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Bakr AF, Farag MA. Soluble Dietary Fibers as Antihyperlipidemic Agents: A Comprehensive Review to Maximize Their Health Benefits. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24680-24694. [PMID: 37483202 PMCID: PMC10357562 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The number of hypercholesterolemic people is increasing rapidly worldwide, with elevated lipid profiles representing a major risk factor of coronary heart diseases. Dietary intervention was shown to improve the lipid profile, thus enhancing the quality of life. Dietary fiber is a nondigestible form of carbohydrates, due to the lack of the digestive enzyme in humans required to digest fiber, and is classified according to its water solubility properties as either soluble (SDF) or insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Consumption of SDF is associated with several health benefits such as reduced lipid levels, lower blood pressure, improved blood glucose control, improved immune function, and reduced inflammation. SDF has been shown to lower blood cholesterol by several action mechanisms including directly due to the gelling, mucilaginous, and viscous fiber nature, and indirectly due to its fermented products and modulation of the gut microbiome. This review aims to provide a holistic overview on how SDF impacts the lipid profile. We start by providing an overview of the chemical structure of the major SDFs including mucilage, gums (gum arabic and guar gum), pectin, and inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F. Bakr
- Pathology
Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa Street, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy
Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, P.O. Box 11562, 12613 Cairo, Egypt
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Wang MM, Wang F, Li G, Tang MT, Wang C, Zhou QQ, Zhou T, Gu Q. Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities of pectin isolated from citrus canning processing water. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bai F, Diao J, Wang Y, Sun S, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Cao J. A New Water-Soluble Nanomicelle Formed through Self-Assembly of Pectin-Curcumin Conjugates: Preparation, Characterization, and Anticancer Activity Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6840-6847. [PMID: 28721737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a dominating active component of Curcuma longa and has been studied widely because of its prominent biological activities. The extremely low aqueous solubility, stability, and bioavailability of curcumin limit its application in the field of medicine. In this study, we developed pectin-curcumin (PEC-CCM) conjugates that could self-assemble water-soluble nanomicelles in aqueous solution. The structure of PEC-CCM conjugates was characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectra, fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermal property of PEC-CCM conjugates was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that PEC-CCM conjugates had formed nanomicelles in aqueous medium via self-assembly. These nanomicelles were observed as small spheres or ellipsoids and aggregated with a size range of 70-190 nm by transmission electron microscopy analysis. In a solution of nanomicelles, the stability of curcumin was improved, and its antioxidant property was preserved. The anticancer activity of PEC-CCM conjugates was quantified by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay using a hepatic cancer cell line (HepG2), a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), and a human normal kidney cell line (293A). It was found that the curcumin of PEC-CCM conjugates had a more significant inhibitory effect on cancer cells and was less cytotoxic to normal cells than free curcumin was. PEC-CCM conjugates have great potential for some food and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajing Diao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixin Sun
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province 224002, People's Republic of China
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Krzysik M, Grajeta H, Prescha A, Weber R. Effect of cellulose, pectin and chromium(III) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:97-102. [PMID: 21376553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cellulose, pectin and chromium(III) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in rats. Eighty male Buffalo rats (n=10/group, 4 weeks old) were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks. The two control groups received a fiber free diet (FF) or a fiber free diet plus chromium (FF+Cr) (2.53 mg Cr/kg diet). The other groups were fed diets containing 5% of cellulose (CEL), 5% of pectin (PEC) or 2.5% of cellulose plus 2.5% of pectin (CEL+PEC) with or without chromium. The daily food intake and body weight of the rats were not affected by the experimental diets. Total cholesterol level in plasma was significantly lower (p≤0.05) in the PEC group than the rats fed the FF diet. Feeding of rats with the PEC+Cr diet resulted in a significantly higher concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol (p≤0.05) when compared with the CEL+Cr group. No statistically significant differences in the concentrations of plasma triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between the groups were observed. Rats fed the CEL+Cr diet had a significantly lower content of cholesterol and rats fed the CEL+Cr diet lower contents of cholesterol and TG in the liver (p≤0.05) when compared with other groups. The concentration of HbA1c was significantly lower (p≤0.05) in rats fed the CEL and CEL+Cr diets than in other groups. A significantly lower concentration of plasma glucose (p≤0.05) was observed in rats receiving the CEL+PEC diet in comparison with the FF group. A significant effect of fiber and chromium combination was shown only in the case of triglyceride content in the liver of rats (p≤0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that a diet containing fiber (PEC) and chromium or their supplements may be beneficial for correcting some disturbances of lipid metabolism, and a diet containing cellulose or its supplements may be used to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krzysik
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Silesian Piasts University of Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
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Hydrolyzed guar gum decreases postprandial blood glucose and glucose absorption in the rat small intestine. Nutr Res 2009; 29:419-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sánchez D, Muguerza B, Moulay L, Hernández R, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Highly methoxylated pectin improves insulin resistance and other cardiometabolic risk factors in Zucker fatty rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3574-3581. [PMID: 18433105 DOI: 10.1021/jf703598j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of a highly methoxylated apple pectin (HMAP) on cardiometabolic risk factors in Zucker fatty rats. beta-Glucan, a fiber known for its hypocholesterolemic properties, also was used. The rats fed both fiber-enriched diets exhibited a reduction in body weight and in total cholesterol and triglycerides when compared to the Zucker fatty rats fed the standard diet. The effect on the lipid profile was more remarkable in the HMAP group. A decrease in blood glucose was only noticed in this group. Moreover, a decrease in plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-beta was noticed in the fiber groups, and in particular in the HMAP group, these variables being similar to the lean rats. Blood pressure and endothelial function were similar in all the Zucker fatty rats. These results warrant evaluation in humans to determine if HMAP could be used as a functional ingredient to reduce lipid profile, insulin resistance, and other cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sánchez
- Departamento Farmacología, Facultad Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lien TF, Yeh HS, Su WT. Effect of adding extracted hesperetin, naringenin and pectin on egg cholesterol, serum traits and antioxidant activity in laying hens. Arch Anim Nutr 2008; 62:33-43. [PMID: 18341078 DOI: 10.1080/17450390701780318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study three feed additives (hesperetin, naringenin and pectin) for laying hens were investigated on their influence on the egg yolk cholesterol, serum traits and antioxidant activities in hens. Additives were extracted from citrus and grapefruit peels and contained 31.5% crude hesperetin, 39% crude naringenin and 60% galacturonic acid (pectin). Eighty 30-week-old Leghorn laying hens were randomly assigned to four groups and received, for two months, a control diet or diets with 0.05% hesperetin, 0.05% naringenin or 0.5% pectin. All additives reduced the egg yolk cholesterol level significantly. Feeding diets with added flavonoids (hesperetin and naringenin) increased the yolk weight and the ratio of yolk weight/egg weight and the blood serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was elevated. Total antioxidation capacity, the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and superoxide scavenging capacity in the naringenin group were greater than in the control group. Supplemented flavonoids reduced the serum cholesterol level significantly, while serum triglyceride concentration in the naringenin and pectin groups was reduced. Addition of flavonoids resulted in an enhanced cholesterol level in excreta. The results of this study indicated that intake of hesperetin, naringenin and pectin extracted from citrus and grapefruit peel in laying hens diet, may exhibit positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Fa Lien
- Department of Animal Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
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