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Man S, Redman JE, Cross DL, Cole DK, Can I, Davies B, Hashimdeen SS, Reid R, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Miners KL, Ladell K, Lissina A, Brown PE, Wooldridge L, Price DA, Rizkallah PJ. Synthetic Peptides with Inadvertent Chemical Modifications Can Activate Potentially Autoreactive T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:1009-1017. [PMID: 34321228 PMCID: PMC7615501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human CD8+ T cell clone 6C5 has previously been shown to recognize the tert-butyl-modified Bax161-170 peptide LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT presented by HLA-A*02:01. This nonnatural epitope was likely created as a by-product of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protecting group peptide synthesis and bound poorly to HLA-A*02:01. In this study, we used a systematic approach to identify and characterize natural ligands for the 6C5 TCR. Functional analyses revealed that 6C5 T cells only recognized the LLSYFGTPT peptide when tBu was added to the tyrosine residue and did not recognize the LLSYFGTPT peptide modified with larger (di-tBu) or smaller chemical groups (Me). Combinatorial peptide library screening further showed that 6C5 T cells recognized a series of self-derived peptides with dissimilar amino acid sequences to LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT. Structural studies of LLSY(3-tBu)FGTPT and two other activating nonamers (IIGWMWIPV and LLGWVFAQV) in complex with HLA-A*02:01 demonstrated similar overall peptide conformations and highlighted the importance of the position (P) 4 residue for T cell recognition, particularly the capacity of the bulky amino acid tryptophan to substitute for the tBu-modified tyrosine residue in conjunction with other changes at P5 and P6. Collectively, these results indicated that chemical modifications directly altered the immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide via molecular mimicry, leading to the inadvertent activation of a T cell clone with unexpected and potentially autoreactive specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Man
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - James E Redman
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L Cross
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Can
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shaikh Shimaz Hashimdeen
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Reiss Reid
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anya Lissina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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2
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Ihantola EL, Ilmonen H, Kailaanmäki A, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Azam A, Maillère B, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Motwani K, Seay HR, Brusko TM, Knip M, Veijola R, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Kinnunen T. Characterization of Proinsulin T Cell Epitopes Restricted by Type 1 Diabetes-Associated HLA Class II Molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2349-2359. [PMID: 32229538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing β cells within the pancreas are destroyed. Identification of target Ags and epitopes of the β cell-reactive T cells is important both for understanding T1D pathogenesis and for the rational development of Ag-specific immunotherapies for the disease. Several studies suggest that proinsulin is an early and integral target autoantigen in T1D. However, proinsulin epitopes recognized by human CD4+ T cells have not been comprehensively characterized. Using a dye dilution-based T cell cloning method, we generated and characterized 24 unique proinsulin-specific CD4+ T cell clones from the peripheral blood of 17 individuals who carry the high-risk DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 HLA class II haplotypes. Some of the clones recognized previously reported DR4-restricted epitopes within the C-peptide (C25-35) or A-chain (A1-15) of proinsulin. However, we also characterized DR3-restricted epitopes within both the B-chain (B16-27 and B22-C3) and C-peptide (C25-35). Moreover, we identified DQ2-restricted epitopes within the B-chain and several DQ2- or DQ8-restricted epitopes within the C-terminal region of C-peptide that partially overlap with previously reported DQ-restricted epitopes. Two of the DQ2-restricted epitopes, B18-26 and C22-33, were shown to be naturally processed from whole human proinsulin. Finally, we observed a higher frequency of CDR3 sequences matching the TCR sequences of the proinsulin-specific T cell clones in pancreatic lymph node samples compared with spleen samples. In conclusion, we confirmed several previously reported epitopes but also identified novel (to our knowledge) epitopes within proinsulin, which are presented by HLA class II molecules associated with T1D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi-Leena Ihantola
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Ilmonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Kailaanmäki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Rytkönen-Nissinen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aurélien Azam
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Bernard Maillère
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Keshav Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Howard R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mikael Knip
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.,Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland; and
| | - Tuure Kinnunen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland; .,Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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3
