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Mackay IM, Arden KE. Mayaro virus: a forest virus primed for a trip to the city? Microbes Infect 2016; 18:724-734. [PMID: 27989728 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus). Infection by MAYV can produce Mayaro virus disease (MAYVD) which is usually a clinically diagnosed, acute, febrile illness associated with prolonged and painful joint inflammation and swelling. MAYVD may be clinically indistinguishable from dengue, chikungunya fever, malaria, rabies, measles or other arboviral diseases. The full spectrum of disease, sequelae, routes of infection, virus shedding and any rarer means of transmission remain undefined. MAYVD cases in humans have so far been localised to Central and South America, particularly regions in and around the Amazon basin. MAYV usually circulates in a sylvan cycle of forest mosquitoes and vertebrates, however it has also been found in more urban locations alongside anthropophilic (preferring humans) insect vectors. If transmission via anthropophilic mosquitoes becomes more efficient following viral change, or existing vectors change their habitat and biting habits, the risk of urban establishment and further spread into non-forested areas will grow. Surveillance, testing and vector control remain key to monitoring and preventing global spread and establishment. The possibility of MAYV becoming further urbanized is worthy of note, consideration and action to ensure MAYV does not spread beyond the forests and establish in the world's cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Mackay
- Department of Health, Public and Environmental Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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Mota MTDO, Ribeiro MR, Vedovello D, Nogueira ML. Mayaro virus: a neglected arbovirus of the Americas. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro virus is a neglected tropical arbovirus that causes a mild, self-limited febrile syndrome, sometimes accompanied by a highly incapacitating arthralgia. First isolated in Trinidad and Tobago in 1954, it was reported in several countries within the tropical regions of South and Central America. Human infections are accidental spillover of the enzootic cycle. Little epidemiological data are available due to inadequate surveillance and the generic nature of clinical manifestations resulting in the misdiagnosis with other viral fevers. Despite its restricted distribution, Mayaro fever may become a public health issue due to their urbanization potential. Accurate epidemiological data are urgently needed to access the real distribution of this virus guiding public health policies better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mânlio Tasso de Oliveira Mota
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Milene Rocha Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Danila Vedovello
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP),5416 Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, 15090-000
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Couderc T, Khandoudi N, Grandadam M, Visse C, Gangneux N, Bagot S, Prost JF, Lecuit M. Prophylaxis and therapy for Chikungunya virus infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:516-23. [PMID: 19572805 PMCID: PMC7109959 DOI: 10.1086/600381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a recently reemerged arbovirus responsible for a massive outbreak of infection in the Indian Ocean region and India that has a very significant potential to spread globally because of the worldwide distribution of its mosquito vectors. CHIKV induces a usually self-limited disease in humans that is characterized by fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and rash; however, cases of severe CHIKV infection have recently been described, particularly in adults with underlying condition and neonates born to viremic mothers. METHODS Human polyvalent immunoglobulins were purified from plasma samples obtained from donors in the convalescent phase of CHIKV infection, and the preventive and curative effects of these immunoglobulins were investigated in 2 mouse models of CHIKV infection that we developed. RESULTS CHIKV immunoglobulins contain anti-CHIKV antibodies and exhibit a high in vitro neutralizing activity and a powerful prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against CHIKV infection in vivo, including in the neonate. CONCLUSIONS Administration of CHIKV immunoglobulins may constitute a safe and efficacious prevention strategy and treatment for individuals exposed to CHIKV who are at risk of severe infection, such as neonates born to viremic mothers and adults with underlying conditions. These results provide a proof-of-concept for purifying human immunoglobulins from plasma samples from patients in the convalescent phase of an emerging infectious disease for which neither prevention nor treatment is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Couderc
- Groupe Microorganismes et Barrières de l’Hôte and
- Inserm, Avenir U604, and
| | - Nassirah Khandoudi
- Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies, Les Ulis, and
| | - Marc Grandadam
- Unité Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Centre National de Référence des Arbovirus, Institut Pasteur
- Service de Santé des Armées, Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Médecine Tropicale, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Visse
- Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies, Les Ulis, and
| | - Nicolas Gangneux
- Groupe Microorganismes et Barrières de l’Hôte and
- Inserm, Avenir U604, and
| | - Sébastien Bagot
- Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies, Les Ulis, and
| | - Jean-François Prost
- Laboratoire Français du Fractionnement et des Biotechnologies, Les Ulis, and
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Groupe Microorganismes et Barrières de l’Hôte and
- Inserm, Avenir U604, and
- Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d’Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
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O'Brien L, Perkins S, Williams A, Eastaugh L, Phelps A, Wu J, Phillpotts R. Alpha interferon as an adenovirus-vectored vaccine adjuvant and antiviral in Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:874-882. [PMID: 19264673 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no widely available vaccines or antiviral drugs capable of protecting against infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), although an adenovirus vector expressing VEEV structural proteins protects mice from challenge with VEEV and is potentially a vaccine suitable for human use. This work examines whether alpha interferon (IFN-α) could act as an adjuvant for the adenovirus-based vaccine. IFN-α was either expressed by a plasmid linked to the adenovirus vaccine or encoded by a separate adenovirus vector administered as a mixture with the vaccine. In contrast to previous reports with other vaccines, the presence of IFN-α reduced the antibody response to VEEV. When IFN-α was encoded by adenovirus, the lack of a VEEV-specific response was accompanied by an increase in the immune response to the adenovirus vector. IFN-α also plays a direct role in defence against virus infection, inducing the expression of a large number of antiviral proteins. Adenovirus-delivered IFN-α protected mice from VEEV disease when administered 24 h prior to challenge, but not when administered 6 h post-challenge, suggesting that up to 24 h is required for the development of the IFN-mediated antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn O'Brien
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Stuart Perkins
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Amanda Williams
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Lin Eastaugh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Amanda Phelps
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Josh Wu
