1
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Mulder IA, Abbinanti M, Woller SA, Ruschel J, Coutinho JM, de Vries HE, van Bavel E, Rosen K, McKerracher L, Ayata C. The novel ROCK2 selective inhibitor NRL-1049 preserves the blood-brain barrier after acute injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241238845. [PMID: 38833563 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241238845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is critical in the pathophysiology of brain injury. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activation disrupts BBB integrity in the injured brain. We aimed to test the efficacy of a novel ROCK2 inhibitor in preserving the BBB after acute brain injury. We characterized the molecular structure and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel selective ROCK2 inhibitor, NRL-1049, and its first metabolite, 1-hydroxy-NRL-1049 (referred to as NRL-2017 hereon) and tested the efficacy of NRL-1049 on the BBB integrity in rodent models of acute brain injury. Our data show that NRL-1049 and NRL-2017 both inhibit ROCK activity and are 44-fold and 17-fold more selective towards ROCK2 than ROCK1, respectively. When tested in a mouse model of cortical cryoinjury, NRL-1049 significantly attenuated the increase in water content. Interestingly, 60% of the mice in the vehicle arm developed seizures within 2 hours after cryoinjury versus none in the NRL-1049 arm. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, NRL-1049 attenuated the dramatic surge in Evans Blue extravasation compared with the vehicle arm after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Hemorrhagic transformation was also reduced. We show that NRL-1049, a selective ROCK2 inhibitor, is a promising drug candidate to preserve the BBB after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Mulder
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neurosciences, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan M Coutinho
- Amsterdam Neurosciences, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Amsterdam Neurosciences, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed van Bavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Microcirculation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neurosciences, Neurovascular Disorders, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lisa McKerracher
- BioAxone BioSciences Inc, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stroke Service, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kakinuma Y. Characteristic Effects of the Cardiac Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine System Augmentation on Brain Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020545. [PMID: 33430415 PMCID: PMC7826949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of non-neuronal acetylcholine in the heart, this specific system has drawn scientific interest from many research fields, including cardiology, immunology, and pharmacology. This system, acquired by cardiomyocytes independent of the parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system, helps us to understand unsolved issues in cardiac physiology and to realize that the system may be more pivotal for cardiac homeostasis than expected. However, it has been shown that the effects of this system may not be restricted to the heart, but rather extended to cover extra-cardiac organs. To this end, this system intriguingly influences brain function, specifically potentiating blood brain barrier function. Although the results reported appear to be unusual, this novel characteristic can provide us with another research interest and therapeutic application mode for central nervous system diseases. In this review, we discuss our recent studies and raise the possibility of application of this system as an adjunctive therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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3
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Hu Y, Seker B, Exner C, Zhang J, Plesnila N, Schwarzmaier SM. Longitudinal Characterization of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury by In Vivo 2-Photon Microscopy. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:399-410. [PMID: 33012249 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasogenic brain edema (VBE) formation remains an important factor determining the fate of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The spatial and temporal development of VBE, however, remains poorly understood because of the lack of sufficiently sensitive measurement techniques. To close this knowledge gap, we directly visualized the full time course of vascular leakage after TBI by in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2-PM). Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 6/group, 6-8 weeks old) were assigned randomly to sham operation or brain trauma by controlled cortical impact. A cranial window was prepared, and tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMRM, MW 40,000 Da) was injected intravenously to visualize blood plasma 4 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or seven days after surgery or trauma. Three regions with increasing distance to the primary contusion were investigated up to a depth of 300 μm by 2-PM. No TMRM extravasation was detected in sham-operated mice, while already 4 h after TBI vascular leakage was significantly increased (p < 0.05 vs. sham) and reached its maximum at 48 h after injury. Vascular leakage was most pronounced in the vicinity of the contusion. The rate of extravasation showed a biphasic pattern, peaking 4 h and 48-72 h after trauma. Taken together, longitudinal quantification of vascular leakage after TBI in vivo demonstrates that VBE formation after TBI develops in a biphasic manner suggestive of acute and delayed mechanisms. Further studies using the currently developed dynamic in vivo imaging modalities are needed to investigate these mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,First Teaching Hospital of the Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Burcu Seker