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Reid RA, Redman JE, Rizkallah P, Fegan C, Pepper C, Man S. CD8 + T-cell recognition of a synthetic epitope formed by t-butyl modification. Immunology 2014; 144:495-505. [PMID: 25284607 PMCID: PMC4557686 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We set out to clone Bax-specific CD8+ T-cells from peripheral blood samples of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. A number of clones were generated using a Bax peptide pool and their T-cell epitope was mapped to two peptides sharing a common 9-aa sequence (LLSYFGTPT), restricted by HLA-A*0201. However, when these T-cell clones were tested against highly purified syntheses (>95%) of the same peptide sequence, there was no functional response. Subsequent mass spectrometric analysis and HPLC fractionation suggested that the active component in the original crude peptide preparations (77% pure) was a peptide with a tert-butyl (tBu) modification of the tyrosine residue. This was confirmed by modification of the inactive wild type (wt) sequence to generate functionally active peptides. Computer modeling of peptide:HLA-A*0201 structures predicted that the tBu modification would not affect interactions between peptide residues and the HLA binding site. However these models did predict that the tBu modification of tyrosine would result in an extension of the side chain out of the peptide-binding groove up towards the TCR. This modified product formed <1% of the original P603 crude peptide preparation and <0.05% of the original 23 peptide mixture used for T-cell stimulation. The data presented here, illustrates the potential for chemical modifications to change the immunogenicity of synthetic peptides, and highlights the exquisite capacity of TCR to discriminate between structurally similar peptide sequences. Furthermore this study highlights potential pitfalls associated with the use of synthetic peptides for the monitoring and modulating of human immune responses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiss A Reid
- School of Medicine, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | | | - Pierre Rizkallah
- School of Medicine, Institute of Infection & Immunity, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - Chris Fegan
- School of Medicine, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - Chris Pepper
- School of Medicine, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Man
- School of Medicine, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK
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4
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Necula A, Chand R, Albatat B, Mannering SI. Extraction of tissue antigens for functional assays. J Vis Exp 2012:4230. [PMID: 22986305 DOI: 10.3791/4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the antigen targets of adaptive immune response, recognized by B and T cells, have not been defined (1). This is particularly true in autoimmune diseases and cancer(2). Our aim is to investigate the antigens recognized by human T cells in the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes (1,3,4,5). To analyze human T-cell responses against tissue where the antigens recognized by T cells are not identified we developed a method to extract protein antigens from human tissue in a format that is compatible with functional assays (6). Previously, T-cell responses to unpurified tissue extracts could not be measured because the extraction methods yield a lysate that contained detergents that were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Here we describe a protocol for extracting proteins from human tissues in a format that is not toxic to human T cells. The tissue is homogenized in a mixture of butan-1-ol, acetonitrile and water (BAW). The protein concentration in the tissue extract is measured and a known mass of protein is aliquoted into tubes. After extraction, the organic solvents are removed by lyophilization. Lyophilized tissue extracts can be stored until required. For use in assays of immune function, a suspension of immune cells, in appropriate culture media, can be added directly to the lyophilized extract. Cytokine production and proliferation by PBMC, in response to extracts prepared using this method, were readily measured. Hence, our method allows the rapid preparation of human tissue lysates that can be used as a source of antigens in the analysis of T-cell responses. We suggest that this method will facilitate the analysis of adaptive immune responses to tissues in transplantation, cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Necula
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research
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5
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Brezar V, Culina S, Østerbye T, Guillonneau F, Chiappetta G, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Wong FS, Buus S, Mallone R. T cells recognizing a peptide contaminant undetectable by mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28866. [PMID: 22194932 PMCID: PMC3237501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic peptides are widely used in immunological research as epitopes to stimulate their cognate T cells. These preparations are never completely pure, but trace contaminants are commonly revealed by mass spectrometry quality controls. In an effort to characterize novel major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I-restricted β-cell epitopes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, we identified islet-infiltrating CD8+ T cells recognizing a contaminating peptide. The amount of this contaminant was so small to be undetectable by direct mass spectrometry. Only after concentration by liquid chromatography, we observed a mass peak corresponding to an immunodominant islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214 epitope described in the literature. Generation of CD8+ T-cell clones recognizing IGRP206-214 using a novel method confirmed the identity of the contaminant, further underlining the immunodominance of IGRP206-214. If left undetected, minute impurities in synthetic peptide preparations may thus give spurious results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Slobodan Culina
