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Ortega-Martinez M, Gutierrez-Davila V, Gutierrez-Arenas E, Niderhauser-Garcia A, Cerda-Flores RM, Jaramillo-Rangel G. The Convoluted Tubules of the Nephron Must Be Considered Elliptical, and Not Circular, in Stereological Studies of the Kidney. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 46:229-235. [PMID: 33789285 DOI: 10.1159/000515051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diameter and area of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) are of the main parameters analyzed in stereological studies of the kidney. However, there is no consensus about if the PCT and DCT should be considered circular or elliptical in shape. OBJECTIVE To analyze if there are significant differences in the diameter and area of the PCT and DCT, depending on whether they are considered circular or elliptical. METHODS Paraffin-embedded sections of kidneys from CD1 mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined using a light microscope. Images were captured using a camera linked to image analysis software. A short diameter (d) and a long diameter (D) were measured in both PCT and DCT. A small circular area (SCA), a large circular area (LCA), and an elliptical area (EA) were calculated with mathematical formulas that incorporate d and D values, while a program area (PA) was provided by the software. RESULTS There was a significant difference between d and D in both PCT (F = 1.354, Sig = 0.000) and DCT (F = 4.989, Sig = 0.000). Also, there were significant differences in the tubular areas in both PCT (F = 34.843, Sig = 0.000) and DCT (F = 22.390, Sig = 0.000); circular areas were different from elliptical areas (SCA and LCA vs. EA and PA). CONCLUSION The convoluted tubules of the nephron must not be considered circular, but rather elliptical; care should be taken every time the tubules are analyzed in stereological studies of the kidney, especially when evaluating their diameters and areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ortega-Martinez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Gutierrez-Davila
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
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Gauvin DV, Zimmermann ZJ, Yoder J, Tapp R, Baird TJ. Predicting the Need for a Tier II Ototoxicity Study From Early Renal Function Data. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:265-278. [PMID: 31220989 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819851232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
History has established that many drugs, such as the antibiotics, chemotherapies, and loop diuretics, are capable of inducing both nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The exact mechanisms by which cellular damage occurs remain to be fully elucidated. Monitoring the indices of renal function conducted in the Food and Drug Administration's prescribed set of early investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies may be the first signs of ototoxicity properties of the new drug candidate. In developing improved and efficacious new molecular entities, it is critically necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential ototoxic effects as early in the drug development program as possible. Elucidation of these mechanisms will facilitate the development of safe and effective clinical approaches for the prevention and amelioration of drug-induced ototoxicity prior to the first dose in man. Biomarkers for nephrotoxicity in early tier I or tier II nonclinical IND-enabling studies should raise an inquiry as to the need to conduct a full auditory function assay early in the game to clear the pipeline with a safer candidate that has a higher probability of continued therapeutic compliance once approved for distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Gauvin
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Zachary J Zimmermann
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Joshua Yoder
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Tapp
- 1 Neurobehavioral Sciences Department, Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
| | - Theodore J Baird
- 2 Safety Assessment, Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Mattawan, MI, USA
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Liu F, Li Y, Wang F, Jiang YF, Jiang YS. Shenfushu Granule and Atropine Attenuate Microvasculature Loss in Rat Models with 5/6 Nephrectomy. Ren Fail 2012; 34:600-9. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.660826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:189-211. [PMID: 22272031 PMCID: PMC3234634 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320–1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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Calunga JL, Zamora ZB, Borrego A, del Río S, Barber E, Menéndez S, Hernández F, Montero T, Taboada D. Ozone therapy on rats submitted to subtotal nephrectomy: role of antioxidant system. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 2005:221-7. [PMID: 16192672 PMCID: PMC1526476 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) represents a world health problem. Ozone increases the endogenous antioxidant defense system, preserving the cell redox state. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ozone/oxygen mixture in the renal function, morphology, and biochemical parameters, in an experimental model of CRF (subtotal nephrectomy). Ozone/oxygen mixture was applied daily, by rectal insufflation (0.5 mg/kg) for 15 sessions after the nephrectomy. Renal function was evaluated, as well as different biochemical parameters, at the beginning and at the end of the study (10 weeks). Renal plasmatic flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the urine excretion index, and the sodium and potassium excretions (as a measurement of tubular function) in the ozone group were similar to those in Sham group. Nevertheless, nephrectomized rats without ozone (positive control group) showed the lowest RPF, GFR, and urine excretion figures, as well as tubular function. Animals treated with ozone showed systolic arterial pressure (SAP) figures lower than those in the positive control group, but higher values compared to Sham group. Serum creatinine values and protein excretion in 24 