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Lam JH, Shivhare D, Chia TW, Chew SL, Sinsinbar G, Aw TY, Wong S, Venkataraman S, Lim FWI, Vandepapeliere P, Nallani M. Artificial Cell Membrane Polymersome-Based Intranasal Beta Spike Formulation as a Second Generation Covid-19 Vaccine. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16757-16775. [PMID: 36223228 PMCID: PMC9578649 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Current parenteral coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines inadequately protect against infection of the upper respiratory tract. Additionally, antibodies generated by wild type (WT) spike-based vaccines poorly neutralize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. To address the need for a second-generation vaccine, we have initiated a preclinical program to produce and evaluate a potential candidate. Our vaccine consists of recombinant Beta spike protein coadministered with synthetic CpG adjuvant. Both components are encapsulated within artificial cell membrane (ACM) polymersomes, synthetic nanovesicles efficiently internalized by antigen presenting cells, including dendritic cells, enabling targeted delivery of cargo for enhanced immune responses. ACM vaccine is immunogenic in C57BL/6 mice and Golden Syrian hamsters, evoking high serum IgG and neutralizing responses. Compared to an ACM-WT spike vaccine that generates predominantly WT-neutralizing antibodies, the ACM-Beta spike vaccine induces antibodies that neutralize WT and Beta viruses equally. Intramuscular (IM)-immunized hamsters are strongly protected from weight loss and other clinical symptoms after the Beta challenge but show delayed viral clearance in the upper airway. With intranasal (IN) immunization, however, neutralizing antibodies are generated in the upper airway concomitant with rapid and potent reduction of viral load. Moreover, antibodies are cross-neutralizing and show good activity against Omicron. Safety is evaluated in New Zealand white rabbits in a repeated dose toxicological study under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions. Three doses, IM or IN, at two-week intervals do not induce an adverse effect or systemic toxicity. Cumulatively, these results support the application for a Phase 1 clinical trial of ACM-polymersome-based Covid-19 vaccine (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05385991).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hang Lam
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Devendra Shivhare
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Teck Wan Chia
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Suet Li Chew
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Gaurav Sinsinbar
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Ting Yan Aw
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Siamy Wong
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Shrinivas Venkataraman
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
| | - Francesca Wei Inng Lim
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General
Hospital, Outram Road, Block 7, Level 2, 169608,
Singapore
| | | | - Madhavan Nallani
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., 71
Nanyang Drive, #02M-02, NTU Innovation Center, 638075, Singapore
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2
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Mahallawi WH, Aljeraisi TM. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 primes immunological memory in human nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. Clin Immunol 2021; 231:108850. [PMID: 34506944 PMCID: PMC8423672 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Little is known regarding the development of immunological memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether immunological memory can provide long-lasting protection against reinfection. Urgent need for vaccines is a considerable issue for all governments worldwide. METHODS A total of 39 patients were recruited in this study. Tonsillar mononuclear cells (MNCs) were co-cultured in RPMI medium and stimulated with the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the presence and absence of a CpG-DNA adjuvant. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to measure the specific antibody response to the spike protein in the cell culture supernatants. RESULTS The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein primed a potent memory B cell-mediated immune response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) from patients previously infected with the virus. Additionally, spike protein combined with the CpG-DNA adjuvant induced a significantly increased level of specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody compared with the spike protein alone (p < 0.0001, n = 24). We also showed a strong positive correlation between the specific anti-spike protein IgG antibody level in a serum samples and that produced by MNCs derived from the same COVID-19-recovered patients following stimulation (r = 0.76, p = 0.0002, n = 24). CONCLUSION Individuals with serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure showed a significant anti-spike protein-specific memory humoral immune response to the viral spike protein upon stimulation. Additionally, our results demonstrated the functional response of NALT-derived MNCs to the viral spike protein. CpG-DNA adjuvant combined with spike protein induced significantly stronger humoral immune responses than the spike protein alone. These data indicate that the S protein antigen combined with CpG-DNA adjuvant could be used as a future vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Mahallawi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Talal M Aljeraisi
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head& Neck Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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5