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Exner
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of the Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne M Schwarzmaier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.,Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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4
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Jing L, Wu N, He L, Shao J, Ma H. Establishment of an experimental rat model of high altitude cerebral edema by hypobaric hypoxia combined with temperature fluctuation. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:253-262. [PMID: 33141074 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a kind of life threat disease encountered at high altitude, but the precise pathogenesis of it is far more understood. Hypobaic hypoxia (HH) and cold are conditions characteristic of high altitude environment. HH is always considered as the central causative factor for the development of HACE, but the effect of cold stress on HACE has been rarely investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of cold stress in the development of HACE and establish a stable experimental animal model. Male SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups for this experiment, control group (altitude, 1400 m, temperature, 25 ℃), NC + 2 ℃ group (altitude, 1400 m, temperature, 2 ℃), HH group (altitude, 6000 m, temperature, 25 ℃), HH+2 ℃ group (altitude, 6000 m, temperature, 2 ℃) and HH + 12/2 ℃ (altitude, 6000 m, temperature, 12 ℃/2 ℃ light/dark cycle). After exposure for 72 h, the blood and brain tissues were collected. Brain water content (BWC) and Evans Blue dye extravasation were used to assess the brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, respectively. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxidative stress markers and ATPase activity were determined using commercial kits. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of related proteins. Compared to control, HH+2 ℃ could significantly increase the BWC and BBB permeability, and these changes were further exacerbated by HH + 12/2 ℃. Furthermore, HH+2 ℃ and HH + 12/2 ℃ markedly increased the levels of H2O2 and MDA, restrained SOD and GSH levels and decreased Na+/K+-ATPase activitie compared with the control group. In addition, HH+2 ℃ and HH + 12/2 ℃ enhanced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and significantly increased the expression of VEGF in brain compared with the control group, but only HH + 12/2 ℃ could increase the expression of AQP4. However, compared with control group, no significant differences in these parameters were observed in HH and NC+2 ℃groups. These results demonstrated that HH or cold stress alone did not successfully induce brain damage, while HH+2 ℃ could induce the onset of HACE via provoking injury caused by HH. HH + 12/2 ℃ was more obvious and efficient. Collectively, we firstly suggest that cold stress may promote the formation of HACE by aggravating the brain injury induced by HH exposure and supply an effective and reliable experimental rat model of HACE via HH combined with temperature fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningzi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Persistent Local Vasogenic Edema with Dynamic Change in the Regional Cerebral Blood Flow after STA-MCA Bypass for Adult Moyamoya Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Sanchis P, Fernández‐Gayol O, Vizueta J, Comes G, Canal C, Escrig A, Molinero A, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Microglial cell‐derived interleukin‐6 influences behavior and inflammatory response in the brain following traumatic brain injury. Glia 2019; 68:999-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Olaya Fernández‐Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Joel Vizueta
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Carla Canal
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of BiosciencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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7
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Oikawa S, Kai Y, Mano A, Sugama S, Mizoguchi N, Tsuda M, Muramoto K, Kakinuma Y. Potentiating a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system reinforces the functional integrity of the blood brain barrier associated with systemic anti-inflammatory responses. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:122-137. [PMID: 31176726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the heart-specific choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene overexpressing mice (ChAT tg) show specific phenotypes including ischemic tolerance and the CNS stress tolerance. In the current study, we focused on molecular mechanisms responsible for systemic and localized anti-inflammatory phenotypes of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were resistant to systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides due to an attenuated cytokine response. In addition, ChAT tg, originally equipped with less reactive Kupffer cells, were refractory to brain cold injury, with decreased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced inflammation. This is because ChAT tg brain endothelial cells expressed more claudin-5, and their astrocytes were less reactive, causing decreased hypertrophy. Moreover, reconstruction of the BBB integrity in vitro confirmed the consolidation of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were also resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neuronal toxicity due to lower mortality rate and neuronal loss of substantia nigra. Additionally, ChAT tg subjected to MPTP showed attenuated BBB disruption, as evident from reduced sodium fluorescein levels in the brain parenchyma. The activated central cholinergic pathway of ChAT tg lead to anti-convulsive effects like vagus nerve stimulation. However, DSP-4, a noradrenergic neuron-selective neurotoxin against the CNS including the locus ceruleus, abrogated the beneficial phenotype and vagotomy attenuated expression of claudin-5, suggesting the link between the cholinergic pathway and BBB function. Altogether, these findings indicate that ChAT tg possess an anti-inflammatory response potential, associated with upregulated claudin-5, leading to the consolidation of BBB integrity. These characteristics protect ChAT tg against systemic and localized inflammatory pathological disorders, which targets the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Naoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Muramoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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8
