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Ray U, Gopinatha VK, Sharma S, Goyary L, Choudhary B, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. Identification and characterization of mercaptopyrimidine-based small molecules as inhibitors of nonhomologous DNA end joining. FEBS J 2023; 290:796-820. [PMID: 36048168 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptopyrimidine derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with potent biological activities including antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of several mercaptopyrimidine derivatives through condensation of 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol with various heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes. Previous studies have shown that SCR7, synthesized from 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol, induced cytotoxicity by targeting cancer cells by primarily inhibiting DNA Ligase IV involved in nonhomologous end joining, one of the major DNA double-strand break repair pathways. Inhibition of DNA repair pathways is considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Due to limitations of SCR7 in terms of IC50 in cancer cells, here we have designed, synthesized, and characterized potent derivatives of SCR7 using 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol as the starting material. Several synthesized imine compounds exhibited significant improvement in inhibition of end joining and cytotoxicity up to 27-fold lower concentrations than SCR7. Among these, two compounds, SCR116 and SCR132, showed increased cancer cell death in a Ligase IV-dependent manner. Treatment with the compounds also led to reduction in V(D)J recombination efficiency, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, accumulation of double-strand breaks inside cells, and improved anti-cancer potential when combined with γ-radiation and radiomimetic drugs. Thus, we describe novel inhibitors of NHEJ with higher efficacy and potential, which can be developed as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vindya K Gopinatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | - Laijau Goyary
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kanchugarakoppal S Rangappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India.,Institution of Excellence, Vijnana Bhavana, University of Mysore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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2
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Alamri MA, Al-Jahdali M, Al-Radadi NS, Hussien MA. Biological activity evaluation and computational study of novel triazene derivatives containing benzothiazole rings. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Francisco AP, Mendes E, Santos AR, Perry MJ. Anticancer Triazenes: from Bioprecursors to Hybrid Molecules. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1623-1642. [PMID: 31244412 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190617155749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triazenes are a very useful and diverse class of compounds that have been studied for their potential in the treatment of many tumors including brain tumor, leukemia and melanoma. Novel compounds of this class continue to be developed as either anticancer compounds or even with other therapeutic applications. This review focused on several types of triazenes from the simplest ones like 1,3-dialkyl-3-acyltriazenes to the more complex ones like combi-triazenes with an emphasis on how triazenes have been developed as effective antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Francisco
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Mendes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R Santos
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J Perry
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Experimental and computational approaches to the analysis of the molecular structure of (E)-3-(3-(4-nitrophenyl)triaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Galenko EE, Galenko AV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Kudryavtsev IV, Terpilowski MA, Serebriakova MK, Trulioff AS, Goncharov NV. 4-Diazo and 4-(Triaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H
-pyrrole-2-carboxylates as Agents Inducing Apoptosis. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina E. Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Alexey V. Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | | | - Maxim A. Terpilowski
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; pr. Torez 44 St. Petersburg 194223 Russia
| | | | - Andrey S. Trulioff
- Institute of Experimental Medicine; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; ul. Acad. Pavlov 12 St. Petersburg 197376 Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; pr. Torez 44 St. Petersburg 194223 Russia
- Research Institute of Hygiene; Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology; Bld.93 Kapitolovo st. Leningrad Region 188663 Russia
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6
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7
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Lauria A, Alfio A, Bonsignore R, Gentile C, Martorana A, Gennaro G, Barone G, Terenzi A, Almerico AM. New benzothieno[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazines with antiproliferative activity: synthesis, spectroscopic studies, and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3291-7. [PMID: 24986661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
New benzothieno[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazines, together with precursors triazenylbenzo[b]thiophenes, were designed, synthesized and screened as anticancer agents. The structural features of these compounds prompted us to investigate their DNA binding capability through UV-vis absorption titrations, circular dichroism, and viscometry, pointing out the occurrence of groove-binding. The derivative 3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)benzothieno[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazin-4(3H)-one showed the highest antiproliferative effect against HeLa cells and was also tested in cell cycle perturbation experiments. The obtained results assessed for the first time the anticancer activity of benzothieno[3,2-d]-1,2,3-triazine nucleus, and we related it to its DNA-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Lauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessia Alfio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonsignore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Martorana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Almerico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo-Via Archirafi, 32-90123 Palermo, Italy
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Diana P, Stagno A, Barraja P, Carbone A, Parrino B, Dall'Acqua F, Vedaldi D, Salvador A, Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Issinger OG, Cirrincione G. Synthesis of Triazenoazaindoles: a New Class of Triazenes with Antitumor Activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1291-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Triazenoindazoles and triazenopyrazolopyridines: design, synthesis, and cytotoxic activity. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:813-9. [PMID: 20607485 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several triazenoindazoles 3a-e and triazinopyrazolopyridines 6a-i were prepared through the reaction of the corresponding 3-amino-4-chloroindazole and 3-aminopyrazolopyridine diazonium salts 2 and 5 with a number of secondary amines. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity on three cell lines, HepG2, MCF7, and HeLa. Most compounds inhibited cell growth with IC(50) less than 0.1 microM. Compound 6d was the most potent, with an IC(50) of 0.03 microM against HepG2 and 0.05 microM against MCF7 and HeLa cells.
