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Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, de María Ávila-De la Vega L, García-Cambrón JB, Ramírez-Álvarez H. Small ruminant lentivirus capsid protein (SRLV-p25) antigenic structural prediction and immunogenicity to recombinant SRLV-rp25-coupled to immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:267-278. [PMID: 36535645 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-rp25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P >.05), however, a significant difference (P <.001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV-rp25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lucero de María Ávila-De la Vega
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
| | - José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
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Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, de María Ávila-De la Vega L, García-Cambrón JB, Ramírez-Álvarez H. Small ruminant lentivirus capsid protein (SRLV-p25) antigenic structural prediction and immunogenicity to recombinant SRLV- rp25-coupled to immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-rp25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P >.05), however, a significant difference (P <.001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV-rp25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - Lucero de María Ávila-De la Vega
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
| | - José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
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Aalberts M, Peterson K, Moll L, Vellema P, van Maanen C. Evaluation of five SRLV ELISAs for fitness for purpose in sheep and goat accreditation schemes in the Netherlands. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Chervyakova O, Tailakova E, Kozhabergenov N, Sadikaliyeva S, Sultankulova K, Zakarya K, Maksyutov RA, Strochkov V, Sandybayev N. Engineering of Recombinant Sheep Pox Viruses Expressing Foreign Antigens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051005. [PMID: 34067124 PMCID: PMC8150597 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Capripoxviruses with a host range limited to ruminants have the great potential to be used as vaccine vectors. The aim of this work was to evaluate attenuated sheep pox virus (SPPV) vaccine strain NISKHI as a vector expressing several genes. Open reading frames SPPV020 (ribonucleotide kinase) and SPPV066 (thymidine kinase) were selected as sites for the insertion of foreign genes. Two integration plasmids with expression cassette were designed and constructed. Recombinant SPPVs expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (rSPPV(RRΔ)EGFP and rSPPV(TKΔ)EGFP), Foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein (VP1), and Brucella spp. outer membrane protein 25 (OMP25) (rSPPV(RRΔ)VP1A-(TKΔ)OMP25) were generated under the transient dominant selection method. The insertion of foreign genes into the SPPV020 and SPPV066 open reading frames did not influence the replication of the recombinant viruses in the cells. Successful foreign gene expression in vitro was assessed by luminescent microscopy (EGFP) and Western blot (VP1 and OMP25). Our results have shown that foreign genes were expressed by rSPPV both in permissive (lamb testicles) and non-permissive (bovine kidney, saiga kidney, porcine kidney) cells. Mice immunized with rSPPV(RRΔ)VP1A-(TKΔ)OMP25 elicited specific antibodies to both SPPV and foreign genes VP1 and OMP25. Thus, SPPV NISKHI may be used as a potential safe immunogenic viral vector for the development of polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Chervyakova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-72636-7-22-28
| | - Elmira Tailakova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nurlan Kozhabergenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sandugash Sadikaliyeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Kulyaisan Sultankulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Rinat A. Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
| | - Vitaliy Strochkov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Nurlan Sandybayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, RK ME&S–Science Committee, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan; (E.T.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (K.S.); (K.Z.); (V.S.); (N.S.)
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Stonos N, Wootton SK, Karrow N. Immunogenetics of small ruminant lentiviral infections. Viruses 2014; 6:3311-33. [PMID: 25153344 PMCID: PMC4147697 DOI: 10.3390/v6083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) include the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). Both of these viruses limit production and can be a major source of economic loss to producers. Little is known about how the immune system recognizes and responds to SRLVs, but due to similarities with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV research can shed light on the possible immune mechanisms that control or lead to disease progression. This review will focus on the host immune response to HIV-1 and SRLV, and will discuss the possibility of breeding for enhanced SRLV disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Stonos
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Niel Karrow
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Larruskain A, Jugo BM. Retroviral infections in sheep and goats: small ruminant lentiviruses and host interaction. Viruses 2013; 5:2043-61. [PMID: 23965529 PMCID: PMC3761241 DOI: 10.3390/v5082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. VM and CAE are distributed worldwide and develop over a period of months or years, always leading to the death of the host, with the consequent economic and welfare implications. Currently, the control of VM and CAE relies on the control of transmission and culling of infected animals. However, there is evidence that host genetics play an important role in determining Susceptibility/Resistance to SRLV infection and disease progression, but little work has been performed in small ruminants. More research is necessary to understand the host-SRLV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
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7
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Immunization against small ruminant lentiviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:1948-63. [PMID: 23917352 PMCID: PMC3761235 DOI: 10.3390/v5081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystemic disease caused by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in sheep and goats leads to production losses, to the detriment of animal health and welfare. This, together with the lack of treatments, has triggered interest in exploring different strategies of immunization to control the widely spread SRLV infection and, also, to provide a useful model for HIV vaccines. These strategies involve inactivated whole virus, subunit vaccines, DNA encoding viral proteins in the presence or absence of plasmids encoding immunological adjuvants and naturally or artificially attenuated viruses. In this review, we revisit, comprehensively, the immunization strategies against SRLV and analyze this double edged tool individually, as it may contribute to either controlling or enhancing virus replication and/or disease.
