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Leenutaphong N, Phantumvanit P, Young AM, Panpisut P. Evaluation of setting kinetics, mechanical strength, ion release, and cytotoxicity of high-strength glass ionomer cement contained elastomeric micelles. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:713. [PMID: 38902666 PMCID: PMC11191184 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low mechanical properties are the main limitation of glass ionomer cements (GICs). The incorporation of elastomeric micelles is expected to enhance the strength of GICs without detrimentally affecting their physical properties and biocompatibility. This study compared the chemical and mechanical properties, as well as the cytotoxicity, of elastomeric micelles-containing glass ionomer cement (DeltaFil, DT) with commonly used materials, including EQUIA Forte Fil (EF), Fuji IX GP Extra (F9), and Ketac Molar (KT). METHOD Powder particles of GICs were examined with SEM-EDX. Setting kinetics were assessed using ATR-FTIR. Biaxial flexural strength/modulus and Vickers surface microhardness were measured after immersion in water for 24 h and 4 weeks. The release of F, Al, Sr, and P in water over 8 weeks was analyzed using a fluoride-specific electrode and ICP-OES. The toxicity of the material extract on mouse fibroblasts was also evaluated. RESULTS High fluoride levels in the powder were detected with EF and F9. DT demonstrated an initial delay followed by a faster acid reaction compared to other cements, suggesting an improved snap set. DT also exhibited superior flexural strength than other materials at both 24 h and 4 weeks but lower surface microhardness (p < 0.05). EF and F9 showed higher release of F, Al, and P than DT and KT. There was no statistically significant difference in fibroblast viability among the tested materials (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elastomeric micelles-containing glass ionomer cement (DT) exhibited satisfactory mechanical properties and cytocompatibility compared with other materials. DT could, therefore, potentially be considered an alternative high-strength GIC for load-bearing restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne M Young
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Alharbi G, Al Nahedh HNA, Al-Saud LM, Shono N, Maawadh A. Flexural strength and degree of conversion of universal single shade resin-based composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32557. [PMID: 38961985 PMCID: PMC11219500 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Recently, a group of universal single-shade resin-based composites (RBCs) has been developed to simplify the process of shade selection. Excellent mechanical and physical properties are crucial for the ultimate success and clinical longevity of restorations. Therefore, evaluating the properties of the single-shaded RBCs is imperative. This study aimed to determine the flexural strength (FS) and degree of conversion (DC) of universal single-shade RBCs. Materials and methods In this study, four commercial RBCs were used; three universal single-shade RBCs; Omnichroma (OC), Charisma® Diamond ONE (CD), and Vittra APS Unique (VU), and a conventional nanohybrid composite Filtek™ Z250 XT (FT) which was used as a control. Sixty composite beams and 40 composite discs were used for FS and DC, respectively. A universal test machine with a three-point bending test was used to measure the FS, whereas the DC was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). Three fractured specimens from each resin composite group were qualitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results ANOVA was used to compare the mean values of FS and DC among the four RBCs (OC, CD, VU, and FT). Highly significant differences were observed in the mean FS and DC values (F = 673.043, p < 0.001 and F (=782.4, p < 0.0001), respectively. The highest FS was observed in the CD group, followed by FT and VU groups; the lowest value was observed in the OC group. In addition, a statistically significant difference was identified in DC values. The highest DC value was observed in VU, followed by OC and CD, and the lowest DC value was observed in FT. Conclusion Universal single-shade RBCs demonstrated a good FS, except for OC, which exhibited a significantly low FS. The DC of the universal single-shade RBCs was higher than that of the conventional nanohybrid composite restorative material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alharbi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University. PO Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend NA Al Nahedh
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loulwa M. Al-Saud
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourah Shono
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Maawadh
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University. P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
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Rosa E Silva VL, Silva FASD, Alves Dos Santos GN, Assis HCD, Souza-Gabriel AE, Silva-Sousa YTC, Lopes-Olhê FC, Sousa-Neto MD, Mazzi-Chaves JF. The impact of provisional intraradicular retainers cementation with temporary methacrylate-based resin in the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105486. [PMID: 36182677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition of temporary cements interferes in the bond strength and quality of the bond interface of glass fiber posts to root dentin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different temporary cements on the bond strength of fiberglass posts and resin cement. Thirty-two maxillary central incisor roots were standardized at 15 mm length. The root canals were prepared with Reciproc R50 and filled with a R50 single cone and AH Plus. Ten mm of filling material was removed with a heated Schilder condenser, leaving 5 mm of apical filling material. The roots were randomly distributed into 4 groups (n = 8). In the control group, the root canal was prepared with a standard drill according to the post diameter (DC #1, FGM, Joinville, Brazil), irrigated with 5 mL of distilled water and immediately received the fiberglass post cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. For the other groups, cores were made with temporary intraradicular retainers cemented with different temporary cements: methacrylate-based resin (Bifix Temp - Voco), calcium hydroxide-based (Provicol - Voco) and zinc oxide-based - eugenol-free (Relyx Temp NE - 3M). After 7 days, mechanical removal of the temporary retainers, preparation, irrigation of the root canal and cementation of the fiberglass post were performed, following the same protocol that had been performed in the control group. The roots were sectioned to obtain 3 slices per root third. The most cervical section of each third was used for the push-out test and failure pattern analysis, while the most apical section was subjected to analysis of the adhesive interface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BS data were compared between groups using the two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test. The failure pattern results were expressed in percentage and compared between groups using the chi-square test and the material adaptation data at the bond interface were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner tests. The results showed higher BS in the cervical third, with a higher value in the control group (10.8 ± 0.94) and Bifix Temp group (9.78 ± 0.71), with no statistically significant difference between these groups (P > .05). The middle and apical thirds showed no statistically significant difference (P > .05). As regards the type of failure, a higher percentage of mixed adhesive failures was observed for all groups. Analysis of the adhesive interface by SEM showed that the temporary cement Bifix Temp showed greater adaptation at the bond interface. It was concluded that the methacrylate-based resin temporary cement showed the highest bond strength values and best adaptation to root dentin than the zinc oxide-based and calcium hydroxide-based temporary cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Leite Rosa E Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Augusto Soares da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nilson Alves Dos Santos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina de Assis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Evangelista Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiane Carneiro Lopes-Olhê