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Daidone G, Maggio B, Raffa D, Plescia S, Schillaci D, Valeria Raimondi M. Synthesis and in vitro antileukemic activity of new 4-triazenopyrazole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:413-7. [PMID: 15120321 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several new 4-(3,3-dimethyltriazeno)-5-benzamidopyrazole derivatives were prepared by reacting 4-diazo-5-benzamidopyrazole derivatives with dimethylamine. The compounds were tested at 10 microM for their vitro antileukemic activity against K562 (Human chronic myelogenous leukemia) and Raji (human Burkitt limphoma ) cell lines. Dacarbazine and methotrexate were used for comparative purpose. The 3-methyl-4-(3,3-dimethyltriazeno)-5-(substituted benzamido)pyrazoles, bearing the pyrazole nucleus free at 1 position, resulted more active than the 1-(substituted phenyl)-3-methyl-4-(3,3-dimethyltriazeno)-5-benzamidopyrazoles. Dacarbazine at 10 microM showed no activity in the above tests. The observed difference among Dacarbazine and the active 4-triazenopyrazoles migth be explained admiting that these last compounds, differently by Dacarbazine, did not follow a mechanism of action based on the cytochrome P-450 induced demethylation. The most active compound 2d showed growth inhibition values of 97.8 and 99.4% against K562 and Raji cell lines respectively. Methotrexate inhibition values at 0.2 microM against the above cell lines were 86.7 and 75.1% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Daidone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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11
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Daidone G, Raffa D, Maggio B, Valeria Raimondi M, Plescia F, Schillaci D. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of triazenoindazoles and triazenopyrazoles: a comparative study. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:219-24. [PMID: 15051169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several triazenoindazoles and triazenopyrazoles were prepared transforming the appropriate aminoindazoles and aminopyrazoles in the corresponding diazonium salts which were reacted with dimethylamine, diethylamine and pyrrolidine. All the triazenes were tested for their antiproliferative activity against K562, HL60, L1210 and MCF7 cell lines. The biological data showed that the benzocondensation plays a positive role on the antiproliferative activity. The (1)H-NMR spectra showed that the rotational barrier around the N(2)-N(3) bond in the triazene group can be influenced both by the position of this group in the indazole nucleus and by the substitution pattern in the benzene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Daidone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
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12
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Cocco MT, Congiu C, Onnis V. Synthesis and in vitro antitumoral activity of new N-phenyl-3-pyrrolecarbothioamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:495-503. [PMID: 12538014 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-phenylpyrrolecarbothioamides were obtained from base catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of 3-amino-3-(alkyl or arylamino)propenethioamides. Pyrrole derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity toward cell lines of nine different types of human cancer. Some of newly prepared compounds demonstrated inhibitory effects on the growth of a wide range of cancer cell lines generally at 10(-6) M level and in some case at 10(-8) M concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Cocco
- Dipartimento di Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 72, Cagliari, I-09124, Via Ospedale, Italy.
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Diana P, Barraja P, Lauria A, Montalbano A, Almerico AM, Dattolo G, Cirrincione G. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazines from 2-diazopyrroles: synthesis and antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:267-72. [PMID: 11900871 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(02)01339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazines 4a-g were directly obtained from the reaction of 2-diazopyrroles 1a and b with the sodium salts of beta-diketones, beta-carbonitriles, and beta-dinitriles. Only when the 2-diazopyrroles were coupled with ethyl cyanoacetate, it was possible to isolate, together with the pyrrolotriazines, the intermediate hydrazones 3 which, in turn, cyclised to the title ring system. Pyrrolotriazines 4a-e were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines by the National Cancer Institute and some of them demonstrated inhibitory effects in the growth of a wide range of cancer cell lines generally at 10(-5) M level and in some cases at micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico Tossicologico e Biologico dell'Università, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Barraja P, Diana P, Lauria A, Almerico AM, Dattolo G, Cirrincione G. 2-Diazoindoles: building blocks for the synthesis of antineoplastic agents. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2002; 57:97-100. [PMID: 11902662 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Diazoindoles were prepared by diazotization of the corresponding 2-aminoindoles followed by neutralisation. 2-Diazoindoles were utilised for the synthesis of 2-triazenoindoles, indolo[2,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazines and indolo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazines. Most of these compounds exhibited in vitro antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Barraja
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Tossicologico e Biologico dell'Università, Palermo, Italy
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