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Lienenklaus S, Walisko R, te Boekhorst A, May T, Samuelsson C, Michiels T, Weiss S. PCR-based simultaneous analysis of the interferon-alpha family reveals distinct kinetics for early interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:653-60. [PMID: 18844580 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a PCR-based analysis system that allows the simple simultaneous assessment of murine interferons (IFN)-alpha and IFN-beta induction in a single reaction. In this analysis, the so-called early IFN-alpha4 can be distinguished from the so-called late IFN-nonalpha4 by employing a primer mixture that amplifies a part of the IFN-alpha genes in which IFN-alpha4 exhibits a deletion of 15 nucleotides compared to IFN-nonalpha4. By including a final denaturation and a slow cooling step at the end of the PCR procedure, hybrid formation was avoided that regularly occurred when standard protocols were used. Separation of the amplification products on 4.5% agarose gels allowed the comparative assessment of the classical type I IFNs. Using this analysis system, we could show that in immortalized adult fibroblasts, IFN-beta is induced first and the two types of IFN-alpha are induced later and simultaneously. When similar fibroblasts derived from mice that lack IFN-beta were tested, the IFN response was delayed. However, now IFN-alpha4 appeared first and apparently induced the cascade of IFN-nonalpha4. This confirms the role of IFN-beta as master regulator of the normal IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lienenklaus
- Molecular Immunology, HZI, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Le Tortorec A, Denis H, Satie AP, Patard JJ, Ruffault A, Jégou B, Dejucq-Rainsford N. Antiviral responses of human Leydig cells to mumps virus infection or poly I:C stimulation. Hum Reprod 2008; 23:2095-103. [PMID: 18567898 PMCID: PMC2517156 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immuno-privileged status of the testis is essential to the maintenance of its functions, and innate immunity is likely to play a key role in limiting harmful viral infections, as demonstrated in the rat. In men mumps virus infects Leydig cells and has deleterious effects on testosterone production and spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to test whether mumps virus infection of isolated human Leydig cells was associated with an inhibition of their innate antiviral defences. METHODS Leydig cell production of mRNA and protein for interferons (IFNs) and of three antiviral proteins—2′5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (2′5′OAS), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and MxA—was investigated, in the absence or presence of mumps virus or viral stimuli including poly I:C, a mimetic of RNA viruses replication product. RESULTS Stimulated or not, human Leydig cells appeared unable to produce routinely detectable IFNs α, β and γ. Although the level of PKR remained unchanged after stimulation, the expression of 2′5′OAS and MxA was enhanced following either mumps virus or poly I:C exposure (P < 0.05 versus control). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results demonstrate that mumps virus replication in human Leydig cells is not associated with a specific inhibition of IFNs or 2′5′OAS, MxA and PKR production and that these cells display relatively weak endogenous antiviral abilities, as opposed to their rat counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Le Tortorec
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - H. Denis
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - A-P. Satie
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - J-J. Patard
- Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - A. Ruffault
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - B. Jégou
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
| | - N. Dejucq-Rainsford
- Inserm, U625, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, IFR-140, Groupe d'Etude de la Reproduction chez l'Homme et les Mammifères, Rennes, F-35042, France
- Correspondence address. Tel: +33-2-23-23-50-69; Fax: +33-2-23-23-50-55; E-mail:
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Samuelsson CV, Lienenklaus S, Müller PP, Zawatzky R, Hauser H, Weiss S. Transformation of mouse fibroblasts alters the induction pattern of type I IFNs after virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:584-9. [PMID: 16091286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) have been shown to be involved in many immune defence and inflammatory responses. We here show that IFN-beta plays an absolute essential role in the efficient induction of all type I IFNs after infection of primary embryonic as well as primary adult fibroblasts with Sendai virus. In contrast, after immortalization of such fibroblasts with SV40 large T antigen, IFN-alpha4 can be induced independently of IFN-beta. However, efficient secretion of type I IFNs even in immortalized fibroblasts is only found when the complete signalling loop is induced by IFN-beta.