hours in the ozone group were decreased compared with nephrectomized rats, but were still higher than normal values. Histological study demonstrated that animals treated with ozone showed less number of lesions in comparison with nephrectomized rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly increased in nephrectomized and ozone-treated nephrectomized rats in comparison with Sham group. In the positive control group, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed the lowest figures in comparison with the other groups. However, ozone/oxygen mixture induced a significant stimulation in the enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as reduced glutathione in relation with Sham and positive control groups. In this animal model of CRF, ozone rectal administrations produced a delay in the advance of the disease, protecting the kidneys against vascular, hemorheological, and oxidative mechanisms. This behavior suggests ozone therapy has a protective effect on renal tissue by downregulation of the oxidative stress shown in CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Calunga
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Zullyt B. Zamora
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Aluet Borrego
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Sarahí del Río
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Barber
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Silvia Menéndez
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Frank Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Teresita Montero
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
| | - Dunia Taboada
- Department of Biomedicine, Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, PO Box 6414, Havana, Cuba
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Nüsing RM, Treude A, Weissenberger C, Jensen B, Bek M, Wagner C, Narumiya S, Seyberth HW. Dominant role of prostaglandin E2 EP4 receptor in furosemide-induced salt-losing tubulopathy: a model for hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:2354-62. [PMID: 15976003 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key part of hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome (HPS/aBS), a renal disease characterized by NaCl wasting, water loss, and hyperreninism. Inhibition of PGE2 formation by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors significantly lowers patient mortality and morbidity. However, the pathogenic role of PGE2 in HPS/aBS awaits clarification. Chronic blockade of the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter NKCC2 by diuretics causes symptoms similar to HPS/aBS and provides a useful animal model. In wild-type (WT) mice and in mice lacking distinct PGE2 receptors (EP1-/-, EP2-/-, EP3-/-, and EP4-/-), the effect of chronic furosemide administration (7 d) on urine output, sodium and potassium excretion, and renin secretion was determined. Furthermore, furosemide-induced diuresis and renin activity were analyzed in mice with defective PGI2 receptors (IP-/-). In all animals studied, furosemide stimulated a rise in diuresis and electrolyte excretion. However, this effect was blunted in EP1-/-, EP3-/-, and EP4-/- mice. Compared with WT mice, no difference was observed in EP2-/- and IP-/- mice. The furosemide-induced increase in plasma renin concentration was significantly decreased in EP4-/- mice and to a lesser degree also in IP-/- mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of EP4 receptors in furosemide-treated WT mice with the specific antagonist ONO-AE3-208 mimicked the changes in renin mRNA expression, plasma renin concentration, diuresis, and sodium excretion seen in EP4-/- mice. The GFR in EP4-/- mice was not changed compared with that in WT mice, which indicated that blunted diuresis and salt loss seen in EP4-/- mice were not a consequence of lower GFR. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the EP4 receptor mediates PGE2-induced renin secretion and that EP1, EP3, and EP4 receptors all contribute to enhanced PGE2-mediated salt and water excretion in the HPS/aBS model.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Bartter Syndrome/metabolism
- Bartter Syndrome/pathology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Diuresis
- Diuretics/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Furosemide/pharmacology
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Kidney Tubules/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Statistical
- Prostaglandins E/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype
- Renin/metabolism
- Ribonucleases/metabolism
- Salts/metabolism
- Salts/pharmacology
- Sodium/metabolism
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/pharmacology
- Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/metabolism
- Symporters/antagonists & inhibitors
- Time Factors
- K Cl- Cotransporters
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf M Nüsing
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.
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Nüsing RM, Seyberth HW. The role of cyclooxygenases and prostanoid receptorsin furosemide-like salt losing tubulopathy: the hyperprostaglandin E syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 181:523-8. [PMID: 15283766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome is characterized by NaCl wasting and volume depletion, juxtaglomerula hypertrophy, hyperreninism and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Primary causes are mutations in the gene for Na-K-2Cl-cotransporter, NKCC2, or for potassium channel, ROMK, responsible for medullary NaCl malabsorption. Most intriguing aspect of the syndrome is the association with a massively increased renal prostaglandin production which contributes substantially to the clinical picture of the patients. Therefore the term hyperprostaglandin E syndrome has been introduced. It is unclear how prostaglandins aggravate the NaCl transport deficiency. Aspects to prostaglandin synthesis and receptor-mediated function within the kidney in patients suffering from hyperprostaglandin E syndrome/antenatal Bartter syndrome will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Nüsing
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, Marburg, Germany
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