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Li K, Wang R, Wang X, Sun C, Li Q. Effects of seasons and parts on volatile N-nitrosamines and their exposure and risk assessment in raw chicken and duck meats. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1831-1839. [PMID: 35531403 PMCID: PMC9046479 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The N-nitrosamine (NA) concentrations and types in raw chicken and duck meats of different parts and seasons were estimated by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The exposure level and hazard quotient of each detected volatile N-nitrosamine (VNA) were conducted. The selected chicken and duck samples were contaminated by VNAs to some extent. The major types and contents of VNAs in different parts of chicken and duck meats varied seasonally. For chicken samples, the order of the total VNA concentrations was as follows: autumn > spring > winter > summer. For duck samples, the order was changed as follows: winter > autumn > summer > spring (thigh samples) and autumn > spring > winter > summer (breast samples). The estimated exposure levels for adults caused by duck consumption were slightly higher than those by chickens, which was consistent with the tendency in 2-3 years old children. According to the linear regression correlation between the 10% benchmark dose limit (BMDL10) and subtriplicate of median lethal dose (LD50), BMDL10 values of each VNA were calculated. Due to this hypothesis, the risk assessments of each detected VNA and total VNAs posed by consuming chicken and duck meats in Tianjin, China were of low concern. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05195-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Agricultural Analysis and Testing Center, Tianjin Agricultural University, No. 22, Jinjing Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changxia Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
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Savery LC, Viñas R, Nagy AM, Pradeep P, Merrill SJ, Hood AM, Malghan SG, Goering PL, Brown RP. Deriving a provisional tolerable intake for intravenous exposure to silver nanoparticles released from medical devices. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:108-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang Q, Tan HS, Ma XM, Sun Y, Feng NN, Zhou LF, Ye YJ, Zhu YL, Li YL, Brandt-Rauf PW, Tang NJ, Xia ZL. Estimation of benchmark dose for micronucleus occurrence in Chinese vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:76-81. [PMID: 22425610 PMCID: PMC3404251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we estimated the possibility of using benchmark dose (BMD) to assess the dose-response relationship between vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure and chromosome damage. A group of 317 workers occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride monomer and 166 normal, unexposed control in Shandong Province northern China were examined for chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CB-MN) assay of DNA damage. The exposed group (3.47 ± 2.65)‰ showed higher micronucleus frequency than the control (1.60 ± 1.30)‰ (P < 0.01). Occupational exposure level based on micronucleus occurrence in all individuals was analyzed with benchmark dose (BMD) methods. The benchmark dose lower limit of a one-sided 95% confidence interval (BMDL) for 10% excess risk was also determined. Results showed a dose-response relationship between cumulative exposure and MN frequency, and a BMDL of 0.54 mg/m3 and 0.23 mg/m3 for males and females, respectively. Female workers were more susceptible to MN damage than male workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-shan Tan
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-ming Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan-nan Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-fang Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-jie Ye
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-liang Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Yong-liang Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Paul W. Brandt-Rauf
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nai-jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhao-lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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West RW, Piegorsch WW, Peña EA, An L, Wu W, Wickens AA, Xiong H, Chen W. The Impact of Model Uncertainty on Benchmark Dose Estimation. ENVIRONMETRICS 2012; 23:706-716. [PMID: 23794799 PMCID: PMC3686319 DOI: 10.1002/env.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the popular benchmark dose (BMD) approach for estimation of low exposure levels in toxicological risk assessment, focusing on dose-response experiments with quantal data. In such settings, representations of the risk are traditionally based on a specified, parametric, dose-response model. It is a well-known concern, however, that uncertainty can exist in specification and selection of the model. If the chosen parametric form is in fact misspecified, this can lead to inaccurate, and possibly unsafe, lowdose inferences. We study the effects of model selection and possible misspecification on the BMD, on its corresponding lower confidence limit (BMDL), and on the associated extra risks achieved at these values, via large-scale Monte Carlo simulation. It is seen that an uncomfortably high percentage of instances can occur where the true extra risk at the BMDL under a misspecified or incorrectly selected model can surpass the target BMR, exposing potential dangers of traditional strategies for model selection when calculating BMDs and BMDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Webster West