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Tan C, Lu NN, Wang CK, Chen DY, Sun NH, Lyu H, Körbelin J, Shi WX, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Endothelium-Derived Semaphorin 3G Regulates Hippocampal Synaptic Structure and Plasticity via Neuropilin-2/PlexinA4. Neuron 2019; 101:920-937.e13. [PMID: 30685224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The proper interactions between blood vessels and neurons are critical for maintaining the strength of neural circuits and cognitive function. However, the precise molecular events underlying these interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the selective knockout of semaphorin 3G (Sema3G) in endothelial cells impaired hippocampal-dependent memory and reduced dendritic spine density in CA1 neurons in mice; these effects were reversed after restoration of Sema3G levels in the hippocampus by AAV transfection. We further show that Sema3G increased excitatory synapse density via neuropilin-2/PlexinA4 signaling and through activation of Rac1. These results provide the first evidence that, in the central nervous system, endothelial Sema3G serves as a vascular-derived synaptic organizer that regulates synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent memory. Our findings highlight the role of vascular endothelial cells in regulating cognitive function through intercellular communication with neurons in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan-Nan Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Yang Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning-He Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hang Lyu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany; Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Basic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China; Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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9
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Li P, Ge M, Wang C, He J, Yang S, Jing J, Wei D. The Spatial Distribution Characteristics of the Tumor Biomarker Alpha-fetoprotein: A Cross-section Study. J Natl Med Assoc 2018; 110:334-342. [PMID: 30126558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to explore the spatial characteristics of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) reference value in healthy Chinese adults, and its relationship to geographical location. METHODS A total of 9396 AFP reference values were collected from patients in 96 administrative units. A correlation analysis and support vector machine (SVM) were employed to extract dependent geographical factors and predict the reference values in the entire country, respectively. A geostatistics analysis was developed to reveal the spatial characteristics of the value. RESULTS Under the long-term influence of geographical environment, AFP reference values show spatial autocorrelation and regional variation. The values are higher in western and northern areas than in eastern and southern areas of China. CONCLUSIONS The AFP reference values show regional differences, and this difference should be considered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Health Geography, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Miao Ge
- Institute of Health Geography, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Congxia Wang
- Department of Cardiovasology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jinwei He
- Medical Department, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Shaofang Yang
- Institute of Health Geography, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Institute of Health Geography, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, 721000, China
| | - Dezhi Wei
- Institute of Health Geography, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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10
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Tóth L, Szöllősi D, Kis-Petik K, Adorján I, Erdélyi F, Kálmán M. The First Postlesion Minutes: An In Vivo Study of Extravasation and Perivascular Astrocytes Following Cerebral Lesions in Various Experimental Mouse Models. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:29-39. [PMID: 30047826 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate alterations following lesions cannot be investigated by using fixed tissues. Here, we employed two-photon microscopy to study the alterations to the permeability of blood-brain barrier and to glio-vascular connections in vivo during the first minutes following cortical lesions in mice. Four models were used: (1) cryogenic lesion, (2) photodisruption using laser pulses, (3) photothrombosis, and (4) bilateral carotid ligation. Sulforhodamine101 was used for supravital labeling of astrocytes and dextran-bound fluorescein isothiocyanate for the assessment of extravasation. Transgenic mice, in which the endothelium and astrocytes expressed a yellow fluorescent protein, were also used. Astrocytic labeling in vivo was verified with postmortem immunostaining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Summary of results: (1) the glio-vascular connections were stable in the intact brain with no sign of spontaneous dynamic attachment/detachment of glial end-feet; (2) only direct vascular damage (photodisruption or cryogenic) resulted in prompt extravasation; (3) even direct damage failed to provoke a prompt astroglial response. In conclusion, the results indicate that a detachment of the astrocytic end-feet does not precede the breakdown of blood-brain barrier following lesions. Whereas vasogenic edema develops immediately after the lesions, this is not the case with cytotoxic edemas. Time-lapse recordings and three-dimensional reconstructions are presented as supplemental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Katalin Kis-Petik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