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Prediction of uniaxial and biaxial flexural strengths of resin-based composites using the Weibull model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang QQ, Wu LP, Zhang S, Tao Y, Li YZ, Zhou QL, Zheng SL, Cao CY, Zhou Z, Li QL. Assembly of Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanowires into Enamel-like Materials. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1181-1189. [PMID: 35708455 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221098334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop dental restorative materials with enamel-like structures, ultralong hydroxyapatite (HA) nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, followed by functionalization with 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570). The mixture of HA nanowires, KH-570, and light initiator was stirred and centrifuged. The precipitate was vacuum filtered to remove excessive KH-570 and then pressured under cold isostatic pressing (10 MPa × 24 h). Finally, the block was polymerized by lighting. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that HA nanowires with aspect ratios >1,000 were assembled into enamel rod-like microstructures and evenly dispersed in the polymerized KH-570 silane matrix to form enamel-like structures. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the content of HA nanowires reached 72 wt% in the composite. The enamel-like composite showed a similar hardness, frictional property, and acid-etching property to those of enamel and a comparable or even better diametral tensile strength and compressive strength than some commercial composite resins in mechanical tests in vitro. In addition, the enamel-like composite had good cytocompatibility. Such enamel-like composites may have the potential to be used in biomimetic tooth restorations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - L P Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - S Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Y Tao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Y Z Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Q L Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - S L Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - C Y Cao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Z Zhou
- School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Q L Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Manso AP, Leite ML, Comeau P, Dietrich C, Ghaffari S, Lange D, Branda N. Exploring the use of a Ruthenium complex incorporated into a methacrylate-based dental material for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2022; 20:22808000221112989. [PMID: 35856607 DOI: 10.1177/22808000221112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a blue light photosensitizer (PS), Ruthenium II complex (Ru), on the chemical, physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of experimental dental resin blends. METHODS The experimental resin (BisEMA, TEEGDMA, HPMA, ethanol, and photoinitiator) was loaded with Ru at 0.00%, 0.07%, 0.14%, 0.28%, 0.56%, 1.12%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% w/w. Samples were evaluated for the degree of conversion (DC) after 30 and 60 s curing-time (n = 6). Selected formulations (0.00%, 0.28%, 0.56%, 1.12%) were further tested for shear bond strength (SBS) (n = 15); flexural strength (FS) (n = 12); and antimicrobial properties (CFUs), in dark and light conditions. These latter tests were performed on specimens stored for 24-h or 2-month in 37°C water. Water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) tests were also performed (n = 12). Data were analyzed either by a one- or two-factor general linear model (α = 0.05). RESULTS Overall, Ru concentration above 1.2% resulted in reduced DC. In SBS results, only the 1.12%Ru resin blend samples had statistically lower values compared to the 0.00%Ru resin blend at 24-h storage (p = 0.004). In addition, no differences in SBS were detected among the experimental groups after 2-month storage in water. Meanwhile, FS increased for all experimental groups under similar aging conditions (p < 0.001). Antimicrobial properties were improved upon inclusion of Ru and application of light (p < 0.001 for both) at 24-h and 2-month storage. Lastly, no detectable changes in WS or SL were observed for the Ru-added resins compared to the 0.00%Ru resin blend. However, the 0.28% Ru blend presented significantly higher WS compared to the 0.56% Ru blend (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Stable SBS, improved FS, and sustained antimicrobial properties after aging gives significant credence to our approach of adding the Ruthenium II complex into dental adhesive resin blends intended for an aPDT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pigozzo Manso
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maria Luísa Leite
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia Comeau
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Claudia Dietrich
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sahand Ghaffari
- Department of Urological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Urological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Branda
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Rios-Madrigal AM, Orea-Vega DC, Vega-González M, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Arenas-Arrocena MC, Castro-Ruiz JE, Correa-Prado R, Domínguez-Pérez RA. Effect of Streptococcus mutans on surface-topography, microhardness, and mechanical properties of contemporary resin composites. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 19:22808000211065260. [PMID: 34915756 DOI: 10.1177/22808000211065260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental caries is the most prevalent disease globally, and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a common associated oral bacteria. Additionally, S. mutans possess esterase activity capable of degrading resin composites (RC). However, the effect of degradation on the physical-mechanical properties of the RC has not been extensively studied. We evaluated the flexure strength (FS), the diametral tensile strength (DTS), the modulus of elasticity (ME), and the microhardness of three contemporary RC to establish if S. mutans could affect them. METHODS One hundred thirty-eight bar-shaped and 276 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated with Enamel Plus HRi, IPS Empress Direct, and Clearfil AP-X, and physical-mechanical testing was done after been incubated during 30 and 60 days in culture media with or without S. mutans. Also, a scanning electron microscope was used to identify surface changes. RESULTS None of the tested RC were affected in their mechanical properties (FS, ME, and DTS). However, Clearfil AP-X and Enamel Plus HRI showed eroded surfaces and a decreased microhardness after 30 and 60 days S. mutans incubation. IPS Empress Direct presented the lowest values in all the tests, but its physical-mechanical features and surface were not affected by bacteria's exposure. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to S. mutans could affect some contemporary RC; however, the effect seems superficial since its mechanical features were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dulce Carolina Orea-Vega