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Chen J, Baig E, Fish EN. Diversity and Relatedness Among the Type I Interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24:687-98. [PMID: 15684736 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2004.24.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) include the IFN-alpha family of subtypes, IFN-beta, IFN-omega, IFN-tau, IFN-kappa, IFN-lambda, and IFN-zeta. IFN genes lack introns and encode secretory signal peptide sequences that are proteolytically cleaved prior to secretion from the cell. In contrast to the approximately 50% amino acid sequence identity among the human IFN-alpha subtypes, human IFN-alphas share approximately 22% identity with human IFN-beta and 37% identity with human IFN-omega. Many of the conserved residues among the type I IFNs are implicated in receptor recognition and structural integrity. This report provides an update on the gene annotations for the mouse and human IFN gene clusters on chromosome 4 and 9, respectively, with accompanying amino acid sequence alignments. Based on sequence identities, a phylogenic tree analysis for the different mammalian Type I IFNs is also presented, showing the high degree of relatedness among these IFNs. Notably, sequence alignment of the different human and mouse IFN promoter regions reveals different signature patterns for transcription factor binding sites, implying different inducers might differentially activate the transcription of the different IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Chen
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Harrison GA, McNicol KA, Deane EM. Type I interferon genes from the egg‐laying mammal,Tachyglossus aculeatus(short‐beaked echidna). Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:112-8. [PMID: 15061761 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2004.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The type I IFN are an important group of multifunctional cytokines that have, for whatever reason, evolved to a high level of complexity in eutherian mammals such as humans and mice. However, until recently, little was known about the type I IFN systems of the other two groups of extant mammals, the marsupials and the egg-laying monotremes. Preliminary partial type I IFN sequences from the short-beaked echidna were previously found to cluster only with the IFN-beta subtype in phylogenetic analyses, but a lack of sequence information made interpretation of these results tenuous. Here, we report cloning of the full-length genes of representatives from the two previously defined groups of echidna type I IFN by genomic walking PCR. Along with analysis of conserved cysteine placement and promoter elements, phylogenetic analysis incorporating these sequences strongly suggest that the two groups of echidna type I IFN genes are in fact homologous to IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, confirming that the duplication leading to these two major classes of type I IFN occurred prior to the divergence of eutherians and monotremes some 180 million years ago. Thus, even though there are major differences in gene copy number and heterogeneity, separate IFN-alpha and IFN-beta gene families are a feature of the cytokine networks of all three groups of living mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavan A Harrison
- University of Western Sydney, School of Science, Food and Horticulture, BCRI Building, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australian
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Abstract
Different members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family are early activated by viral infection of eukaryotic cells. The IRFs participate in the virus-induced transcriptional regulation of different genes, including the multigenic interferon-A (IFN-A) family, members of which are involved in the establishment of an antiviral state, cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This study presents the recent progress in the field of virus-induced transactivation and repression of IFN-A gene promoters. Data presented on the modular organization of IFN-A gene promoters and their transactivation dependent on IRF-3 and IRF-7 provide a new insight on the cooperativity mechanisms among the different IRF family members. Data on the transcriptional repression of virus-induced interferon-A promoters by the homeodomain protein Pitx1 contribute to our understanding of the complex differential transcriptional activation, repression and antirepression of the IFN-A genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Civas
- UPR 2228, CNRS, Laboratoire de régulation transcriptionnelle et maladies génétiques, UFR biomédicale des Saints-Pères, Université Paris V, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris cedex 6, France.
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Taniguchi T, Takaoka A. The interferon-alpha/beta system in antiviral responses: a multimodal machinery of gene regulation by the IRF family of transcription factors. Curr Opin Immunol 2002; 14:111-6. [PMID: 11790540 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(01)00305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficient induction of interferons alpha and beta (IFN-alpha/beta) in virus-infected cells is central to the antiviral response of a host and is regulated mainly at the level of gene transcription. Once produced, IFN-alpha/beta transmit signals to the cell interior via a specific receptor complex to induce an antiviral response. Recently, the auto-amplification mechanism of the IFN-alpha/beta system that follows viral infection has been identified. This mechanism is mediated by transcription factors of the IFN regulatory factor family and, in fact, may have evolved to render the system more robust in antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatsugu Taniguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan.
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Bachmann A, Hanke B, Zawatzky R, Soto U, van Riggelen J, zur Hausen H, Rösl F. Disturbance of tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated beta interferon signaling in cervical carcinoma cells. J Virol 2002; 76:280-91. [PMID: 11739693 PMCID: PMC135709 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.280-291.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2001] [Accepted: 09/28/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we show that malignant human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cells lost their ability to synthesize endogenous beta interferon (IFN-beta) upon tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) treatment. IFN-beta transcription, however, was reinducible in nonmalignant HPV-positive cells, which was confirmed in functional protection assays against encephalomyocarditis virus or vesicular stomatitis virus infections. Addition of neutralizing antibodies against IFN-beta blocked the antiviral effect, excluding the possibility that other IFN types were involved. Conversely, both malignant and immortalized cells could be protected against viral cytolysis when either IFN-beta, IFN-alpha, or IFN-gamma was added exogenously. This indicates that only the cross talk between TNF-alpha and the IFN-beta pathways, and not IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling in general, is perturbed in cervical carcinoma cells. Notably, full virus protection was restricted exclusively to nonmalignant cells, indicating that the antiviral effect correlates with the growth-inhibitory and virus-suppressive properties of TNF-alpha. The IFN-regulatory factors IRF-1 and p48 (ISGF3gamma) emerged as key regulatory molecules in the differential IFN-beta response, since their transcription was either absent or only inefficiently enhanced in tumorigenic cells upon treatment with TNF-alpha. Inducibility of both genes, however, became reestablished in cervical carcinoma cells, which were complemented to nontumorigenicity after somatic cell hybridization. Complementation was paralleled by the entire reconstitution of cytokine-mediated IFN-beta expression and the ability of TNF-alpha to exert an antiviral state. In contrast, under conditions where tumor suppression was not accomplished upon somatic cell hybridization, neither expression of IRF-1, p48, and IFN-beta nor antiviral activity could be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bachmann
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Abteilung Tumorvirus-Immunologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Taniguchi T, Takaoka A. A weak signal for strong responses: interferon-alpha/beta revisited. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2:378-86. [PMID: 11331912 DOI: 10.1038/35073080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems have acquired adaptability and robustness against rapid environmental changes. A typical example is the immune system, which eradicates invading pathogens such as viruses. Interferons alpha and beta, which are produced in response to viral infection, are essential components of this system but are also produced at low levels in the absence of infection. What is the purpose of the constitutive weak interferon-alpha/beta signal?
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Affiliation(s)
- T Taniguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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