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11
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Manetta F, Mullan CW, Catalano MA. Neuroprotective Strategies in Repair and Replacement of the Aortic Arch. Int J Angiol 2018; 27:98-109. [PMID: 29896042 PMCID: PMC5995688 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic arch surgery is a technical challenge, and cerebral protection during distal anastomosis is a continued topic of controversy and discussion. The physiologic effects of hypothermic arrest and adjunctive cerebral perfusion have yet to be fully defined, and the optimal strategies are still undetermined. This review highlights the historical context, physiological rationale, and clinical efficacy of various neuroprotective strategies during arch operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Manetta
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| | - Clancy W. Mullan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
| | - Michael A. Catalano
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York
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12
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Szöllősi D, Tóth L, Kálmán M. Postmortem immunohistochemical alterations following cerebral lesions: A possible pathohistological importance of the β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity. Neuropathology 2017; 38:207-217. [PMID: 29266551 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of cerebrovascular injuries raises the importance of their immunohistological investigation in postmortem materials. Most injuries involve the impairment of the blood-brain barrier. The barrier is maintained by the glio-vascular connections which break up following injuries. Some immunohistochemical alterations may refer to the impairment of the gliovascular connections. Laminin and the components of the dystroglycan complex show characteristic immunohistochemical alterations following various experimental injuries (stab wound, cryogenic lesion, arterial occlusions): immunoreactivity of β-dystroglycan, α-dystrobrevin and aquaporin 4 disappeared while that of utrophin and laminin appeared along the vessels, whereas α-syntrophin visualized the reactive astrocytes but not the resting ones. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether these post-lesion alterations: (i) are reproducible with immersive fixation, which is used in postmortem histology; (ii) are resistant to a postmortem delay before fixation; and (iii) are to be attributed to a direct effect of the lesion, or are mediated by processes occurring only in the living brain. Three models were investigated: (i) following lesions, some brains were fixed by transcardial perfusion, others by immersion; (ii) following lesions, the animals were decapitated and stored at room temperature for 8 or 16 h before fixation; and (iii) the lesions were performed after decapitation. Cryogenic lesions were performed by applying a dry ice cooled copper rod to the brain surface of ketamine-xylazine anesthetized rats. The immunohistochemical reactions were performed on free-floating sections cut with vibratome. Both immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods were used. The fixation method - perfusive or immersive - did not change the post-lesion phenomena investigated. The postmortem delay did not influence the β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity, that is its lack delineated the area of the lesion. However, in the case of the other substances, various lengths of postmortem delay rendered the immunohistochemistry uninterpretable. The results suggest β-dystroglycan immunostaining could be applied in the neuropathology to detect cerebrovascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Kálmán M, Tóth L, Szöllosi D, Oszwald E, Mahalek J, Sadeghian S. Correlation Between Extravasation and Alterations of Cerebrovascular Laminin and β-Dystroglycan Immunoreactivity Following Cryogenic Lesions in Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:929-941. [PMID: 29044412 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier becomes "leaky" following lesions. Former studies revealed that following lesions the immunoreactivity of cerebrovascular laminin becomes detectable whereas that of β-dystroglycan disappears. These alterations may be indicators of glio-vascular decoupling that may result in the impairment of the blood-brain-barrier. This study investigates correlation between the post-lesion extravasation and the above-mentioned immunohistochemical alterations. Following cryogenic lesions, the survival periods lasted 5, 10, 30 minutes, 1 or 12 hours, or 1 day. Some brains were fixed immediately post-lesion. Immunofluorescent reactions were performed in floating sections. The extravasation was detected with immunostaining for plasma fibronectin and rat immunoglobulins. When the survival period was 30 minutes or longer, the area of extravasation corresponded to the area of altered laminin and β-dystroglycan immunoreactivities. Following immediate fixation some laminin immunoreactivity was already detected. The extravasation seemed to precede this early appearance of laminin immunoreactivity. The β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity disappeared later. When the extravasation spread into the corpus callosum, vascular laminin immunoreactivity appeared but the β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity persisted. It seems that extravasation separates the glial and vascular basal laminae, which results in the appearance of laminin immunoreactivity. The disappearance of β-dystroglycan immunoreactivity is neither a condition nor an inevitable consequence of the 2 other phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Szöllosi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Oszwald
