in multiparametric regression after introduction of indicator parameters. The predictive power of the models is discussed using probable error of correlation (PE), variance-inflation factor (VIF), and cross-validation parameters: PRESS, SSY, r(2) (cv) (S) PRESS, and PSE. This is the first report on QSAR study on inhibition of tumor-associated isoenzyme IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jaiswal
- Research Division, Laxmi Fumigation and Pest Control (P), 3, Khatipura, Indore 452007, India
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Thakur A, Vishwakarma S, Thakur M. QSAR study of flavonoid derivatives as p56lck tyrosinkinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1209-14. [PMID: 14980632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
QSAR studies on 104 flavonoid derivatives as p56lck protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors were performed using hydration energy and logP as predictor parameters. The results obtained demonstrate in detail, which specify that hydration energy and hydrophobic parameters of the compounds play a significant role in developing QSAR models. The significance of presence and absence of substituents on particular position is successfully explored with the help of indicator parameters. The results are critically discussed on the basis of multiple linear regression parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Softvision Institute of Biotechnology, Indore, India.
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Agrawal VK, Srivastava S, Khadikar PV, Supuran CT. Quantitative structure–Activity relationship study on sulfanilamide schiff's bases: carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5353-62. [PMID: 14642579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper deals with quantitative structure-activity studies on a group of sulfanilamide Schiff's base inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase (CA) using distance-based topological indices. The regression analysis of the data has shown that the activities of the compounds used in inhibiting Carbonic AnhydraseII (CAII) activity can be modeled excellently in multi-parametric model in that some indicator parameters are also involved. The results are discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Agrawal
- QSAR and Computer Chemical Laboratories, APS University, Rewa-486 003, India
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22
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Gupta SP. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; 60:171-204. [PMID: 12790343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8012-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A review is presented of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of different categories of carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors, which are basically benzenesulfonamides, heterocyclic sulfonamides and aliphatic sulfonamides. The review shows that in all categories, the inhibition potency depends largely on the electronic properties of the sulfonamide group, which can be affected by the electronic characteristics of the substituents present on the nucleus (benzene or heterocyclic ring) of the sulfonamide molecules. Substituents themselves can be involved, along with the nucleus, in some dispersion interaction with the enzyme. Based on this review, a schematic model is presented to represent the interaction of sulfonamides with the CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India.
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23
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Abstract
At least 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms were isolated in higher vertebrates, where these zinc enzymes play crucial physiological roles. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in saliva. Three acatalytic forms are also known, which are denominated CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X, and CARP XI. Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by many CA isozymes, which are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as well as inorganic, metal complexing anions. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in detail, and this helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such enzyme inhibitors as antiglaucoma drugs will be discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: several potent sulfonamide inhibitors inhibited the growth of a multitude of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Furthermore, some other classes of compounds that interact with CAs have recently been discovered, some of which possess modified sulfonamide or hydroxamate moieties. Some sulfonamides have also applications as diagnostic tools, in PET and MRI or as antiepileptics or for the treatment of other neurological disorders. Future prospects for drug design applications for inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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Agrawal VK, Khadikar PV. Modelling of carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of sulfonamides using molecular negentropy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:447-53. [PMID: 12565948 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present paper deals with the modelling of carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity of sulfonamides using molecular negentropy (N). Excellent results are obtained in multiple regression analysis upon introduction of indicator parameters. The results are critically discussed on the basis of statistical data obtained from regression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Agrawal
- QSAR and Computer Chemical Laboratories, A.P.S. University, Rewa 486 003, India.