- Prostodontic Specialization Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Marina Vega-González
- Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Ma Concepción Arenas-Arrocena
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Licenciatura en Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León Guanajuato, México
| | - Jesus Eduardo Castro-Ruiz
- Prostodontic Specialization Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Prado
- Prostodontic Specialization Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez
- Prostodontic Specialization Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México.,Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dentistry Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, México
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Misinterpretation of ISO 4049 standard recommendations: Impact on Young's modulus and conversion degree of dental composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Antón N, González-Fernández Á, Villarino A. Reliability and Mechanical Properties of Materials Recycled from Multilayer Flexible Packages. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13183992. [PMID: 32916906 PMCID: PMC7560011 DOI: 10.3390/ma13183992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Present work proposes a recycling form of multilayer food packages to avoid their incineration, landfill of wastes or re-using of their individual components. The manufacturing process of the material consists of binding several sheets by the non-simultaneous application of temperature and pressure, these being bound by the fusion of the polyethylene, without any other adhesives. The influence of elected variables (temperature, pressure, time and number of sheets) on the mechanical properties is determined. Bending tests in three points were carried out, with the purpose of obtaining flexural strength and flexural modulus. Finally, the reliability was determined through the method of Weibull using different failure estimators for the most appropriate materials (relative to flexural strength and porosity values). Light microscopy to obtain information about defectology before and after tests was used. The results obtained by this type of material are very similar to those presented by wood-based materials and present good reliability from the strength point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Antón
- Department of Construction and Agronomy, Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Area, High Polytechnic School of Zamora, University of Salamanca, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain; (N.A.); (Á.G.-F.)
| | - Álvaro González-Fernández
- Department of Construction and Agronomy, Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Area, High Polytechnic School of Zamora, University of Salamanca, Avda. Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain; (N.A.); (Á.G.-F.)
| | - Alberto Villarino
- Department of Construction and Agronomy, Construction Engineering Area, High Polytechnic School of Ávila, University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros, 50, 05003 Ávila, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Aminoroaya A, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Nouri Khorasani S, Panahi P, Das O, Ramakrishna S. A Review of Dental Composites: Methods of Characterizations. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3713-3744. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aminoroaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
| | - Saied Nouri Khorasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Parisa Panahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Oisik Das
- Material Science Division, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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Physical and mechanical characterisation of flowable dental composites reinforced with short aspect ratio micro-sized S-Glass fibres. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110771. [PMID: 32279786 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Choi BJ, Yoon S, Im YW, Lee JH, Jung HJ, Lee HH. Uniaxial/biaxial flexure strengths and elastic properties of resin-composite block materials for CAD/CAM. Dent Mater 2018; 35:389-401. [PMID: 30527587 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comparing strengths under different loading conditions provides useful information on the mechanical behaviour of restorative materials under multiaxial masticatory loading in the oral cavity. The aims of this study was to investigate the flexural strengths and the reliability of resin-composite blocks for CAD/CAM by uniaxial and biaxial flexure tests and to compare the elastic properties measured by different methods including digital image correlation (DIC). METHODS Four resin-composite blocks for CAD/CAM, namely, VE (Vita Enamic), LU (Lava Ultimate), MD (Mazic Duro), and CS (Cerasmart), were investigated. Beam specimens (4.0×1.4×18.0mm3) and disks (12-14mmϕ×1.5mm) were prepared to determine the uniaxial (three-point bending) and biaxial (ball-on-ring, BOR) flexural strengths and flexural moduli. A compression test (8×4×18mm3) with DIC analysis was utilized to measure the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. Data were analysed by a 2-parameter Weibull function and ANOVA with Scheffe's test. RESULTS The mean uniaxial and biaxial strengths and Weibull moduli of the specimen groups were as follows: uniaxial VE (140.1±7.0, 24.1), LU (159.1±6.3, 31.5), MD (144.9±13.3, 13.6), and CS (165.4±16.9, 11.2) and biaxial VE (153.6±10.4, 19.0), LU (231.0±29.3, 9.7), MD (148.9±23.8, 7.4), and CS (249.7±22.4, 13.8). Although the ranking of both sets of strength data remained unchanged, the strength reliability was significantly affected by the loading; the Weibull moduli of the specimens decreased when they were subjected to biaxial tests (except for that of CS). The elastic modulus values of the materials varied significantly under the different test loadings, although they were in the same order regardless of the test method: VE>>LU≈MD>CS. The DIC technique yielded elastic moduli that were in good agreement with those measured by the uniaxial flexure test. SIGNIFICANCE The flexural strength, reliability, and elastic modulus of resin-composite block materials differed with the uniaxial and biaxial flexural loading and the test method. The different behaviours under both loadings should be considered in the evaluation of the mechanical performance of those materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Jin Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Sungsik Yoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yong-Woon Im
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Department of Dental Laboratory, Kyungdong University, Wonju 26495, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jo Jung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.