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Østerbye
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - François Guillonneau
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 3P5 Proteomics Facility, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris, USR 3149 CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin et Hôtel Dieu, Service de Diabétologie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Ciantar JP, Mannering SI. An improved method for growing and analysing human antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell clones. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:906-12. [PMID: 22069283 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell clones are valuable tools for investigating T-cell specificity in type 1 diabetes. Efficient methods for isolating T-cell clones have been developed, but growing enough cells to undertake a detailed analysis remains a challenge. METHODS We optimized the conditions for isolating and growing antigen-specific human CD4+ effector T-cell clones. T-cell clones were isolated by FACS sorting antigen-responsive cells identified by carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution. The cloning efficiency was compared between T cells cloned in the presence of 21 different combinations of cytokines. Following cloning, the growth of cloned T cells in the presence of seven different combinations of cytokines was compared. Finally, we sought a quicker and more sensitive assay to measure cloned T cells' responses to antigen. RESULTS IL-2+IL-4 were optimal for cloning antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Following cloning, the most antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell clones grew in the presence of IL-15+IL-21. Antigen recognition by T cells cloned and grown under these conditions was readily detected by the increase in the expression of CD25. Induction of CD25 was a more sensitive measure of antigen recognition than 3H-thymidine incorporation assays. These findings were confirmed with two proinsulin-specific CD4+ T-cell clones isolated from an individual with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION The optimal cytokines for isolating, and growing, proinsulin-specific human, CD4+ T-cell clones are IL-2+IL-4 and IL-15+IL-21, respectively. Antigen recognition, by clones isolated and grown under these conditions is best detected by the induction of CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Ciantar
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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7
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Mallone R, Mannering SI, Brooks-Worrell BM, Durinovic-Belló I, Cilio CM, Wong FS, Schloot NC. Isolation and preservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for analysis of islet antigen-reactive T cell responses: position statement of the T-Cell Workshop Committee of the Immunology of Diabetes Society. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:33-49. [PMID: 20939860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune T cell responses directed against insulin-producing β cells are central to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Detection of such responses is therefore critical to provide novel biomarkers for T1D 'immune staging' and to understand the mechanisms underlying the disease. While different T cell assays are being developed for these purposes, it is important to optimize and standardize methods for processing human blood samples for these assays. To this end, we review data relevant to critical parameters in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation, (cryo)preservation, distribution and usage for detecting antigen-specific T cell responses. Based on these data, we propose recommendations on processing blood samples for T cell assays and identify gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. These recommendations may be relevant not only for the analysis of T cell responses in autoimmune disease, but also in cancer and infectious disease, particularly in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mallone
- INSERM U986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, 82 avenue Denfert Rochereau, Paris cedex 14, France.
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8
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Mannering SI, Wong FS, Durinovic-Belló I, Brooks-Worrell B, Tree TI, Cilio CM, Schloot NC, Mallone R. Current approaches to measuring human islet-antigen specific T cell function in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:197-209. [PMID: 20846160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the T cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. Currently there are no widely accepted and standardized assays available to analyse the function of autoreactive T cells involved in T1D. The development of such an assay would greatly aid efforts to understand the pathogenesis of T1D and is also urgently required to guide the development of antigen-based therapies intended to prevent, or cure, T1D. Here we describe some of the assays used currently to detect autoreactive T cells in human blood and review critically their strengths and weaknesses. The challenges and future prospects for the T cell assays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Mannering
- St Vincent's Institute, The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.