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Yu P, Yan J, Wu W, Tao X, Lu X, Liu S, Zhu W. A CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the immune response to rabies vaccination in mice. Virol J 2018; 15:174. [PMID: 30424815 PMCID: PMC6234694 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a fatal disease that is preventable when post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered in a timely fashion. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9, and their immunopotentiation activity in an inactivated aluminum-adjuvanted rabies vaccine for dogs has been identified using mouse and dog models. Methods A human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV) of humans and a CpG ODNs with cross-immunostimulatory activity in humans and mice were used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of CpG ODN in a mouse model that simulates human PEP. Results HDCV combined with CpG ODN (HDCV–CpG) stimulated mice to produce rabies virus-specific neutralizing antibody (RVNA) earlier and increased the seroconversion rate. Compared with HDCV alone, either HDCV–1.25 μg CpG or HDCV–5 μg CpG increased the levels of RVNA. In particular, 5 μg CpG ODN per mouse significantly boosted the levels of RVNA compared with HDCV alone. IFN-γ producing splenocytes generated in the HDCV-5 μg CpG group were significantly increased compared to the group treated with HDCV alone. When the immunization regimen was reduced to three injections or the dose was reduced to half of the recommended HDCV combined with CpG ODN, the RVNA titers were still higher than those induced by HDCV alone. After viral challenge, 50% of mice immunized with a half-dose HDCV–CpG survived, while the survival rate of mice immunized with HDCV alone was 30%. Conclusions The immunopotentiation activity of CpG ODNs for a commercially available human rabies vaccine was first evaluated in a mouse model on the basis of the Essen regimen. Our results suggest that the CpG ODN used in this study is a potential adjuvant to rabies vaccines for human use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1089-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghong Yan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weicheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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6
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Mohamed W, Domann E, Chakraborty T, Mannala G, Lips KS, Heiss C, Schnettler R, Alt V. TLR9 mediates S. aureus killing inside osteoblasts via induction of oxidative stress. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:230. [PMID: 27716055 PMCID: PMC5048406 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the principle causative pathogen of osteomyelitis and implant-associated bone infections. It is able to invade and to proliferate inside osteoblasts thus avoiding antibiotic therapy and the host immune system. Therefore, development of alternative approaches to stimulate host innate immune responses could be beneficial in prophylaxis against S. aureus infection. TLR9 is the intracellular receptor which recognizes unmethylated bacterial CpG-DNA and activates immune cells. Synthetic CpG-motifs containing oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODNs) mimics the stimulatory effect of bacterial DNA. Results Osteoblast-like SAOS-2 cells were pretreated with CpG-ODN type-A 2216, type-B 2006, or negative CpG-ODN 2243 (negative control) 4 h before infection with S. aureus isolate EDCC 5055 (=DSM 28763). Intracellular bacteria were streaked on BHI plates 4 h and 20 h after infection. ODN2216 as well as ODN2006 but not ODN2243 were able to significantly inhibit the intracellular bacterial growth because about 31 % as well as 43 % of intracellular S. aureus could survive the pretreatment of SAOS-2 cells with ODN2216 or ODN2006 respectively 4 h and 20 h post-infection. RT-PCR analysis of cDNAs from SAOS-2 cells showed that pretreatment with ODN2216 or ODN2006 stimulated the expression of TLR9. Pretreatment of SAOS-2 cells with ODN2216 or ODN2006 but not ODN2243 managed to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production inside osteoblasts as measured by flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, treating SAOS-2 cells with the antioxidant Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) obviously reduced S. aureus killing ability of TLR9 agonists mediated by oxidative stress. Conclusions In this work we demonstrated for the first time that CPG-ODNs have inhibitory effects on S. aureus survival inside SAOS-2 osteoblast-like cell line. This effect was attributed to stimulation of TLR9 and subsequent induction of oxidative stress. Pretreatment of infected SAOS-2 cells with ROS inhibitors resulted in the abolishment of the CPG-ODNs killing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Mohamed
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Eugen Domann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre of Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gopala Mannala
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Heiss