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Alrahlah A. Diametral Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, and Surface Microhardness of Bioactive Bulk Fill Restorative. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018; 19:13-19. [PMID: 29358529 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to perform comparative analysis of bioactive, contemporary bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) and conventional glass-ionomer materials for flexural strength (FS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), and Vickers hardness number (VHN) in the presence of thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five restorative materials [Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill; smart dentin replacement (SDR) Flowable Material; Bioactive restorative material (ACTIVA Bulk Fill); Ketac Universal Aplicap; and GC Fuji II] were evaluated for DTS, FS, and VHN. Half the samples in each material group were ther-mocycled. The DTS was performed under compressive load at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/min. The FS was assessed by three-point bending test at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The VHN was determined using a Vickers diamond indenter at 50 gf load for 15 seconds. Differences in FS, DTS, and VHN were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests at a = 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS N-Ceram, ACTIVA, and SDR demonstrated the highest and comparable (p > 0.05) FS. The SDR had the highest DTS value (141.28 ± 0.94), followed by N-Ceram (136.61 ± 1.56) and ACTIVA (129.05 ± 1.78). Ketac had the highest VHN value before and after thermocycling. CONCLUSION ACTIVA showed mechanical properties (FS and DTS) comparable with bulk-fill resin composite materials. ACTIVA showed potential for durability, as VHN was comparable post-thermocycling. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Bioactive materials showed acceptable DTS and FS values. However, hardness was compromised compared with included materials. ACTIVA Bulk Fill shows potential for dentin replacement but it needs to be covered with a surface-resistant restorative material. Further studies to improve surface characteristics of ACTIVA Bulk Fill are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alrahlah
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Phone: +00966114678304, e-mail:
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Wang J, Dong X, Yu Q, Baker SN, Li H, Larm NE, Baker GA, Chen L, Tan J, Chen M. Incorporation of antibacterial agent derived deep eutectic solvent into an active dental composite. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1445-1455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ilie N, Hilton TJ, Heintze SD, Hickel R, Watts DC, Silikas N, Stansbury JW, Cadenaro M, Ferracane JL. Academy of Dental Materials guidance-Resin composites: Part I-Mechanical properties. Dent Mater 2017; 33:880-894. [PMID: 28577893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this project, which was initiated from the Academy of Dental Materials, was to review and critically appraise methods to determine fracture, deformation and wear resistance of dental resin composites, in an attempt to provide guidance for investigators endeavoring to study these properties for these materials. METHODS Test methods have been ranked in the priority of the specific property being tested, as well as of the specific test methods for evaluating that property. Focus was placed on the tests that are considered to be of the highest priority in terms of being the most useful, applicable, supported by the literature, and which show a correlation with clinical findings. Others are mentioned briefly for the purpose of being inclusive. When a standard test method exists, including those used in other fields, these have been identified in the beginning of each section. Also, some examples from the resin composite literature are included for each test method. RESULTS The properties for evaluating resin composites were ranked in the priority of measurement as following: (1) Strength, Elastic Modulus, Fracture toughness, Fatigue, Indentation Hardness, Wear-abrasion (third body) and Wear-attrition (contact/two body), (2) Toughness, Edge strength (chipping) and (3) Wear determined by toothbrush. SIGNIFICANCE The following guidance is meant to aid the researcher in choosing the proper method to assess key properties of dental resin composites with regard to their fracture, deformation and wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ilie
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - T J Hilton
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S D Heintze
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Research & Development, Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - R Hickel
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - D C Watts
- Biomaterials Science Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Silikas
- Biomaterials Science Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J W Stansbury
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, CO, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Cadenaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - J L Ferracane
- Division of Biomaterials & Biomechanics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Patel J, Granger C, Parker S, Patel M. The effect of instrument lubricant on the diametral tensile strength and water uptake of posterior composite restorative material. J Dent 2016; 56:33-38. [PMID: 27746333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in-vitro study investigated the effect of 'instrument lubricants' used during placement of composite restorative material, on the diametral tensile strength (DTS) and water uptake of composite specimens. METHODS 300 posterior composite cylindrical specimens were manufactured: 60 with each instrument lubricant (ethanol, 3-step, 2-step and 1-step 'bonding agent') and 60 with no lubricant (controls). Each set of 60 specimens was evenly allocated to one of the following test groups (n=100/group): Group 1 - tested for DTS immediately after manufacture; Groups 2 and 3 - tested for DTS after immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 1 and 12-weeks respectively, using a Universal Instron machine. Water uptake was assessed gravimetrically. Data were statistically analysed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS The mean DTS and percentage weight change of composite specimens ranged between 32.49-53.14MPa and 0.51-1.36% and varied with lubricant used and time incubated in PBS. All control groups exhibited significantly higher DTS (MPa) (groups 1-3: 53.17±1.78; 50.64±1.85; 45.17±1.77) and lower percentage weight change (groups 2-3: 0.51±0.03; 0.61±0.01) than specimens placed with an instrument lubricant, with significant differences between certain lubricant groups. CONCLUSION Data from the present study suggest that the use of instrument lubricant may adversely effect the DTS and water uptake of composite restorative material. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of instrument lubricants to aid composite placement is widespread however based on the data obtained it is suggested that discontinuing or limiting the use of instrument lubricants, and if necessary using the 'bonding agent' from a 3-step adhesive system is recommended as results suggest this has the least deleterious effect upon material properties..