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8
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Marinaro M, Tempesta M, Tarsitano E, Camero M, Losurdo M, Buonavoglia C, Rezza G. Antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 production in caprine herpesvirus infected goats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:662-7. [PMID: 22063880 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Marinaro
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.
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9
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Blacklaws BA. Small ruminant lentiviruses: immunopathogenesis of visna-maedi and caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:259-69. [PMID: 22237012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses include the prototype for the genus, visna-maedi virus (VMV) as well as caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Infection of sheep or goats with these viruses causes slow, progressive, inflammatory pathology in many tissues, but the most common clinical signs result from pathology in the lung, mammary gland, central nervous system and joints. This review examines replication, immunity to and pathogenesis of these viruses and highlights major differences from and similarities to some of the other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Blacklaws
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Caprine herpesvirus-1-specific IgG subclasses in naturally and experimentally infected goats. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:266-72. [PMID: 19411146 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Antigen delivery systems for veterinary vaccine development. Viral-vector based delivery systems. Vaccine 2009; 26:6508-28. [PMID: 18838097 PMCID: PMC7131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular genetics, pathogenesis and immunology have provided an optimal framework for developing novel approaches in the rational design of vaccines effective against viral epizootic diseases. This paper reviews most of the viral-vector based antigen delivery systems (ADSs) recently developed for vaccine testing in veterinary species, including attenuated virus and DNA and RNA viral vectors. Besides their usefulness in vaccinology, these ADSs constitute invaluable tools to researchers for understanding the nature of protective responses in different species, opening the possibility of modulating or potentiating relevant immune mechanisms involved in protection.
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12
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Reina R, Barbezange C, Niesalla H, de Andrés X, Arnarson H, Biescas E, Mazzei M, Fraisier C, McNeilly TN, Liu C, Perez M, Carrozza ML, Bandecchi P, Solano C, Crespo H, Glaria I, Huard C, Shaw DJ, de Blas I, de Andrés D, Tolari F, Rosati S, Suzan-Monti M, Andrésdottir V, Torsteinsdottir S, Petursson G, Lujan L, Pepin M, Amorena B, Blacklaws B, Harkiss GD. Mucosal immunization against ovine lentivirus using PEI-DNA complexes and modified vaccinia Ankara encoding the gag and/or env genes. Vaccine 2008; 26:4494-505. [PMID: 18606204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sheep were immunized against Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) gag and/or env genes via the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and lung using polyethylenimine (PEI)-DNA complexes and modified vaccinia Ankara, and challenged with live virus via the lung. env immunization enhanced humoral responses prior to but not after VMV challenge. Systemic T cell proliferative and cytotoxic responses were generally low, with the responses following single gag gene immunization being significantly depressed after challenge. A transient reduction in provirus load in the blood early after challenge was observed following env immunization, whilst the gag gene either alone or in combination with env resulted in significantly elevated provirus loads in lung. However, despite this, a significant reduction in lesion score was observed in animals immunized with the single gag gene at post-mortem. Inclusion of IFN-gamma in the immunization mixture in general had no significant effects. The results thus showed that protective effects against VMV-induced lesions can be induced following respiratory immunization with the single gag gene, though this was accompanied by an increased pulmonary provirus load.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reina
- CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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13
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González B, Reina R, García I, Andrés S, Glaria I, Alzueta M, Mora MI, Jugo BM, Arrieta-Aguirre I, de la Lastra JMP, Rodríguez D, Rodríguez JR, Esteban M, Grilló MJ, Blacklaws BA, Harkiss GD, Chebloune Y, Luján L, de Andrés D, Amorena B. Mucosal immunization of sheep with a Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) env DNA vaccine protects against early MVV productive infection. Vaccine 2005; 23:4342-52. [PMID: 16005743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gene gun mucosal DNA immunization of sheep with a plasmid expressing the env gene of Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) was used to examine the protection against MVV infection in sheep from a naturally infected flock. For immunization, sheep were primed with a pcDNA plasmid (pcDNA-env) encoding the Env glycoproteins of MVV and boosted with combined pcDNA-env and pCR3.1-IFN-gamma plasmid inoculations. The pcDNA plasmid used in the control group contained the lacZ coding sequences instead of the env gene. Within a month post-challenge, the viral load in the vaccinated group was lower (p < or = 0.05) and virus was only detected transiently compared with the control group. Furthermore, 2 months later, neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) were detected in all the control animals and none of the vaccinated animals (p < or = 0.01). These results demonstrated a significant early protective effect of this immunization strategy against MVV infection that restricts the virus replication following challenge in the absence of NtAb production. This vaccine protective effect against MVV infection disappeared after two years post-challenge, when active replication of MVV challenge strain was observed. Protection conferred by the vaccine could not be explained by OLA DRB1 allele or genotype differences. Most of the individuals were DRB1 heterozygous and none was totally resistant to infection.
