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Singh K, Bhatia R, Kumar B, Singh G, Monga V. Design Strategies, Chemistry and Therapeutic Insights of Multi-target Directed Ligands as Antidepressant Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1329-1358. [PMID: 34727859 PMCID: PMC9881079 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211102154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the major disorders of the central nervous system worldwide and causes disability and functional impairment. According to the World Health Organization, around 265 million people worldwide are affected by depression. Currently marketed antidepressant drugs take weeks or even months to show anticipated clinical efficacy but remain ineffective in treating suicidal thoughts and cognitive impairment. Due to the multifactorial complexity of the disease, single-target drugs do not always produce satisfactory results and lack the desired level of therapeutic efficacy. Recent literature reports have revealed improved therapeutic potential of multi-target directed ligands due to their synergistic potency and better safety. Medicinal chemists have gone to great extents to design multitarget ligands by generating structural hybrids of different key pharmacophores with improved binding affinities and potency towards different receptors or enzymes. This article has compiled the design strategies of recently published multi-target directed ligands as antidepressant agents. Their biological evaluation, structural-activity relationships, mechanistic and in silico studies have also been described. This article will prove to be highly useful for the researchers to design and develop multi-target ligands as antidepressants with high potency and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India; ,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India; E-mails: ;
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2
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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3
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Zagórska A, Kołaczkowski M, Bucki A, Siwek A, Kazek G, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Partyka A, Wesołowska A, Pawłowski M. Structure–activity relationships and molecular studies of novel arylpiperazinylalkyl purine-2,4-diones and purine-2,4,8-triones with antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activity. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:142-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Partyka A, Jarosz J, Wasik A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Zagórska A, Pawłowski M, Wesołowska A. Novel tricyclic[2,1-f]theophylline derivatives of LCAP with activity in mouse models of affective disorders. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1755-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the central activity of the two new imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives behaved as presynaptic 5HT1A receptor agonists and postsynaptic 5HT1A, 5HT2A and D2 receptors antagonists. The compounds were examined using animal tests towards antipsychotic, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties and then compared with effects evoked by an atypical antipsychotic drug ziprasidone.
Methods
D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity test was used to determine antipsychotic-like activity of compounds 7 and 9. The forced swim test (FST) and the four-plate test were conducted to investigate antidepressant- and antianxiety-like activity, respectively, of studied agents. The investigated compounds 7, 9 and ziprasidone were administered intraperitoneally 60 min before the tests. Diazepam and imipramine were used as standard anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, respectively.
Key findings
The obtained results demonstrate that new synthesized compound 9 evokes antipsychotic-like activity alike ziprasidone and, in contrary to the antipsychotic drug, shows antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like properties in behavioural tests in mice.
Conclusions
The present preclinical results indicate that one of the two investigated imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione derivatives, compound 9, with methyl group at 7 position of imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione fragment and the ortho-OCH3 substituent in the aryl moiety, acts as an antipsychotic drug with additional antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wasik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Thalassitis AN, Hadjipavlou-Litina DJ, Litinas KE. Synthesis of Fused 9,10-Dihydro-6H-Azepino- and 9,10-Dihydro-6H-[1,3]Diazepino[1,2-e]Purines via Ring Closing Metathesis as Antilipid Peroxidation Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas N. Thalassitis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - Dimitra J. Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - Konstantinos E. Litinas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
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6
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Chłoń-Rzepa G, Żmudzki P, Satała G, Duszyńska B, Partyka A, Wróbel D, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Wesołowska A, Bojarski AJ, Pawłowski M, Zajdel P. New 8-aminoalkyl derivatives of purine-2,6-dione with arylalkyl, allyl or propynyl substituents in position 7, their 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptor affinity and pharmacological evaluation. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Kim MK, Lee HS, Kim S, Cho SY, Roth BL, Chong Y, Choo H. 4-Aminoethylpiperazinyl aryl ketones with 5-HT₁A/5-HT₇ selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1139-48. [PMID: 22196512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The well-known 5-HT(1A)/5-HT(7) selectivity issue was tackled by a new series of 4-aminoethylpiperazinyl aryl ketones (1a-1l) specifically designed to distinguish the two hydrophobic sites centered at the anchoring salt bridge. The 4-aminoethylpiperazinyl aryl ketones showed a wide spectrum of activity and selectivity for the 5-HT receptors depending on the type of the hydrophobic groups attached at the aryl piperazinyl ketone scaffold. Docking study of the most active compounds against 5-HT(7)R and 5-HT(1A)R revealed that both receptors have two hydrophobic pockets around the anchoring salt bridge. These two binding sites are perpendicular to each other in 5-HT(7)R but parallel in 5-HT(1A)R, and this observation is well matched with the previous report which claimed that 5-HT(7)R affinity arises from bent conformation of the bound ligand whereas an extended one is best suited for 5-HT(1A)R selectivity. Also, as these pockets have different size and shape, inhibitory activity as well as selectivity of the 4-aminoethylpiperazinyl aryl ketones against 5-HT(7)R and 5-HT(1A)R seemed to be determined by combination of two hydrophobic substituents attached at both ends of the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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8