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25
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Cheng Z, Ren J, Li Y, Chang W, Chen Z. Study on the multiple mechanisms underlying the reaction between hydroxyl radical and phenolic compounds by qualitative structure and activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:4067-73. [PMID: 12413860 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The activity-structure relationships (ASR) of phenolic compounds as hydroxyl-radical scavengers have mostly been studied and discussed with regard to their iron-chelating and hydrogen-donation properties in Fenton-type system, but extensive elucidation of multiple mechanisms underlying the hydroxyl radical scavenging reaction is out of obtaining up to now. In the present paper, a series of phenolic compounds was studied for their reactivity with hydroxyl radical by computed chemistry and deoxyribose degradation assay. The rate constant (K(S)), an index dependent markedly on the reaction mechanism and intrinsic reactivity of antioxidants, was found to have good correlation with hydroxyl O-H bond strength (DeltaH(f)), electron-donating ability (ionization potential approximated by HOMO energy level), enthalpy of single electron transfer (E(a)), and spin distribution of phenoxyl radicals (Ds(r)) after H-abstraction. Moreover, the theoretical parameters were highly intercorrelated, suggesting that multiple mechanisms co-exist in the hydroxyl-radical-scavenging reaction and interact with each other. Multi-linear regression analysis indicated that, in addition to H-atom transfer, electron transfer process and stability of the resulted phenoxyl radicals also significantly influence the reactivity of quenching hydroxyl radicals. The QSAR model so established here was based on the elucidation of the complex molecular mechanisms, and may reasonably predict the antioxidant activity using simple experimental and calculated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Molecular Engineering and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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26
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Scozzafava A, Banciu MD, Popescu A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis of Schiff bases of hydroxybenzaldehydes with aromatic sulfonamides and their reactions with arylsulfonyl isocyanates. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:533-46. [PMID: 11140609 DOI: 10.3109/14756360009040708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of o- or p-hydroxybenzaldehydes with sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and p-(2-aminoethyl)- benzene-sulfonamide afforded several new Schiff bases which were subsequently derivatized at the phenolic hydroxy moiety by reaction with arylsulfonylisocyanates. The new arylsulfonylcarbamates obtained in this way possessed interesting inhibitory properties against three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, hCA I, hCA II and bCA IV (h = human, b = bovine isozyme). All these new derivatives, the simple Schiff bases and the arylsulfonylcarbamates obtained as outlined above, were more inhibitory against all isozymes as compared to the corresponding parent sulfonamide from which they were obtained. Generally, the p-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives were more active than the corresponding ortho isomers. An interesting behavior was evidenced for some of the ortho-substituted arylsulfonylcarbamato-sulfonamides, which showed higher affinities for the isozyme hCA I, as compared to hCA II and bCA IV (generally hCA I is 10-1000 less sensitive to "normal" sulfonamide inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, methazolamide or dorzolamide, as compared to hCA II). This make the new derivatives attractive leads for designing isozyme I-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Firenze, Italia
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27
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Ilies MA, Briganti F. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: synthesis of sulfonamides incorporating 2,4,6-trisubstituted-pyridinium-ethylcarboxamido moieties possessing membrane-impermeability and in vivo selectivity for the membrane-bound (CA IV) versus the cytosolic (CA I and CA II) isozymes. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:381-401. [PMID: 10995069 DOI: 10.1080/14756360009040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for the selective in vivo inhibition of membrane-bound versus cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes with a class of positively-charged, membrane-impermeant sulfonamides. Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides acting as strong (but unselective) inhibitors of this zinc enzyme were derivatized by the attachment of trisubstituted-pyridinium-ethylcarboxy moieties (obtained from 2,4,6-trisubstituted-pyrylium salts and beta-alanine) to the amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl groups present in their molecules. Efficient in vitro inhibition (in the nanomolar range) was observed with some of the new derivatives against three investigated CA isozymes, i.e., hCA I, hCA II (cytosolic forms) and bCA IV (membrane-bound isozyme; h = human; b = bovine isozyme). Due to their salt-like character, the new type of inhibitors reported here, unlike the classical, clinically used compounds (such as acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide), are unable to penetrate biological membranes, as shown by ex vivo and in vivo perfusion experiments in rats. The level of bicarbonate excreted into the urine of the experimental animals perfused with solutions of the new and classical inhibitors suggest that: (i) when using the new type of positively-charged sulfonamides, only the membrane-bound enzyme (CA IV) was inhibited, whereas the cytosolic isozymes (CA I and II) were not affected, (ii) in the experiments in which the classical compounds (acetazolamide, benzolamide, etc.) were used, unselective inhibition of all CA isozymes (I, II and IV) occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Florence, Italy.