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Mahalek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sam Sadeghian
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Stokum JA, Kwon MS, Woo SK, Tsymbalyuk O, Vennekens R, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. SUR1-TRPM4 and AQP4 form a heteromultimeric complex that amplifies ion/water osmotic coupling and drives astrocyte swelling. Glia 2017; 66:108-125. [PMID: 28906027 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte swelling occurs after central nervous system injury and contributes to brain swelling, which can increase mortality. Mechanisms proffered to explain astrocyte swelling emphasize the importance of either aquaporin-4 (AQP4), an astrocyte water channel, or of Na+ -permeable channels, which mediate cellular osmolyte influx. However, the spatio-temporal functional interactions between AQP4 and Na+ -permeable channels that drive swelling are poorly understood. We hypothesized that astrocyte swelling after injury is linked to an interaction between AQP4 and Na+ -permeable channels that are newly upregulated. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and Förster resonance energy transfer, we report that AQP4 physically co-assembles with the sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (SUR1-TRPM4) monovalent cation channel to form a novel heteromultimeric water/ion channel complex. In vitro cell-swelling studies using calcein fluorescence imaging of COS-7 cells expressing various combinations of AQP4, SUR1, and TRPM4 showed that the full tripartite complex, comprised of SUR1-TRPM4-AQP4, was required for fast, high-capacity transmembrane water transport that drives cell swelling, with these findings corroborated in cultured primary astrocytes. In a murine model of brain edema involving cold-injury to the cerebellum, we found that astrocytes newly upregulate SUR1-TRPM4, that AQP4 co-associates with SUR1-TRPM4, and that genetic inactivation of the solute pore of the SUR1-TRPM4-AQP4 complex blocked in vivo astrocyte swelling measured by diolistic labeling, thereby corroborating our in vitro functional studies. Together, these findings demonstrate a novel molecular mechanism involving the SUR1-TRPM4-AQP4 complex to account for bulk water influx during astrocyte swelling. These findings have broad implications for the understanding and treatment of AQP4-mediated pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Stokum
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
| | - Min S Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
| | - Seung K Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
| | - Orest Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595.,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201-1595
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15
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Hong JH, Savina M, Du J, Devendran A, Kannivadi Ramakanth K, Tian X, Sim WS, Mironova VV, Xu J. A Sacrifice-for-Survival Mechanism Protects Root Stem Cell Niche from Chilling Stress. Cell 2017. [PMID: 28648662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has a profound influence on plant and animal development, but its effects on stem cell behavior and activity remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize the responses of the Arabidopsis root to chilling (low but above-freezing) temperature. Chilling stress at 4°C leads to DNA damage predominantly in root stem cells and their early descendants. However, only newly generated/differentiating columella stem cell daughters (CSCDs) preferentially die in a programmed manner. Inhibition of the DNA damage response in these CSCDs prevents their death but makes the stem cell niche more vulnerable to chilling stress. Mathematical modeling and experimental validation indicate that CSCD death results in the re-establishment of the auxin maximum in the quiescent center (QC) and the maintenance of functional stem cell niche activity under chilling stress. This mechanism improves the root's ability to withstand the accompanying environmental stresses and to resume growth when optimal temperatures are restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Maria Savina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ajay Devendran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Karthikbabu Kannivadi Ramakanth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Shi Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Victoria V Mironova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, LCT&EB, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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16
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Keskin I, Gunal MY, Ayturk N, Kilic U, Ozansoy M, Kilic E. Dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:761-764. [PMID: 28616032 PMCID: PMC5461613 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence exists that enoxaparin can reduce brain injury because of its anticoagulant activity. To investigate the potential therapeutic effect of enoxaparin on cold-induced traumatic brain injury, at 20 minutes after modeling, male BALB/c mouse models of cold-induced traumatic brain injury were intraperitoneally administered 3 and 10 mg/kg enoxaparin or isotonic saline solution. Twenty-four hours later, enoxaparin at 10 mg/kg greatly reduced infarct volume, decreased cell apoptosis in the cortex and obviously increased serum level of total antioxidant status. By contrast, administration of enoxaparin at 3 mg/kg did not lead to these changes. These findings suggest that enoxaparin exhibits neuroprotective effect on cold-induced traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Yalcin Gunal