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35385, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Liposome-antigen-nucleic acid complexes protect mice from lethal challenge with western and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. J Virol 2013; 88:1771-80. [PMID: 24257615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02297-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause significant disease in animals and humans. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), two New World alphaviruses, can cause fatal encephalitis, and EEEV is a select agent of concern in biodefense. However, we have no antiviral therapies against alphaviral disease, and current vaccine strategies target only a single alphavirus species. In an effort to develop new tools for a broader response to outbreaks, we designed and tested a novel alphavirus vaccine comprised of cationic lipid nucleic acid complexes (CLNCs) and the ectodomain of WEEV E1 protein (E1ecto). Interestingly, we found that the CLNC component, alone, had therapeutic efficacy, as it increased survival of CD-1 mice following lethal WEEV infection. Immunization with the CLNC-WEEV E1ecto mixture (lipid-antigen-nucleic acid complexes [LANACs]) using a prime-boost regimen provided 100% protection in mice challenged with WEEV subcutaneously, intranasally, or via mosquito. Mice immunized with LANACs mounted a strong humoral immune response but did not produce neutralizing antibodies. Passive transfer of serum from LANAC E1ecto-immunized mice to nonimmune CD-1 mice conferred protection against WEEV challenge, indicating that antibody is sufficient for protection. In addition, the LANAC E1ecto immunization protocol significantly increased survival of mice following intranasal or subcutaneous challenge with EEEV. In summary, our LANAC formulation has therapeutic potential and is an effective vaccine strategy that offers protection against two distinct species of alphavirus irrespective of the route of infection. We discuss plausible mechanisms as well the potential utility of our LANAC formulation as a pan-alphavirus vaccine.
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8
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Enhancement of serum and mucosal immune responses to a Haemophilus influenzae Type B vaccine by intranasal delivery. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1690-6. [PMID: 23986319 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00215-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination is potentially the most direct method for conveying upper respiratory and mucosal immunity to respiratory pathogens. However, for unclear reasons, vaccines introduced into the nasal sinuses often have lower efficacy than vaccines administered by the more frequently used parenteral routes. We examined i.n. vaccination in a mouse immune-response model with a commonly used Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (Hibv) composed of the polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule antigen conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Intranasal vaccination with Hibv using a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist as an adjuvant significantly increased the levels of IgA specific for the PRP capsule antigen in blood serum, saliva, and mucosal secretion specimens. In contrast, control mice vaccinated transdermally (t.d.) with Hibv did not produce significant levels of PRP-specific IgA in the blood serum and saliva, and anti-PRP IgG was increased only in serum. The i.n. and t.d. vaccinations resulted in equivalent bactericidal antibody responses in blood serum, suggesting that vaccine-derived IgG is protective against infection. Elevated levels of IgG specific for the tetanus toxoid carrier protein were measured in nasal sinuses and vaginal secretions in mice vaccinated by either the t.d. or i.n. route. Tissue culture studies confirmed that the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) was at least one of the sources of PRP-specific IgA and carrier-specific IgG within the nasal sinuses. We conclude that i.n. vaccination aided by a TLR4 agonist results in robust immune responses to both the carrier protein and bacterial polysaccharide components of the Hibv.
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9
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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10
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Safari D, Dekker HAT, Rijkers G, Snippe H. Codelivery of adjuvants at the primary immunization site is essential for evoking a robust immune response to neoglycoconjugates. Vaccine 2011; 29:849-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Differential activation and maturation of two porcine DC populations following TLR ligand stimulation. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Sato T, Tross D. CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:248-55. [PMID: 19272313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses. CpG motifs promote the induction of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and support the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells (particularly plasmacytoid dendritic cells). These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG ODN and the immunogen. Co-administering CpG ODN with a variety of vaccines has improved the resultant humoral and/or cellular immune responses, culminating in enhanced protective immunity in rodent and primate challenge models. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODN are safe and well-tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans, and that they can support increased vaccine-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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13
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Abstract
Skin is an ideal tissue for vaccine administration, as it is comprised of immunocompetent cells such as keratinocytes and Langerhans cells and elicits both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we summarize the immune responses induced by topical vaccination of the skin and review the effects of adjuvants on skin vaccination. We also summarize the existing techniques for skin vaccination. New techniques such as the use of lasers to enhance skin permeability are also discussed, as well as the role of the stratum corneum in skin vaccination. A recent study demonstrating enhanced skin vaccination by using surfactants to extract partial lamellar lipids of the stratum corneum will also be introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare Center, Rm 3217A, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA.