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9
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Moon HC, Joffe M, Thomas HE, Kay TW, Mannering SI. A method for extracting tissue proteins for use in lymphocyte function assays. J Immunol Methods 2010; 359:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Mannering SI, Brodnicki TC. Recent insights into CD4+ T-cell specificity and function in type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 3:557-64. [PMID: 20477160 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.4.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by T-cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas. Genetic and immunological evidence from humans and mouse models indicates that CD4(+) T cells play a crucial role in the development and prevention of T1D. The dichotomy between CD4(+) T regulatory and effector T cells has encouraged research into the role of these cell subsets in T1D. New antigens and epitopes recognized by CD4(+) T cells in affected individuals have been identified. Growing knowledge of T-cell specificity and function is helping to develop new assays for analyzing islet antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells from human blood. Here we discuss, with particular reference to human studies, advances in our understanding of CD4(+) T-cell responses in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Autoimmunity & Transplantation Division, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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11
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Peptide impurities in commercial synthetic peptides and their implications for vaccine trial assessment. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 15:267-76. [PMID: 18077621 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00284-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of T-cell assay methodologies that are amenable to high throughput coupled with the availability of large libraries of overlapping peptides have revolutionized the fields of vaccine efficacy testing and cellular immune response assessment. Since T-cell assay performance is critically dependent upon the quality and specificity of the stimulating peptides, assurance of high-quality and reliable input peptides is an important aspect of assay validation. Herein, we demonstrate that individual peptides from large human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based peptide library sets obtained directly from two independent custom peptide suppliers contained contaminating peptides capable of giving false-positive results, which were consistent with nominal antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In-depth investigation of the cellular response in terms of responding CD8+ T-cell frequency and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction led to the conclusion that one set of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-derived peptides was contaminated with a peptide from human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is commonly used in cellular immunology research applications. Analytical characterization of the original stock of the suspect HIV-1 peptide confirmed the presence of approximately 1% by weight of the HCMV peptide. These observations have critical implications for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) of peptides used in clinical trials where cellular immune-based assays are important end-point determinants. We propose a simple schema of biological QA/QC protocols to augment the standard biochemical QA/QC analyses as a means to circumvent this and other problems that can affect cellular immune-based assay outcome and interpretation.
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12
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Dudek NL, Maier S, Chen ZJ, Mudd PA, Mannering SI, Jackson DC, Zeng W, Keech CL, Hamlin K, Pan ZJ, Davis-Schwarz K, Workman-Azbill J, Bachmann M, McCluskey J, Farris AD. T cell epitopes of the La/SSB autoantigen in humanized transgenic mice expressing the HLA class II haplotype DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2007; 56:3387-98. [PMID: 17907193 DOI: 10.1002/art.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cells are implicated in the production of anti-La/SSB and anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies commonly associated with the DR3/DQ2 haplotype in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. This study was undertaken to investigate the DR3/DQ2-restricted T cell response to wild-type human La (hLa) and a truncated form of mutant La. METHODS Humanized transgenic mice expressing HLA-DRB1*0301/DQB1*0201 (DR3/DQ2) were immunized with recombinant antigen and examined for development of autoantibodies and T cell proliferation against overlapping peptides spanning the La autoantigen. HLA restriction and peptide binding of identified T cell epitopes to DR3 or DQ2 were determined using blocking monoclonal antibodies and a direct binding assay. RESULTS DR3/DQ2-transgenic mice generated an unusually rapid class-switched humoral response to hLa with characteristic spreading to Ro 52 and Ro 60 proteins following hLa protein immunization. Seven T cell determinants in hLa were restricted to the HLA-DR3/DQ2 