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patel
- Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Francis Bancroft Building, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
| | - C Granger
- Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Francis Bancroft Building, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - S Parker
- Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Francis Bancroft Building, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - M Patel
- Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Francis Bancroft Building, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Noushad M, Ab Rahman I, Husein A, Mohamad D. Nanohybrid dental composite using silica from biomass waste. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Son SA, Roh HM, Hur B, Kwon YH, Park JK. The effect of resin thickness on polymerization characteristics of silorane-based composite resin. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 39:310-8. [PMID: 25383351 PMCID: PMC4223102 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.4.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the influence of the resin thickness on the polymerization of silorane- and methacrylate-based composites. Materials and Methods One silorane-based (Filtek P90, 3M ESPE) and two methacrylate-based (Filtek Z250 and Z350, 3M ESPE) composite resins were used. The number of photons were detected using a photodiode detector at the different thicknesses (thickness, 1, 2 and 3 mm) specimens. The microhardness of the top and bottom surfaces was measured (n = 15) using a Vickers hardness with 200 gf load and 15 sec dwell time conditions. The degree of conversion (DC) of the specimens was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scratched powder of each top and bottom surface of the specimen dissolved in ethanol for transmission FTIR spectroscopy. The refractive index was measured using a Abbe-type refractometer. To measure the polymerization shrinkage, a linometer was used. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at p < 0.05 level. Results The silorane-based resin composite showed the lowest filler content and light attenuation among the specimens. P90 showed the highest values in the DC and the lowest microhardness at all depth. In the polymerization shrinkage, P90 showed a significantly lower shrinkage than the rest two resin products (p < 0.05). P90 showed a significantly lower refractive index than the remaining two resin products (p < 0.05). Conclusions DC, microhardness, polymerization rate and refractive index linearly decreased as specimen thickness linearly increased. P90 showed much less polymerization shrinkage compared to other specimens. P90, even though achieved the highest DC, showed the lowest microhardness and refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ae Son
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mee Roh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Bock Hur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kil Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Torres SAS, Silva GC, Maria DA, Campos WRC, Magalhães CS, Moreira AN. Degree of Conversion and Hardness of a Silorane-Based Composite Resin: Effect of Light-Curing Unit and Depth. Oper Dent 2014; 39:E137-46. [DOI: 10.2341/12-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Purpose
To investigate the effect of different light-curing units and depths on the degree of conversion (DC) through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Knoop Hardness Number (KHN) of a silorane-based composite resin (Filtek LS, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) (LS).
Materials and Methods
LS specimens mounted in a particular designed matrix were photoactivated by three light-cure units (LCUs) at depths of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm. The DC was determined in a FTIR spectrometer with an attenuated total reflectance accessory. The KHN was measured in an automatic microhardness tester. The results were analyzed using the Friedman and Spearman statistical tests (α=0.05).
Results
There was no effect of LCUs on the DC (p=0.472) or KHN (p=0.174) for all of the studied depths. The highest DC and KHN means were found at 2-mm depth, which were not statistically different from 3-mm depth, but were higher than 4-mm and 5-mm depths (p=0.007). Spearman analysis found a positive linear correlation between the variables KHN and DC (r=0.858, p<0.000).
Conclusions
The LCUs' effect was not verified. Values of DC and KHN for LS decreased with increasing depth. The highest values for both DC and KHN were obtained at depths of 2-3 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- SAS Torres
- Silvério A S Torres, DDS, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - GC Silva
- Guilherme C Silva, DDS, MS, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - DA Maria
- Daniel A Maria, Chemist, MSc, CDTN, Laboratory of Chemistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - WRC Campos
- Wagner R C Campos, CDTN, Laboratory of Mechanical Testing, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - CS Magalhães
- Claudia S Magalhães, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - AN Moreira
- Allyson N Moreira, DDS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Jun SK, Kim DA, Goo HJ, Lee HH. Investigation of the correlation between the different mechanical properties of resin composites. Dent Mater J 2014; 32:48-57. [PMID: 23370870 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2012-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the different mechanical properties with the filler fraction of various resin composites. Mechanical properties of eighteen different resin composites were investigated in this study; flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), fracture toughness (FT), compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Barcol hardness (BH), Vickers hardness (HV), and Knoop hardness (HK). The mean values of mechanical properties and the filler fractions (V(f )) obtained from the literature and the manufacturer were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test at p<0.01. The relationships were compared with the data retrieved from previous studies. Strong correlations between Vf and BH/HV/HK and V(f) and FM were evident in the results of the present study and these results were supported by the retrieved data from previous studies. The other relationships between mechanical properties, such as that between FS and FM and between CS and HV were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Jun
- Department of Oral Health, Graduate School of Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Kumar N. Inconsistency in the strength testing of dental resin-based composites among researchers. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29:205-10. [PMID: 24353541 PMCID: PMC3809204 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.291.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this paper were to review the current strength testing methods of the dental resin-based composites (RBCs) and to explore the inconsistencies with regard to strength testing among researchers. Data selection/extraction: An outline of the most relevant aspects of RBCs was created, and a subsequent literature search for articles published during last four decades (1970-2010) was conducted using the databases, namely PubMed, Science Direct and ISI Web of Knowledge. Conclusion: The literature review highlighted a lack of consensus among researchers regarding the reliability of ISO recommended three-point flexure strength testing method. Several investigators have used Weibull statistics for the analysis of RBCs strength data, however their applicability might be questioned as many RBCs contain greater resin content and may exhibit sufficient viscous deformation prior to brittle failure. In addition, variability in the selection of cross-head speed and mould material for strength testing was evident which may lead to variation in the strength data and render the interpretation difficult among researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Dr. Naresh Kumar, PhD, Assistant Professor, Science of Dental Materials Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Chang M, Dennison J, Yaman P. Physical Property Evaluation of Four Composite Materials. Oper Dent 2013; 38:E144-53. [DOI: 10.2341/12-203-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of current formulations of composite resins for polymerization shrinkage, surface hardness, and flexural strength. In addition, a comparison of Knoop and Vickers hardness tests was made to determine if there was a correlation in the precision between the two tests.