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Scozzafava A, Banciu MD, Popescu A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of isozymes I, II and IV by sulfamide and sulfamic acid derivatives. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:443-53. [PMID: 11030084 DOI: 10.3109/14756360009040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamide and sulfamic acid are the simplest compounds containing the SO2NH2 moiety, responsible for binding to the Zn(II) ion within carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) active site, and thus acting as inhibitors of the many CA isozymes presently known. Here we describe two novel classes of CA inhibitors obtained by derivatizations of the lead molecules mentioned above. The new compounds, possessing the general formula RSO2NH-SO2X (X = OH, NH2), were obtained by reaction of sulfamide or sulfamic acid with alkyl/arylsulfonyl halides or arylsulfonyl isocyanates. A smaller series of derivatives has been obtained by reaction of aromatic aldehydes with sulfamide, leading to Schiff bases of the type ArCH = NSO2NH2. All the new compounds act as strong inhibitors of isozymes I, II and IV of carbonic anhydrase. Their mechanism of CA inhibition is also discussed based on electronic spectroscopic measurements on adducts with the Co(II)-substituted enzyme. These experiments led to the conclusion that the new inhibitors are directly coordinated (in a monodentate manner) to the metal ion within the enzyme active site, similarly to the classical inhibitors, the aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Italy
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29
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Supuran CT, Clare BW. Orbital symmetry in QSAR: some Schiff's base inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 12:17-29. [PMID: 11697055 DOI: 10.1080/10629360108035369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In a reexamination of some data on the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes I and II by some phenyl and pyridyl substituted sulfanilamide Schiff's bases we have found that activity can better be explained by considering the directions of the nodes in pi-like near frontier orbitals in the molecules. The near-frontier orbitals involved are those that are analogous to the degenerate pairs of HOMO and LUMO orbitals of benzene. This effect seems common in compounds which contain variously substituted benzene rings and is probably critical to understanding the activity of any aromatic molecule which is bound to its receptor by pi-pi charge transfer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Florence, Italy
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Supuran CT, Briganti F, Menabuoni L, Mincione G, Mincione F, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors - part 78(#). Synthesis of water-soluble sulfonamides incorporating beta-alanyl moieties, possessing long lasting-intraocular pressure lowering properties via the topical route. Eur J Med Chem 2000; 35:309-21. [PMID: 10785557 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 26 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl groups with N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-beta-alanine (Boc-beta-ala; Boc = t-butoxycarbonyl) in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives afforded, after removal of the protecting group, a series of water-soluble compounds (as salts of strong acids, such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or trifluoromethane sulfonic). The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Good inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and CA IV (in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humour secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% aqueous solutions into the eyes of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. Thus, the amino acyl groups conferring water solubility to these sulfonamide CA inhibitors, coupled with their strong enzyme inhibitory properties and balanced lipid solubility seem to be the key factors for obtaining compounds with effective topical antiglaucoma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Supuran
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Florence, Italy.
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Mincione G, Menabuoni L, Briganti F, Mincione F, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Part 79. Synthesis of topically acting sulfonamides incorporating GABA moieties in their molecule, with long-lasting intraocular pressure-lowering properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 9:185-99. [PMID: 10620731 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(99)00052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 26 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl groups with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid (Boc-GABA; Boc=t-butoxycarbonyl) in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives, afforded after removal of the protecting group, a series of water-soluble compounds (as salts of strong acids, such as hydrochloric, trifluoroacetic or trifluoromethane sulfonic). The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Some of the new compounds effectively inhibited CA II and CA IV (in the nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors obtained as described above were applied as 2% water solutions into the eye of normotensive or glaucomatous albino rabbits, when strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering has been evidenced. Thus, the amino acyl tail conferring water solubility to these sulfonamides, coupled with their strong enzyme inhibitory properties and balanced lipid solubility seem to be the key factors for obtaining compounds with effective topical antiglaucoma activity from the class of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mincione
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121, Florence, Italy
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Popescu A, Simion A, Scozzafava A, Briganti F, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Schiff bases of some aromatic sulfonamides and their metal complexes: towards more selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase isozyme IV. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1999; 14:407-23. [PMID: 10536875 DOI: 10.3109/14756369909030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of three aromatic sulfonamides possessing a primary amino group, i.e., sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and p-aminoethyl-benzenesulfonamide with heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes afforded a series of Schiff bases. Metal complexes of some of these Schiff bases with divalent transition ions such as Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) have also been obtained. The new compounds were assayed as inhibitors of three isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA). Several of the new compounds showed a modest selectivity for the membrane-bound (bovine) isozyme CA IV (bCA IV) as compared to the cytosolic human isozymes hCA I and II, in contrast to classical inhibitors which generally possess a 17-33 times lower affinity for bCA IV. This greater selectivity toward bCA IV is due mainly to a slightly decreased potency against hCA II relative to classical inhibitors. However, metal complexes of these Schiff bases possessed an increased affinity for hCA II, being less inhibitory against bCA IV. The first type of compounds reported here (i.e., the Schiff bases of aromatic sulfonamides with heterocyclic aldehydes) might thus lead to the development of low molecular weight isozyme specific CA IV inhibitors. The difference in affinity for the three isozymes of the inhibitors reported by us here is tentatively explained on the basis of recent X-ray crystallographic studies of these isozymes and their adducts with substrates/inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Popescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Polytechnic University, Bucharest, Roumania
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Clare BW, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Part 61. Quantum chemical QSAR of a group of benzenedisulfonamides. Eur J Med Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(99)80096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Supuran CT, Ilies MA, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — Part 29 1: Interaction of isozymes I, II and IV with benzolamide-like derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors — Part 53. Synthesis of substituted-pyridinium derivatives of aromatic sulfonamides: The first non-polymeric membrane-impermeable inhibitors with selectivity for isozyme IV. Eur J Med Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(98)80017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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