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14
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Community-acquired pneumonia: paving the way towards new vaccination concepts. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA 2007. [PMCID: PMC7123104 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7563-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of antimicrobial agents and vaccines, community-acquired pneumonia remains a serious problem. Severe forms tend to occur in very young children and among the elderly, since their immune competence is eroded by immaturity and immune senescence, respectively. The main etiologic agents differ according to patient age and geographic area. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV-3) are the most important pathogens in children, whereas influenza viruses are the leading cause of fatal pneumonia in the elderly. Effective vaccines are available against some of these organisms. However, there are still many agents against which vaccines are not available or the existent ones are suboptimal. To tackle this problem, empiric approaches are now being systematically replaced by rational vaccine design. This is facilitated by the growing knowledge in the fields of immunology, microbial pathogenesis and host response to infection, as well as by the availability of sophisticated strategies for antigen selection, potent immune modulators and efficient antigen delivery systems. Thus, a new generation of vaccines with improved safety and efficacy profiles compared to old and new agents is emerging. In this chapter, an overview is provided about currently available and new vaccination concepts.
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby promoting the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines and the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells. These activities enable CpG ODNs to act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses by 5- to 500-fold. The CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA plasmids may contribute to the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs are safe and well tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans and can improve vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Host defenses against Streptococcus pneumoniae involve opsonophagocytosis mediated by antibodies and complement. Because the pneumococcus is a respiratory pathogen, mucosal immunity may play an important role in the defense against infection. The mechanism for protection in mucosal immunity consists of induction of immunity by the activation of lymphocytes within the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, transport of antigen-specific B and T cells from inductive sites through bloodstream and distribute to distant mucosal effector sites. Secretory IgA is primarily involved in protection of mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization is an effective way of inducing immune responses at mucosal surfaces. Several mucosal vaccines are in various stages of development. A number of mucosal adjuvants have been proposed. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) has been shown to be an effective mucosal adjuvant for various antigens. Mucosal immunity induced by intranasal immunization was studied with a pneumococcal glycoconjugate, using CpG ODN as adjuvant. Mice immunized with type 9V polysaccharide (PS) conjugated to inactivated pneumolysin (Ply) plus CpG produced high levels of 9V PS IgG and IgA antibodies compared to the group that received the conjugate alone. High levels of subclasses of IgGI, IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies were also observed in sera of mice immunized with 9V PS-Ply plus CpG. In addition, high IgG and IgA antibody responses were observed in sera of young mice immunized with 9V PS-Ply plus CpG or the conjugate plus non-CpG compared with the group received the conjugate alone. These results reveal that mucosal immunization with pneumococcal glycoconjugate using CpG as adjuvant can confer protective immunity against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Lee
- Center for Biologics and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Ozaki T, Yauchi M, Xin KQ, Hirahara F, Okuda K. Cross-Reactive Protection Against Influenza A Virus by a Topically Applied DNA Vaccine Encoding M Gene With Adjuvant. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:373-80. [PMID: 16035949 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. In this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a DNA vaccine encoding influenza M protein with adjuvant. The immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus A: A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Udorn/72 (H3N2). This adjuvanated and topically applied DNA vaccine efficiently induced cytotoxic as well as humoral immune response and provide cross-reactive protection against several strains of influenza A virus. For better protection against virus infection, it will be necessary to select and combine the DNA vaccine with an appropriate adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ozaki