Materials and Methods
Four composite resin materials were used: Filtek LS (3M-ESPE), Aelite LS (Bisco), Kalore (GC America), and Empress Direct (Ivoclar). Ten samples of each composite (shade Vita A2) were used. Polymerization shrinkage was measured with the Kaman linometer using 2-mm-thick samples, cured for 40 seconds and measured with digital calipers for sample thickness. Surface microhardness samples were prepared (2-mm thick × 12-mm diameter) and sequentially polished using 600-grit silicone carbide paper, 9 μm and 1 μm diamond polishing solutions. After 24 hours of dry storage, Knoop (200 g load, 15 seconds dwell time) and Vickers (500 g load, 15 seconds dwell time) hardness tests were conducted. Flexural strength test samples (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were stored in 100% relative humidity and analyzed using a three-point bending test with an Instron Universal Testing Machine (Instron 5565, Instron Corp) applied at a crosshead speed of 0.75 ± 0.25 mm/min. Maximum load at fracture was recorded. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparison tests were used to determine significant differences in physical properties among materials.
Results
Filtek LS had significantly lower shrinkage (0.45 [0.39] vol%). Aelite LS demonstrated the greatest Knoop surface hardness (114.55 [8.67] KHN), followed by Filtek LS, Kalore, and Empress Direct (36.59 [1.75] KHN). Vickers surface hardness was significantly greater for Aelite LS (126.88 [6.58] VH), followed by Filtek LS, Kalore, and Empress Direct (44.14 [1.02] VH). Flexural strength (MPa) was significantly higher for Aelite LS and Filtek LS (135.75 [17.35]; 129.42 [9.48]) than for Kalore and Empress Direct (86.84 [9.04]; 92.96 [9.27]). There is a strong correlation between results obtained using Knoop and Vickers hardness tests (r=0.99), although Vickers values were significantly greater for each material.
Conclusion
Results suggest that Aelite LS possesses superior hardness and flexural strength, while Filtek LS has significantly less shrinkage compared with the other composites tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chang
- Matthew Chang, DDS, MS, MA, FAGD, Lieutenant Commander, Dental Corps, US Navy
| | - J Dennison
- Joseph Dennison, DDS, MS, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - P Yaman
- Peter Yaman, DDS, MS, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kumar N, Shortall A. Performance of the experimental resins and dental nanocomposites at varying deformation rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:237-42. [PMID: 23766028 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bi-axial flexural strength of experimental unfilled resins and resin-based composites at varying deformation rates following 1-week dry, 1-week wet, and 13-week wet storage regimes. METHODS A total of 270 disc-shaped specimens (12 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) of either unfilled resins or experimental resin-based composites comprising of three groups (n = 90) were fabricated. Three groups of each unfilled resin and resin-based composites (n = 90) were stored for 1 week under dry conditions, and at 1 and 13 weeks under wet conditions (37 ± 1°C) before testing. The bi-axial flexural strength of each unfilled resin and resin-based composites group was determined at a 0.1, 1, and 10 mm/min deformation rate (n = 30). RESULTS The unfilled resins revealed a deformation rate dependence following all storage regimes; however, the addition of fillers in the unfilled resins modified such reliance following the 1-week dry and 13-week wet storage regimes. In contrast, a lower bi-axial flexural strength of the 1-week wet resin-based composites specimens at a 0.1 mm/min deformation rate was identified. CONCLUSION A lower bi-axial flexural strength of the 1-week wet resin-based composites specimens at a low deformation rate suggests that premature failure of resin-based composites restorations might occur in patients with parafunctional habits, such as bruxism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Synthesis and characterization of cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles and their composites for reinforcement of photocurable dental resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kumar N, Sangi L. Water sorption, solubility, and resultant change in strength among three resin-based dental composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23188774 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the water sorption, solubility, and resultant change in strength of one microhybrid and two nanofilled resin-based composites (RBCs). METHODS Water sorption, solubility, and three-point bending strength (TPBS) characteristics of a microhybrid RBC Filtek(™) Z250 (Z250; batch 8MA; shade A3) and two nanofilled RBCs, namely Filtek(™) Supreme XT "body" (FSB; batch 8NU; shade A3) and "translucent" shades (FST; batch 6C; shade YT) (3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA) were investigated following 1 and 13 weeks storage regimes. RESULTS FSB displayed a significant increase in water sorption compared with Z250 and FST (P < 0.001), however, the latter demonstrated no significant difference between them following 1 week and 13 weeks immersion periods (P > 0.001). Following the 13-week immersion period, FSB showed greater water solubility compared with Z250 and FST (P < 0.001). FSB exhibited greater TPBS compared with FST in dry control specimens (P < 0.05), but no significant difference among TPBS of all RBCs was identified following the 1-week immersion period (P = 0.290). The TPBS of FSB decreased significantly compared with Z250 and FST following the 13-week immersion period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Since the FSB exhibited greater water sorption, solubility, and resulting strength degradation compared with Z250 and FST, a poor clinical performance may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Science of Dental Materials Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Improving the standard of the standard for glass ionomers: An alternative to the compressive fracture strength test for consideration? J Dent 2012; 40:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Taher NMA. Bi-axial flexural strength of dual-polymerizing agents cemented to human dentin after photo-activation with different light-curing systems. Saudi Dent J 2010; 22:107-12. [PMID: 23960484 PMCID: PMC3723075 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the bi-axial flexural strength of two dual-polymerizing resin luting agents cemented to human dentin when photo-activated with different light-curing units. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two dual-cured resin cements: choice (CH) and Variolink II (VL) were tested. Hybrid composite resin (Z-250) discs (12 × 1.5 mm) were fabricated. Three types of light-curing units were used halogen-curing unit (QTH), light-emitting diode (LED) and plasma arc (PAC). Sixty dentin discs of 0.5 mm thickness were prepared from extracted human teeth. A circular mold (2.5 mm in height and 12 mm diameter) was utilized to create supporting structure for dentin, resin cement complex. The resin luting cement (0.5 mm) was placed on the previously prepared dentin discs and covered with the prefabricated composite discs. Photo-activation of cements was performed for 40 s with QTH and LED units and for 3 s with PAC. The specimens were divided into 12 groups (20 specimens for each light source). Six groups were kept in distilled water for 24 h and the rest were stored for 6 weeks. Bi-axial flexural strength was determined using Instron machine. The data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey test for comparison. RESULTS The findings indicated that the bi-axial flexural strength values for both cements CH and VL were higher for 24 h over 6 weeks but not statistically significant when cured with QTH. Meanwhile, when LED light was used for photo-activation the cements, the flexural strength values reported were statistically higher of 24 h over 6 weeks storage at P = 0.4(E-6) However, PAC light did not record any statistically significant difference between two duration for the CH cement although when used for polymerization of VL the reported value for 6 weeks were statistically significantly higher value than 24 h duration at P = 0.002. CONCLUSION When high immediate flexural strength is preferred in clinical situation photo-activation the cements with LED reported the greatest value.
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Pick B, Meira JB, Driemeier L, Braga RR. A critical view on biaxial and short-beam uniaxial flexural strength tests applied to resin composites using Weibull, fractographic and finite element analyses. Dent Mater 2010; 26:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Souza ROA, Ozcan M, Michida SMA, de Melo RM, Pavanelli CA, Bottino MA, Soares LES, Martin AA. Conversion degree of indirect resin composites and effect of thermocycling on their physical properties. J Prosthodont 2009; 19:218-25. [PMID: 20040031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.2009.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the degree of conversion (DC) of four indirect resin composites (IRCs) with various compositions processed in different polymerization units and investigated the effect of thermal aging on the flexural strength and Vicker's microhardness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens were prepared from four IRC materials, namely Gr 1: Resilab (Wilcos); Gr2: Sinfony (3M ESPE); Gr3: VITA VMLC (VITA Zahnfabrik); Gr4: VITA Zeta (VITA Zahnfabrik) using special molds for flexural strength test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (25 x 2 x 2 mm(3), ISO 4049), for Vicker's microhardness test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (5 x 4 mm(2)) and for DC (N = 10) using FT-Raman Spectroscopy. For both flexural strength and microhardness tests, half of the specimens were randomly stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours (Groups 1 to 4), and the other half (Groups 5 to 8) were subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5 to 55 +/- 1 degree C, dwell time: 30 seconds). Flexural strength was measured in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0.8 mm/min). Microhardness test was performed at 50 g. The data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha= 0.05). The correlation between flexural strength and microhardness was evaluated with Pearson's correlation test (alpha= 0.05). RESULTS A significant effect for the type of IRC and thermocycling was found (p= 0.001, p= 0.001) on the flexural strength results, but thermocycling did not significantly affect the microhardness results (p= 0.078). The interaction factors were significant for both flexural strength and microhardness parameters (p= 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Thermocycling decreased the flexural strength of the three IRCs tested significantly (p < 0.05), except for VITA Zeta (106.3 +/- 9.1 to 97.2 +/- 14 MPa) (p > 0.05) when compared with nonthermocycled groups. Microhardness results of only Sinfony were significantly affected by thermocycling (25.1 +/- 2.1 to 31 +/- 3.3 Kg/mm(2)). DC values ranged between 63% and 81%, and were not significantly different between the IRCs (p > 0.05). While a positive correlation was found between flexural strength and microhardness without (r = 0.309) and with thermocycling (r = 0.100) for VITA VMLC, negative correlations were found for Resilab under the same conditions (r =-0.190 and -0.305, respectively) (Pearson's correlation coefficient). CONCLUSION Although all four IRCs presented nonsignificant DC values, flexural strength and microhardness values varied between materials with and without thermocycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O A Souza
