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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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Dižová S, Černáková L, Bujdáková H. The impact of farnesol in combination with fluconazole on Candida albicans biofilm: regulation of ERG20, ERG9, and ERG11 genes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:363-371. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alcaíno J, Romero I, Niklitschek M, Sepúlveda D, Rojas MC, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Functional characterization of the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding genes that are involved in the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96626. [PMID: 24796858 PMCID: PMC4010515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous synthesizes the carotenoid astaxanthin, which has applications in biotechnology because of its antioxidant and pigmentation properties. However, wild-type strains produce too low amounts of carotenoids to be industrially competitive. Considering this background, it is indispensable to understand how the synthesis of astaxanthin is controlled and regulated in this yeast. In this work, the steps leading to the synthesis of the carotenoid precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP, C20) in X. dendrorhous from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, C5) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP, C5) was characterized. Two prenyl transferase encoding genes, FPS and crtE, were expressed in E. coli. The enzymatic assays using recombinant E. coli protein extracts demonstrated that FPS and crtE encode a farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, C15) synthase and a GGPP-synthase, respectively. X. dendrorhous FPP-synthase produces geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10) from IPP and DMAPP and FPP from IPP and GPP, while the X. dendrorhous GGPP-synthase utilizes only FPP and IPP as substrates to produce GGPP. Additionally, the FPS and crtE genes were over-expressed in X. dendrorhous, resulting in an increase of the total carotenoid production. Because the parental strain is diploid, the deletion of one of the alleles of these genes did not affect the total carotenoid production, but the composition was significantly altered. These results suggest that the over-expression of these genes might provoke a higher carbon flux towards carotenogenesis, most likely involving an earlier formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex. Conversely, the lower carbon flux towards carotenogenesis in the deletion mutants might delay or lead to a partial formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex, which could explain the accumulation of astaxanthin carotenoid precursors in these mutants. In conclusion, the FPS and the crtE genes represent good candidates to manipulate to favor carotenoid biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Niklitschek
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Wriessnegger T, Pichler H. Yeast metabolic engineering – Targeting sterol metabolism and terpenoid formation. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:277-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Karst F, Plochocka D, Meyer S, Szkopinska A. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity affects ergosterol level and proliferation of yeastSaccharomyces cerevisae. Cell Biol Int 2013; 28:193-7. [PMID: 14984745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The yeast farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) gene was engineered so as to construct allelic forms giving various activities of the enzyme. One of the substitutions was F96W in the chain length determination region. The other, K197, conserved within a consensus sequence found in the majority of FPP and GGPP synthases, was substituted by R, E and V. An intricate correlation has been found between the FPPS activity, the amount of ergosterol synthesized and cell growth of a mutant strain defective in FPPS. About 40% of wt FPPS activity was sufficient to support normal growth of the mutant. With further decline of FPPS activity (20 down to 3%) the amount of ergosterol remained unchanged at approximately 0.16% (vs dry weight), whereas growth yield decreased and lag times increased. We postulate that, in addition to ergosterol initiating and maintaining growth of yeast cells, FPP and/or its derivatives participate in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Karst
- Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, INRA, Oenologie, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, 68021 Colmar, France
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Possible inhibitory molecular mechanism of farnesol on the development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:770-5. [PMID: 22106223 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05290-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilm infections are usually treated with azole antifungals such as fluconazole. However, the development of resistance to this drug in C. albicans biofilms is very common, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The upregulation of the sterol biosynthetic pathway gene ERG and the efflux pump genes CDR and MDR may contribute to this azole tolerance in Candida species. We hypothesize that farnesol, an endogenous quorum sensing molecule with possible antimicrobial properties which is also the precursor of ergosterols in C. albicans, may interfere with the development of fluconazole resistance in C. albicans biofilms. To test this hypothesis, MICs were compared and morphology changes were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for farnesol-treated and -untreated and fluconazole-resistant groups. The expression of possible target genes (ERG11, ERG25, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3, ERG1, MDR1, CDR1, and CDR2) in biofilms was analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of farnesol. The results showed a decreased MIC of fluconazole and thinner biofilms for the farnesol-treated group, indicating that farnesol inhibited the development of fluconazole resistance. The sterol biosynthetic pathway may contribute to the inhibitory effects of farnesol, as the transcription levels of the ERG11, ERG25, ERG6, ERG3, and ERG1 genes decreased in the farnesol-treated group.