- Department of Bacteriology Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby promoting the production of T helper 1 (Th1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells. These activities enable CpG ODNs to act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses by 5-500-fold. These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG DNA and the immunogen. Animal challenge models establish that protective immunity can be accelerated and magnified by coadministering CpG DNA with vaccines. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs are safe and well tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans, and in some cases, they increase vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Section of Retroviral Immunology, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Maitta RW, Datta K, Lees A, Belouski SS, Pirofski LA. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan peptide mimotope-protein conjugates in human immunoglobulin transgenic mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:196-208. [PMID: 14688097 PMCID: PMC343982 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.196-208.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide mimotopes of capsular polysaccharides have been proposed as antigens for vaccines against encapsulated pathogens. In this study, we determined the antibody response to and efficacy of P13, a peptide mimetic of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), in mice that produce human antibodies. P13 was conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT) and administered subcutaneously in Alhydrogel with or without CpG to mice transgenic for human immunoglobulin loci (XenoMouse mice) and expressing either immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) (G2 mice) or IgG4 (G4 mice). Mice were vaccinated and revaccinated two or three times. The serum antibody responses of the mice to GXM and P13 and antibody idiotype expression were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that both P13-TT and P13-DT were antigenic, inducing a mimetic response to P13 in both G2 and G4 mice, and immunogenic, inducing a mimotope response including VH3 (idiotype)-positive antibodies to GXM in G2 but not G4 mice. CpG led to higher titers of IgG to P13 and GXM in P13-TT-vaccinated G2 mice. C. neoformans challenge of P13-protein conjugate-vaccinated and control G2 mice induced anamnestic IgG- and VH3-positive responses to GXM and was associated with a significantly decreased risk of death and a prolongation of survival in P13-DT-vaccinated mice compared to phosphate-buffered saline-treated or protein carrier-vaccinated mice. These findings reveal that P13 elicited a human antibody response with VH3 expression in human immunoglobulin transgenic mice that has been observed for human antibodies to GXM and support the concept that peptide mimotope-based vaccines may hold promise for the treatment of C. neoformans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Maitta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Hsieh YC, Liang SM, Tsai WL, Chen YH, Liu TY, Liang CM. Study of capsular polysaccharide from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3329-36. [PMID: 12761115 PMCID: PMC155742 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.6.3329-3336.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of food poisoning in both Taiwan and Japan is Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, whose mechanism of enteropathogenesis is still unclear. To evaluate whether surface components are responsible for the intestinal adhesion of V. parahaemolyticus, we have developed a novel method for isolating the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from V. parahaemolyticus (serotype O4:K8). We found that culturing of V. parahaemolyticus in broth for 1 week or more changed the colony form of the bacteria on an agar plate from opaque to translucent. The translucent colonies of V. parahaemolyticus contained little CPS and exhibited a much lower level of adherence to epithelial cells (Int-407) than the opaque colonies of the bacteria. Incubation of V. parahaemolyticus in medium supplemented with bile increased the levels of CPS and adherence. Treatment of V. parahaemolyticus with anti-CPS but not anti-LPS serum decreased the level of bacterial adherence. In addition, purified CPS bound to epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Intranasal administration of CPS to mice in the presence of adjuvants such as immunostimulatory sequence oligodeoxynucleotides or cholera toxin elicited CPS-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. These results indicate that CPS plays an important role in the adherence of V. parahaemolyticus to its target cells and may be considered a potential target for the development of a vaccine against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Hsieh
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
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Fattorini L, Creti R, Nisini R, Pietrobono R, Fan Y, Stringaro A, Arancia G, Serlupi-Crescenzi O, Iona E, Orefici G. Recombinant GroES in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides protects mice against Mycobacterium avium infection. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51:1071-1079. [PMID: 12466405 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-12-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The groES gene of Mycobacterium avium strain 485 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant GroES protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The GroES preparation showed high purity by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Immuno-electron microscopy showed that GroES was located both in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the mycobacterial cells and thus is readily available to interact with the host immune system. BALB/c mice were immunised intranasally with recombinant GroES, alone or in combination with a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motifs, and tested for protection against infection with M. avium. Neither GroES nor CpG alone provided any protection against subsequent challenge with M. avium, whereas a combination of the two significantly protected the lungs and spleen against colonisation by M. avium after intranasal challenge with a low dose of the organism. This indicates that intranasal administration of GroES and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides increases the resistance of BALB/c mice to M. avium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Annarita Stringaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology and *Laboratory of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arancia