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Jose dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University, São Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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Della Bona A, Benetti P, Borba M, Cecchetti D. Flexural and diametral tensile strength of composite resins. Braz Oral Res 2009; 22:84-9. [PMID: 18425251 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the flexural strength (sf) and the diametral tensile strength (st) of light-cured composite resins, testing the hypothesis that there is a positive relation between these properties. Twenty specimens were fabricated for each material (Filtek Z250- 3M-Espe; AM- Amelogen, Ultradent; VE- Vit-l-escence, Ultradent; EX- Esthet-X, Dentsply/Caulk), following ISO 4049 and ANSI/ADA 27 specifications and the manufacturers instructions. For the st test, cylindrical shaped (4 mm x 6 mm) specimens (n = 10) were placed with their long axes perpendicular to the applied compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. The sf was measured using the 3-point bending test, in which bar shaped specimens (n = 10) were tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Both tests were performed in a universal testing machine (EMIC 2000) recording the fracture load (N). Strength values (MPa) were calculated and statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey (a = 0.05). The mean and standard deviation values (MPa) were Z250-45.06 +/- 5.7; AM-35.61 +/- 5.4; VE-34.45 +/- 7.8; and EX-42.87 +/- 6.6 for st; and Z250-126.52 +/- 3.3; AM-87.75 +/- 3.8; VE-104.66 +/- 4.4; and EX-119.48 +/- 2.1 for sf. EX and Z250 showed higher st and sf values than the other materials evaluated (p < 0.05), which followed a decreasing trend of mean values. The results confirmed the study hypothesis, showing a positive relation between the material properties examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Della Bona
- School of Dentistry, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Strontium-based Glass Polyalkenoate Cements for Luting Applications in the Skeleton. J Biomater Appl 2008; 24:483-502. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328208099085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glass Polyalkenoate Cements (GPCs) based on strontium calcium zinc silicate (Sr-Ca-Zn-SiO2) glasses and high molecular weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have been shown to exhibit suitable mechanical properties for orthopaedic arthroplasty applications, however for vertebroplasty and other medical luting applications these cements have working and setting times which are unsuitable for such applications. In this study GPCs based on Sr-Ca-Zn-SiO 2 glasses and low molecular weight PAA were evaluated for orthopaedic luting applications. GPCs based on four different glasses; BT100 (0.16CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO2), BT101 (0.04SrO, 0.12CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO 2), BT102 (0.08SrO 0.08CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO2) and BT103 (0.12SrO 0.04CaO, 0.36ZnO, 0.48SiO2) and two PAAs (MW; 12,700 and 25,700) were examined. These cement formulations exhibited handling properties potentially suitable for luting applications as well as mechanical strengths which were similar to those of trabecular bone. Upon immersion in simulated body fluid, the GPCs showed sustained growth of a calcium phosphate layer on the surface of the cement indicating that these cements were bioactive in nature.
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Bhamra GS, Fleming GJ. Effects of halogen light irradiation variables (tip diameter, irradiance, irradiation protocol) on flexural strength properties of resin-based composites. J Dent 2008; 36:643-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sideridou ID, Karabela MM, Bikiaris DN. Aging studies of light cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins and a resin composite in water or ethanol/water. Dent Mater 2007; 23:1142-9. [PMID: 17118438 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the aging of neat resins, prepared from bis-GMA, UDMA, D(3)MA or a mixture of bis-GMA/UDMA/D(3)MA (65/20/15 w/w/w), in water or 75% (v/v) ethanol/water 37 degrees C. Also the study of aging of Heliomolar RO, which is a radiopaque, microfilled, light cured composite, the resin matrix of which is the copolymer of bis-GMA/UDMA/D(3)MA (65/20/15 w/w/w). METHODS Samples of neat resins and Heliomolar RO prepared by light curing were immersed in water or 75% (v/v) ethanol/water 37 degrees C, for 1, 7 or 30 days. Then the flexural and tensile strength were determined. The fractured surface of samples after the flexural tests was observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Bis-GMA and copolymer resin did not showed any significant change in mechanical properties after immersion in water or 75% (v/v) ethanol/water 37 degrees C, for 30 days. On the contrary UDMA, D(3)MA and the composite Heliomolar RO showed a significant decrease. SIGNIFICANCE The results obtained showed that the effect of aging in water or ethanol/water solution on mechanical properties of a light cured dimethacrylate resin depends on the chemical structure of resin. In the case of resin composite this effect depends on the filler-matrix bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini D Sideridou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Tjandrawinata R, Irie M, Suzuki K. Twenty-four Hour Flexural and Shear Bond Strengths of Flowable Light-cured Composites: A comparison Analysis Using Weibull Statistics. Dent Mater J 2007; 26:589-97. [PMID: 17886465 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.26.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
By means of Weibull analysis, this study evaluated and compared the flexural strength and shear bond strength of flowable light-cured composites against those of conventional ones. Twenty specimens of each material were prepared for flexural and shear bond strength measurements. Specimens were measured after water storage at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Three of four flowable composites showed significantly higher flexural strength than conventional ones, with Weibull moduli ranging between 6 and 14. With the presence of a bonding agent, the shear bond strength to enamel of both types was not different significantly (p=0.28), with Weibull moduli ranging between 4 and 9. In the selection of an excellent resin composite material, results of this study showed that a high, stable Weibull modulus value could be a sound indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Tjandrawinata
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Campus B, JI. Kyai Tapa 260, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
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Paul NM, Bader SJ, Schricker SR, Parquette JR. 2,3-Branching benzyl ether dendrimers for the enhancement of dental composites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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