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Identification of a lysine residue important for the catalytic activity of yeast farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Protein J 2011; 30:334-9. [PMID: 21643844 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG20 gene (encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase) has been subjected to a set of mutations at the catalytic site, at position K254 to determine the in vivo impact. The mutated strains have been shown to exhibit various growth rates, sterol profiles and monoterpenol producing capacities. The results obtained suggest that K at position 254 helps to stabilize one of the three Mg(2+) forming a bridge between the enzyme and DMAPP, and demonstrate that destabilizing two of the three Mg(2+) ions, by introducing a double mutation at positions K197 and K254, results in a loss of FPPS activity and a lethal phenotype.
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Fischer MJC, Meyer S, Claudel P, Bergdoll M, Karst F. Metabolic engineering of monoterpene synthesis in yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1883-92. [PMID: 21391209 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Terpenoids are one of the largest and most diverse families of natural compounds. They are heavily used in industry, and the trend is toward engineering modified microorganisms that produce high levels of specific terpenoids. Most studies have focused on creating specific heterologous pathways for sesquiterpenes in Escherichia coli or yeast. We subjected the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG20 gene (encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase) to a set of amino acid mutations in the catalytic site at position K197. Mutated strains have been shown to exhibit various growth rate, sterol amount, and monoterpenol-producing capacities. These results are discussed in the context of the potential use of these mutated strains for heterologous expression of monoterpenoid synthases, which was investigated using Ocimum basilicum geraniol synthase. The results obtained with up to 5 mg/L geraniol suggest a major improvement compared with previous available expression systems like Escherichia coli or yeast strains with an unmodified ERG20 gene that respectively delivered amounts in the 10 and 500 µg/L range or even a previously characterized K197E mutation that delivered amounts in the 1 mg/L range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J C Fischer
- Univ Strasbourg, INRA, Inst Natl Recherche Agron, Métab Second Vigne, Unit Mixte Recherche Santé Vigne & Qual Vins, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, F-68021Colmar, France.
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Bassi AM, Romano P, Mangini S, Colombo M, Canepa C, Nanni G, Casu A. Protein and m-RNA expression of farnesyl-transferases, RhoA and RhoB in rat liver hepatocytes: action of perillyl alcohol and vitamin A in vivo. J Biomed Sci 2005; 12:457-66. [PMID: 15959631 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-3728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the action, in rats in vivo, of the protein isoprenylation inhibitor perillyl alcohol (POH) and that of vitamin A, alone or in association, on m-RNA and protein expression of farnesyltransferases (FTases alpha and beta subunits) and their protein substrates RhoA and RhoB, in isolated hepatocytes. Combined administration of POH and vitamin A induced a sharp decrease in FTase alpha protein after 96 h, suggesting an involvement not only of farnesyltransferases but also of geranylgeranyltransferases, which share the FTase alpha protein. FTase beta protein did not decrease. POH plus vitamin A, in contrast with POH or vitamin A alone, induced a decrease in RhoB protein, probably because of different cleavages. No modification was observed in RhoA protein. Vitamin A alone increased RhoB m-RNA and protein expression. As one of the functions of RhoB is cell polarisation, these data support our previous hypothesis of a polarised transport of vitamin A from hepatocytes to hepatic stellate cells. As the behaviours of m-RNAs and proteins in this study were often different, cytoplasmic metabolic pathways must be considered for the parameters studied. The behaviour of Rho B, which is thought to have an antioncogene function, is discussed in view of its isoprenylated forms in the membranes. These preliminary findings stress the need, when studying the association of two isoprenoids in cancer therapy, to consider normal as well as tumour-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Genoa, Via L.B. Alberti 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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GrabiÅska K, Palamarczyk G. Dolichol biosynthesis in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae: an insight into the regulatory role of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. FEMS Yeast Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Current awareness in flavour and fragrance. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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