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA;
| | - Walter W. Piegorsch
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edsel A. Peña
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lingling An
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wensong Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alissa A. Wickens
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wenhai Chen
- Interdisciplinary Program in Statistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Jiao J, Feng NN, Li Y, Sun Y, Yao W, Wang W, Zhang GH, Sun SY, Tan HS, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Li Y, Brandt-Rauf PW, Xia ZL. Estimation of a safe level for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride using a benchmark dose method in central China. J Occup Health 2012; 54:263-70. [PMID: 22672882 DOI: 10.1539/joh.11-0157-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate a benchmark dose (BMD) for chromosome damage induced by vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in VCM-exposed workers in central China and validate the published results in Shanghai. METHODS VCM-exposed workers who had been exposed to VCM for at least one year (n=463) and matched subjects not exposed to VCM or other toxins (n=273) were asked to participate in this study. Micronucleus (MN) frequency based on the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) was used as a biomarker for chromosome damage induced by VCM exposure. RESULTS The MN frequency in the VCM-exposed workers was significantly higher than that in the control group, and multivariate Poisson regression suggested that gender, smoking status and VCM exposure were the significant factors influencing the risk of increased MN frequency. When subjects were further stratified according to gender and smoking status, the results showed that female VCM-exposed workers were more susceptible than the males to the risk of increased MN frequency. The MN frequency of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers in the control group. Our study also suggested that there was a strong dose-response relationship between VCM CED and the increased risk of MN frequency in the total group, males and females. The BMDL(10) was found to be 630.6, 670.2 and 273.7 mg-year for all VCM-exposed workers, males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results invite further scrutiny of the current VCM occupational exposure limits and warrant further study of the risk of VCM genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiao
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
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Batke M, Escher S, Hoffmann-Doerr S, Melber C, Messinger H, Mangelsdorf I. Evaluation of time extrapolation factors based on the database RepDose. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:122-9. [PMID: 21640805 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In chemical risk assessment for many substances only short-term animal studies are available for the evaluation of long-term human exposure. Therefore usually extrapolation factors (EF) are used to extrapolate NOAELs from existing short-term studies to NOAELs for long term exposure. In this report time EFs are derived, based on NOEL/C or LOEL/C ratios (short term N(L)OEL/long term N(L)OEL) from the large datasets of the database RepDose (www.fraunhofer-repdose.de) on repeated dose toxicity for oral or inhalation administration. Within a tiered approach several sources of variability, e.g. use of LOEL/C ratios or differences in dose spacing were analyzed and if needed subsequently excluded. The reduction of data variability resulted in "final" EFs datasets, which are as far as possible based on compound-specific, time-dependent differences in toxicity. For distribution functions of oral repeated dose toxicity studies characterised by GM, GSD and 90th percentiles the following data are obtained: subacute-to-subchronic - GM 1.3, GSD 2.4, 90th 4.0, subacute-to-chronic - GM 3.4, GSD 3.7, 90th 18.2, and subchronic-to-chronic - GM 1.4, GSD 2.1, 90th 3.6. The number of data for inhalation exposure is limited, but with regard to systemic toxicity the derived EFs confirm the respective oral EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Batke
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Filipsson AF, Sand S, Nilsson J, Victorin K. The Benchmark Dose Method—Review of Available Models, and Recommendations for Application in Health Risk Assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440390242360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Buckley BE, Piegorsch WW, West RW. Confidence limits on one-stage model parameters in benchmark risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS 2009; 16:53-62. [PMID: 20160851 PMCID: PMC2659669 DOI: 10.1007/s10651-007-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In modern environmental risk analysis, inferences are often desired on those low dose levels at which a fixed benchmark risk is achieved. In this paper, we study the use of confidence limits on parameters from a simple one-stage model of risk historically popular in benchmark analysis with quantal data. Based on these confidence bounds, we present methods for deriving upper confidence limits on extra risk and lower bounds on the benchmark dose. The methods are seen to extend automatically to the case where simultaneous inferences are desired at multiple doses. Monte Carlo evaluations explore characteristics of the parameter estimates and the confidence limits under this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E Buckley