haplotype. Six epitopes tested were restricted to HLA-DR and bound DR3 with semiconserved DR3 binding motifs. No DQ restriction of these epitopes was demonstrable despite efficient DQ binding activity in some cases. No neo-T cell epitopes were identified in mutant La; however, T cells primed with mutant La exhibited a striking increase in proliferation to the epitope hLa(151-168) compared with T cells primed with hLa. CONCLUSION Multiple DR3-restricted epitopes of hLa have been identified. These findings suggest that truncation of La produced by somatic mutation or possibly granzyme B-mediated cleavage alters the immunodominance hierarchy of T cell responsiveness to hLa and may be a factor in the initiation or maintenance of anti-La autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine L Dudek
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Henderson KN, Tye-Din JA, Reid HH, Chen Z, Borg NA, Beissbarth T, Tatham A, Mannering SI, Purcell AW, Dudek NL, van Heel DA, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Anderson RP. A structural and immunological basis for the role of human leukocyte antigen DQ8 in celiac disease. Immunity 2007; 27:23-34. [PMID: 17629515 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of celiac disease is strongly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and to a lesser extent with HLA DQ8. Although the pathogenesis of HLA-DQ2-mediated celiac disease is established, the underlying basis for HLA-DQ8-mediated celiac disease remains unclear. We showed that T helper 1 (Th1) responses in HLA-DQ8-associated celiac pathology were indeed HLA DQ8 restricted and that multiple, mostly deamidated peptides derived from protease-sensitive sites of gliadin were recognized. This pattern of reactivity contrasted with the more absolute deamidation dependence and relative protease resistance of the dominant gliadin peptide in DQ2-mediated disease. We provided a structural basis for the selection of HLA-DQ8-restricted, deamidated gliadin peptides. The data established that the molecular mechanisms underlying HLA-DQ8-mediated celiac disease differed markedly from the HLA-DQ2-mediated form of the disease. Accordingly, nondietary therapeutic interventions in celiac disease might need to be tailored to the genotype of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate N Henderson
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Mannering SI, Dromey JA, Morris JS, Thearle DJ, Jensen KP, Harrison LC. An efficient method for cloning human autoantigen-specific T cells. J Immunol Methods 2005; 298:83-92. [PMID: 15847799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
T-cell clones are valuable tools for investigating T-cell specificity in infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases. T cells specific for clinically-relevant autoantigens are difficult to clone using traditional methods. Here we describe an efficient method for cloning human autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells pre-labelled with CFSE. Proliferating, antigen-responsive CD4+ cells were identified flow cytometrically by their reduction in CFSE staining and single cells were sorted into separate wells. The conditions (cytokines, mitogens and tissue culture plates) for raising T-cell clones were optimised. Media supplemented with IL-2+IL-4 supported growth of the largest number of antigen-specific clones. Three mitogens, PHA, anti-CD3 and anti-CD3+anti-CD28, each stimulated the growth of similar numbers of antigen-specific clones. Cloning efficiency was similar in flat- and round-bottom plates. Based on these findings, IL-2+IL-4, anti-CD3 and round-bottom plates were used to clone FACS-sorted autoantigen-specific CFSE-labelled CD4+ T cells. Sixty proinsulin- and 47 glutamic acid decarboxylase-specific clones were obtained from six and two donors, respectively. In conclusion, the CFSE-based method is ideal for cloning rare, autoantigen-specific, human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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Abstract
Therapeutic immunisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals should be actively pursued in the first instance to augment highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens. Peptide-based immunotherapeutic strategies offer considerable advantages over conventional approaches, particularly regarding safety. Peptide design itself is becoming increasingly sophisticated, with the rapid evolution of bioinformatics tools that can analyse not only T cell epitopes, but also their potential for successful presentation on diverse human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I or II following intracellular processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). By targeting conserved viral domains, peptides acquire improved reactivity to diverse viral strains. Dendritic cells represent a powerful route of administration, as they are the most potent APCs and can present exogenous peptides on both HLA class I and II through the process of cross-presentation. In this way, soluble peptides can thereby stimulate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A Sommerfelt
- Bionor Immuno AS, Strømdaljordet 4, PO Box 1823 Gulset, NO-3703 Skien, Norway.
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