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Stanford MM, McFadden G. The ‘supervirus’? Lessons from IL-4-expressing poxviruses. Trends Immunol 2005; 26:339-45. [PMID: 15922951 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Poxviridae family are particularly adept at avoiding the host immune system, encoding a plethora of immunomodulatory proteins that subvert host defense. With their large genome, poxviruses are also useful for studying the effect of exogenous genes on virus-host interactions and immune responses. The insertion of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) into several poxviruses significantly increases the efficiency of the recombinant virus as a pathogen by directly inhibiting the development of Th1 immunity, which is crucial for viral clearance. In an age in which the fear of genetically modified weaponized pathogens exists, the understanding of how to make viruses more pathogenic further blurs the distinction between fundamental academic research and bioweapons development. Here, the extent of immune evasion by IL-4-expressing poxviruses will be explored, as will the consequences of this increased pathogenicity on protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Stanford
- BioTherapeutics Research Group, Robarts Research Institute & Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6G 2V4, Canada
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15
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Cheevers WP, Beyer JC, Hötzel I. Plasmid DNA encoding caprine interferon gamma inhibits antibody response to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) surface protein encoded by a co-administered plasmid expressing CAEV env and tat genes. Vaccine 2001; 19:3209-15. [PMID: 11312017 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study characterized immune responses of Saanen goats co-immunized with pUC18 based plasmids expressing caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) rev-env (pENV) or tat-rev-env (pTAT-ENV) and a second plasmid encoding caprine interferon gamma (IFNgamma). A previous study reported that immunization with pENV or pTAT-ENV induces IgG2 biased antibody responses to plasmid encoded CAEV surface envelope protein (SU). We show here that regional lymph nodes (LN) of pENV and pTAT-ENV immunized goats contain a dominant subset of SU activated IFNgamma+ Th1 lymphocytes. Co-immunization with pENV or pTAT-ENV and a caprine IFNgamma cDNA expression plasmid (pcIFNgamma) did not potentiate activation of SU responsive Th1 lymphocytes. However, the antibody response to SU encoded by pTAT-ENV was inhibited by co-immunization with pcIFNgamma. Results indicate that synergistic effects of CAEV Tat and IFNgamma suppress the primary adaptive B cell response to plasmid encoded SU.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Cheevers
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, 99164-7040, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Beyer JC, Chebloune Y, Mselli-Lakhal L, Hötzel I, Kumpula-McWhirter N, Cheevers WP. Immunization with plasmid DNA expressing the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope gene: quantitative and qualitative aspects of antibody response to viral surface glycoprotein. Vaccine 2001; 19:1643-51. [PMID: 11166887 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saanen goats were vaccinated intradermally with plasmid DNA expressing caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) rev-env (pENV) or tat-rev-env (pTAT-ENV) or vaccinia virus expressing CAEV env (rWR-63). Sera from all vaccinated goats immunoprecipitated CAEV surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) glycoproteins with a dominant response to SU. Antibody response to CAEV SU induced by plasmid DNA was relatively biased toward IgG2, whereas vaccinia rWR-63 induced predominantly IgG1 antibodies to SU. Differential IgG isotype bias established by immunization with plasmid or vaccinia vectors was maintained following subcutaneous boost with purified CAEV SU in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Goats injected with pUC18 control plasmid followed by immunization with SU-FIA also had IgG2 biased responses, whereas SU-FIA immunization of a goat primed with vaccinia rWR-SC11 without the CAEV env gene induced a predominant IgG1 response. We conclude that pUC based plasmids expressing the CAEV env gene promote stable type 1 biased immune responses to plasmid encoded SU. IgG2 biased response may be due to innate type 1 priming capacity of immunostimulatory CpG motifs in the pUC ampicillin resistance gene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/genetics
- Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus, Caprine/immunology
- COS Cells
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glycoproteins
- Goats/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/immunology
- Membrane Proteins
- Plasmids/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Proteins
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Beyer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
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