- Biotechnology Section, Defence Research and Development Canada – Suffield, Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Robert Phillpotts
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
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Elvin SJ, Bennett AM, Phillpotts RJ. Role for mucosal immune responses and cell-mediated immune functions in protection from airborne challenge with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Virol 2002; 67:384-93. [PMID: 12116032 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) replicates in lymphoid tissues following peripheral inoculation and a high titre viraemia develops. Encephalitis develops after the virus enters the central nervous system from the blood, with the earliest neuronal involvement being via the olfactory nerve. Following aerosol challenge with virulent VEEV, the virus is thought to replicate in the nasal mucosa and there could be direct entry into the olfactory nerve via infected neuroepithelial cells. Protection from VEEV infection is believed to be primarily mediated by virus specific antibody. The correlation between protection and neutralising serum antibody titres is, however, inconsistent when the virulent virus is administered by the airborne route. This study demonstrates a link between antibody in serum and the nasal mucosa and protection by means of passive immunisation studies. Intra-nasal administration of antibody increased protection against airborne virus in Balb/c mice. Vaccination of mu MT strain mice that do not have functional B cells and cannot produce antibody revealed normal proliferation of spleen cells in vitro and robust cytokine production. Aerosol challenge of mu MT mice demonstrated that complete protection was only achieved when passive immunisation with antibody was supplemented with active immunisation with the TC-83 vaccine strain of the virus. This implies that cell-mediated immune functions are required for protection against airborne challenge with virulent VEEV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Cell Line
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Passive
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Elvin
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratories, Chemical and Biological Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
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Bronze MS, Huycke MM, Machado LJ, Voskuhl GW, Greenfield RA. Viral agents as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism. Am J Med Sci 2002; 323:316-25. [PMID: 12074486 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-200206000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple viral agents have been classified by the CDC as potential weapons of mass destruction or agents for biologic terrorism. Agents such as smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fever viruses, agents of viral encephalitis, and others are of concern because they are highly infectious and relatively easy to produce. Although dispersion might be difficult, the risk is magnified by the fact that large populations are susceptible to these agents and only limited treatment and vaccination strategies exist. Although the risk of large-scale bioterrorism using viral agents is small, public health programs and health care providers must be prepared for this potentially devastating impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA.
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Phillpotts RJ, Jones LD, Howard SC. Monoclonal antibody protects mice against infection and disease when given either before or up to 24 h after airborne challenge with virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Vaccine 2002; 20:1497-504. [PMID: 11858855 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a significant hazard for laboratory workers, who may not be immunised against VEEV infection as there is no vaccine currently available suitable for human use. We describe a potential alternative strategy that could protect workers exposed to VEEV or similar viruses. VEEV-specific murine monoclonal antibodies (MAB), given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to mice as a single dose of 100 microg, have a half-life of 6-10 days in serum and spread by transudation to respiratory secretions. Administration of MAB (approximately 4 mg/kg) to mice 24h before challenge with approximately 100LD50 of virulent VEEV protected up to 100% animals. The same dose of MAB delivered up to 24h after challenge protected approximately 50%. Two MAB that were synergistic in vitro in plaque reduction neutralisation tests were not synergistic in vivo in protection assays. An examination of virus multiplication, in the blood and internal organs (brain, spleen, lung) of MAB-treated mice infected by the airborne route with VEEV, suggested that therapeutic activity depended both upon the prevention of virus infection of the brain, and the rapid clearance of virus from the periphery. Antiviral therapy with VEEV-specific human or "humanised" MAB, providing that they are administered early, may offer an alternative means of specific medical intervention for those with a known exposure to VEEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/pathogenicity
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Humans
- Medical Laboratory Personnel
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Occupational Diseases/immunology
- Occupational Diseases/prevention & control
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Phillpotts
- Dstl, Medical Sciences Department, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
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Bennett AM, Elvin SJ, Wright AJ, Jones SM, Phillpotts RJ. An immunological profile of Balb/c mice protected from airborne challenge following vaccination with a live attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine. Vaccine 2000; 19:337-47. [PMID: 10930689 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The live attenuated vaccine strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), TC-83, protects mice against challenge (subcutaneous and aerosol) with virulent VEEV but is not suitable for widescale human use. Elucidation of the immune response profile of protected mice should assist in the development of an improved vaccine. We determined the optimum dose of TC-83 required to consistently protect Balb/c mice from airborne challenge with the virulent Trinidad Donkey strain of VEEV and studied the development of humoral and cellular immune responses in protected mice between 6 h and 21 days post-vaccination. The most dramatic immune responses occurred in draining lymph nodes 24 h following vaccination with increased levels of activated B cells and T cells of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subtypes. Activated monocyte/macrophages and natural killer cells were also seen between 6 h and 7 days post-vaccination. Serum contained detectable VEEV-specific IgG on day 5 post-vaccination with titres continuing to rise on days 7, 14 and 21. Isotypes of IgG measured on days 7 and 21 were predominantly of the IgG2a subclass, indicating that the immune response was Th1-mediated. Cytokine mRNA was quantified by RT-PCR and revealed production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma and the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, whereas the Th2 cytokine IL4 was not detected above control levels at any of the time points studied. This data describes key cellular immune responses at early times post-vaccination and is consistent with previous data demonstrating protection against aerosol challenge with VEEV in the absence of detectable levels of specific IgG or IgA antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bennett
- Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, CBD n Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, Porto, UK
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