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology and *Laboratory of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Panilaitis B, Johri A, Blank W, Kaplan D, Fuhrman J. Adjuvant activity of emulsan, a secreted lipopolysaccharide from acinetobacter calcoaceticus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1240-7. [PMID: 12414756 PMCID: PMC130088 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1240-1247.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several promising adjuvant candidates have been studied over the past 75 years; however, only alum is currently approved for human use. The complex acylated polysaccharide emulsan, secreted from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, represents a new candidate. Unique features of this family of polymers are their amenability to structural tailoring and their emulsification behavior. We demonstrate that emulsan activates macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This activation is dependent on the presence of the fatty acid side chains that decorate the polysaccharide backbone, and, furthermore, the level of activation can be affected by changes in the chemical characteristics of emulsan structural variants. One emulsan variant was examined in a classical hapten carrier immunization protocol and demonstrated significant adjuvant activity as determined by hapten-specific antibody titers. This immune response was characterized by a high immunoglobulin G2a titer, consistent with a Th1 response. The significant immunopotentiation demonstrated by this complex polymer establishes emulsan as an exciting new candidate adjuvant. Furthermore, by manipulating the chemical structure of this compound, we can explore the physical basis of pattern recognition receptors and macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Panilaitis
- Department of Biology,Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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Kojima Y, Xin KQ, Ooki T, Hamajima K, Oikawa T, Shinoda K, Ozaki T, Hoshino Y, Jounai N, Nakazawa M, Klinman D, Okuda K. Adjuvant effect of multi-CpG motifs on an HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2002; 20:2857-65. [PMID: 12126895 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger an immune response characterized by the activation of B cells, NK cells and monocytes/macrophages. Based on evidence that the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be augmented by the addition of CpG motifs, 5-20 additional CpG motifs were cloned into a pUC-derived plasmid. Treating bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) with CpG-enriched plasmids in vitro boosted their expressions of MHC class II molecules, the CD40 and CD86 activation markers. Co-administering the CpG-enriched plasmids with a DNA vaccine encoding the envelope glycoprotein of HIV to BALB/c mice significantly increased HIV-specific cell mediated and humoral immunity. A significant boost was observed when the CpG plasmid was administered either 2 or 4 days after DNA vaccination. Plasmids containing 20 CpG copies were the most effective immune enhancers both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that plasmids containing multiple CpG motifs may improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kojima
- Department of Bacteriology, University School of Medicine, Yokohama City, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Mariotti S, Teloni R, von Hunolstein C, Romagnoli G, Orefici G, Nisini R. Immunogenicity of anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b CRM197 conjugate following mucosal vaccination with oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory sequences as adjuvant. Vaccine 2002; 20:2229-39. [PMID: 12009277 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines are delivered by injection. Mucosal vaccination would increase compliance and decrease the risk of spread of infectious diseases due to a reduction of mucosal colonization and of contaminated syringes. However, most vaccines are unable to induce immune responses when administered mucosally, and require the use of strong adjuvant or effective delivery systems. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) have been shown to act as potent adjuvants of type-1 immune responses also when mucosally co-administered with protein or peptide vaccines. We have shown that ISS can increase the anti-polysaccharide polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) antibody titres and anti-diphtheria toxin neutralizing antibody, if used as adjuvant of anti-Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) PRP vaccine conjugated with cross-reacting material (CRM) of diphtheria toxin in mice. Here, we show that ISS have the potential to increase host local and systemic antibody response against both the PRP and the protein component of a conjugated vaccine when mucosally administered in mice. Mucosal administration of Hib-CRM vaccine induced anti-PRP and neutralizing anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies of all the IgG subclasses, with a predominance of type-1 immune response-associated IgG2a and IgG3. At odds with systemic administration, the mucosal delivery of Hib-CRM induced anti-PRP and anti-diphtheria toxin mucosal IgA. These data envisage the feasibility of a mucosal vaccination with an already licensed Hib-CRM vaccine to achieve both an anti-H. influenzae and -diphtheria effective protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Mariotti
- Laboratorio di Batteriologia e Micologia Medica, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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