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Synthesis, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor affinity and QSAR study of 1-benzhydryl-piperazine derivatives with xanthine moiety at N4. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Handzlik J, Maciag D, Kubacka M, Mogilski S, Filipek B, Stadnicka K, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Synthesis, alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist activity, and SAR study of novel arylpiperazine derivatives of phenytoin. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5982-98. [PMID: 18490167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new antiarrhythmic agents, some active 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine derivatives of phenytoin were obtained as a chemical modification of compound AZ-99 (3-ethyl-1-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-propyl]-2,4-dioxo-5,5-diphenylimidazolidine). These compounds possessed structural properties similar to those of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists. In the present study, the affinities of the 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine derivatives (1a-3a) for alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors were evaluated using radioligand ([(3)H]prazosin, [(3)H]clonidine) binding assays. In the next step, a new series of phenylpiperazine derivatives of phenytoin (4a-16a) containing 2-methoxyphenyl-, 2-ethoxyphenyl-, 2-pyridyl- or 2-furoylpiperazine moiety, as well as, various ester or alkyl substituents at 3-position of hydantoin ring were synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their affinity to alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. They have shown affinities for alpha(1)-adrenoceptors at nanomolar to submicromolar range. Some compounds were moderately selective ligands of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors. Selected compounds (3a-5a, 7a, 13a, 14a) were also evaluated for their alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonistic properties in functional bioassays. A SAR study indicated that the most active compounds contain 2-alkoxyphenylpiperazine moieties and methyl or 2-methylpropionate substituent at 3-N position in hydantoin. The exchange of 2-alkoxyphenyl moiety into 2-furoyl or 2-pyridyl group significantly decreased affinities for alpha(1)-adrenoceptors. Molecular modelling results obtained using conformational analysis CONFLEX and PM5 method for geometry optimization, allowed for comparison of the spatial properties of tested compounds with pharmacophore model created by Barbaro et al. for the ideal alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of imidazo- and pyrimido[2,1-f]-theophyllines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Chłoń-Rzepa G, Zmudzki P, Zajdel P, Bojarski AJ, Duszyńska B, Nikiforuk A, Tatarczyńska E, Pawłowski M. 7-Arylpiperazinylalkyl and 7-tetrahydroisoquinolinylalkyl derivatives of 8-alkoxy-purine-2,6-dione and some of their purine-2,6,8-trione analogs as 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 serotonin receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5239-50. [PMID: 17517514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of our earlier studies with the serotonin receptor ligands in the group of 1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione derivatives, a series of new arylpiperazinylalkyl and tetrahydroisoquinolinylalkyl analogs of 8-alkoxy-1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione (10-25) and 1,3-dimethyl-7,9-dihydro-3H-purine-2,6,8-trione (26-30) were synthesized and their 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(7) receptor affinities were determined. The new compounds 17, 18, 20, and 21 were found to be highly active 5-HT(1A) receptor ligands (K(i)=11-19nM) with diversified affinity for 5-HT(2A) receptors (K(i)=15-253nM). Compounds 12, 13, 15, and 19 were moderately potent 5-HT(2A) ligands (K(i)=23-57nM), whereas 17, 18, 24, and 25 showed distinct affinity for 5-HT(7) receptors (K(i)=51-83nM). Purine-2,6,8-triones showed weak affinities for 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(7) receptors; among them, 27 and 29 were classified as 5-HT(2A) receptor ligands. The selected compounds 17 and 21 were pharmacologically evaluated to determine their functional activities at pre-(hypothermia in mice) and post-(lower lip retraction in rats) synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. Compound 17 showed features of a potential agonist of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors, whereas 21 was classified as a potential, weak partial agonist of postsynaptic sites. Last of all, the most interesting compound 17 tested in behavioral models showed potential anxiolytic and antidepressant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Chłoń-Rzepa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Rybár A. Annulated Heterocyclo-Purines II: Fused Six- and More-Membered Heterocyclo-Purinediones, -Purinones and -Purineimines. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(04)88003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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13
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Dylag T, Zygmunt M, Maciag D, Handzlik J, Bednarski M, Filipek B, Kieć-Kononowicz K. Synthesis and evaluation of in vivo activity of diphenylhydantoin basic derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:1013-27. [PMID: 15571863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2003] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the search for antiarrhythmic agents among amide derivatives of phenytoin, compound 7 {3-ethyl-1-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propyl]-2,4-dioxo-5,5-diphenyl-imidazolidine} was selected as it showed antiarrhythmic as well as antihypertensive activity. Treating this compound as a lead, new derivatives 8-19 were synthesised, differing in piperazine phenyl ring substitution (2-, 3-, 4-Cl, 2-CH3O) as well as in hydantoin N3 alkyl chain (ethyl, ethyl acetate or ethyl 2-propionate). The obtained compounds in form of hydrochlorides 7a-19a were examined for prophylactic antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive properties. Compounds containing ethyl 2-propionate moiety (17a, 18a) exhibited the highest antihypertensive properties. Water-soluble compounds, containing 2-methoxyphenylpiperazine group (11a, 19a), showed strong antiarrhythmic properties in adrenaline-induced arrhythmia; compound 9a {1-[3-(4-(3-chloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)- 2-hydroxy-propyl]- 3-ethyl-2,4-dioxo-5,5-diphenyl-imidazolidine hydrochloride} exhibited the highest antiarrhythmic activity in barium chloride arrhythmia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dylag
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, Pl 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Pawłowski M, Katlabi J, Jurczyk S, Malec D, Modzelewski J. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological screening of novel imidazo[2,1-f]theophylline derivatives. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:697-702. [PMID: 12385518 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)01224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The three different kinds of imidazo[2,1-f]theophylline derivatives were synthesized and tested for their CNS activity. A series of alkoxy-alkylamides and amino-alkylamides with basic function, derived from 8-benzyl-6,7-dihydroimidazo[2,1-f]theophylline-7-carboxylic acid showed stimulating influence on CNS as they increased the locomotor activity (compound 8 and 10) or enhanced amphetamine and apomorphine effects in mice (compounds 3, 4 and 9). Compounds 1, 5, 8-10 and 12 had anticonvulsant activity in the pentetrazole test; 12 with anellated imidazol-7-on ring (lactam structure) showed sedative properties and antiserotonin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Pawłowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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