- Department of Mathematics, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
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Sand S, Victorin K, Filipsson AF. The current state of knowledge on the use of the benchmark dose concept in risk assessment. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:405-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Travis KZ, Pate I, Welsh ZK. The role of the benchmark dose in a regulatory context. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 43:280-91. [PMID: 16143439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) as a way of interpreting toxicology studies carries a number of problems, and the benchmark dose (BMD), or its lower confidence limit have been proposed as potential replacements. In practice, the theoretical advantages of the BMD approach are often outweighed by the practical disadvantages posed in a regulatory context. Attempts to seek consensus for the routine use of BMD methodology tend to involve diluting its potential advantages as much as they address the disadvantages, resulting in a relatively complex interpolation tool that delivers little more than the NOAEL. It is time to recognise that the BMD will never entirely replace the NOAEL. The two methods can have complementary roles. The NOAEL is well suited as a routine simple summary of effects in toxicology studies, whilst the BMD can be a higher tier approach for the interpretation of the most critical studies in a regulatory data package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Z Travis
- Syngenta CTL, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TJ, UK.
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Piegorsch WW, Webster West R, Pan W, Kodell RL. Low dose risk estimation via simultaneous statistical inferences. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Bolt HM, Foth H, Hengstler JG, Degen GH. Carcinogenicity categorization of chemicals-new aspects to be considered in a European perspective. Toxicol Lett 2004; 151:29-41. [PMID: 15177638 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Existing systems of classification of carcinogens are a matter of discussion, world-wide. There is agreement that it should be distinguished between genotoxic and non-genotoxic chemicals. The risk assessment approach used for non-genotoxic chemicals is similar among different regulatory bodies: insertion of an uncertainty (safety) factor permits the derivation of permissible exposure levels at which no relevant human cancer risks are anticipated. For genotoxic carcinogens, case studies of chemicals point to a whole array of possibilities. Positive data of chromosomal effects only, in the absence of mutagenicity, may support the characterization of a compound that produces carcinogenic effects only at high, toxic doses. Non-DNA-reactive genotoxins, such as topoisomerase inhibitors or inhibitors of the spindle apparatus are considered in this respect. In such cases, arguments are in favour of the existence of "practical" thresholds. Taking existing concepts together, it is proposed to basically distinguish between "perfect" and "practical" thresholds. There is a wide consensus that for non-DNA-reactive genotoxins such as aneugens (aneuploidy, chromosome loss, non-disjunction) thresholds should be defined. It is being discussed as to whether the identification of possible threshold effects should also include other mechanisms of genotoxicity, in addition to aneugenic effects. Specific mechanisms of clastogenicity have been repeatedly addressed as also having thresholds, such as topoisomerase II poisons or mechanisms based on reactive oxygen. Oxidative stress as an important mechanism is triggered by exposure to exogenous factors such as ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiation, anoxia and hyperoxia, and by chemicals producing reactive oxygen species. The idea is receiving increased support that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated processes of carcinogenesis have practical thresholds. Since reactive oxygen species are genotoxic in principle, questions arise whether chemicals that increase ROS production will superimpose to an endogenously produced background level of DNA lesions, related to mechanisms that may result in non-linear dose-effect relationships. The existence of "endogenous" DNA adducts has been generally accepted, and possible regulatory implications of the presence of endogenous carcinogens have been discussed. It is now becoming evident that a diversity of methods of carcinogenic risk extrapolation to low doses must be considered, dependent on the mode of action. Although there is an increasing international awareness of these developments, the system of classification of carcinogens of the European Union still remains static. This should be changed, as the philosophy of separation of a strictly sequential "hazard assessment" and "risk assessment" appears out-of-date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann M Bolt
- Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universität Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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