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilufer Ayturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulkan Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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The pathophysiological role of astrocytic endothelin-1. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Roszkowski M, Bohacek J. Stress does not increase blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1304-15. [PMID: 27146513 PMCID: PMC4929709 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16647739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that exposure to acute psychophysiological stressors can lead to an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, but these findings remain controversial and disputed. We thoroughly examined this issue by assessing the effect of several well-established paradigms of acute stress and chronic stress on blood-brain barrier permeability in several brain areas of adult mice. Using cerebral extraction ratio for the small molecule tracer sodium fluorescein (NaF, 376 Da) as a sensitive measure of blood-brain barrier permeability, we find that neither acute swim nor restraint stress lead to increased cerebral extraction ratio. Daily 6-h restraint stress for 21 days, a model for the severe detrimental impact of chronic stress on brain function, also does not alter cerebral extraction ratio. In contrast, we find that cold forced swim and cold restraint stress both lead to a transient, pronounced decrease of cerebral extraction ratio in hippocampus and cortex, suggesting that body temperature can be an important confounding factor in studies of blood-brain barrier permeability. To additionally assess if stress could change blood-brain barrier permeability for macromolecules, we measured cerebral extraction ratio for fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (70 kDa). We find that neither acute restraint nor cold swim stress affected blood-brain barrier permeability for macromolecules, thus corroborating our findings that various stressors do not increase blood-brain barrier permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roszkowski
- Brain Research Institute, Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Bohacek
- Brain Research Institute, Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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20
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Kim TY, Yoshimoto T, Aoyama Y, Niimi K, Takahashi E. Analysis of the protective effects of a neuronal Cav2.1 calcium channel in brain injury. Neuroscience 2015; 313:110-21. [PMID: 26616403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that rolling Nagoya mice carrying a mutation in the α1 subunit of the Cav2.1 channel protective from ischemia- and kainate-induced neuronal damage. However, the protective effect of this mutation and its relationship to brain injury recovery have not been examined. To examine the relationship between Cav2.1 channel function and brain injury, we induced cryogenic brain damage in homozygous rolling Nagoya (rol/rol), control wild-type (+/+), ω-agatoxin IVA-pretreated +/+ (ω-aga +/+), and ω-agatoxin IVA-post-treated +/+ (ω-aga-post-treated +/+) mice. We measured the lesion area, blood brain-barrier permeability and performed immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The lesions of rol/rol and ω-aga +/+ mice were significantly smaller than those observed in +/+ mice at both day 1 and day 7 after injury. Similar results were shown in blood-brain barrier permeability. We observed more reactive astrogliosis in +/+ mice than in rol/rol or ω-aga +/+ mice. rol/rol and ω-aga +/+ mice had fewer degenerating cells due to cryogenic injury than did +/+ mice at both day 1 and day 7. ω-Aga-post-treated +/+ mice 24h after injury were sacrificed on day 7. The lesions were smaller in ω-aga-post-treated +/+ mice than those in vehicle-treated +/+ mice. We also examined phosphorylated p38 (pp38) at the injured site. ω-Aga-post-treated +/+ mouse brain slices showed weak pp38 signal; vehicle-treated +/+ mouse brain slices were pp38-positive. These findings demonstrate that the mutant Cav2.1 channel exerts a protective effect against cryogenic brain injury in rolling Nagoya mice. Our results indicate that inhibitors of the Cav2.1-dependent p38 signaling cascade would be useful as therapeutic agents in the treatment of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Kim
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - T Yoshimoto
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Aoyama
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Niimi
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - E Takahashi
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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21
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Michinaga S, Seno N, Fuka M, Yamamoto Y, Minami S, Kimura A, Hatanaka S, Nagase M, Matsuyama E, Yamanaka D, Koyama Y. Improvement of cold injury-induced mouse brain edema by endothelin ETBantagonists is accompanied by decreases in matrixmetalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:2356-70. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Naoki Seno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Mayu Fuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Yui Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Shizuho Minami
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Akimasa Kimura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Shunichi Hatanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Marina Nagase
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Emi Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Osaka Ohtani University; 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tonda-bayashi Osaka 584-8540 Japan
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22
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Curcumin inhibits apoptosis and brain edema induced by hypoxia-hypercapnia brain damage in rat models. Am J Med Sci 2015; 349:521-5. [PMID: 25867253 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0000000000000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin, extracted from South Asian spice turmeric, has been determined to have the promising ability in antioxidation and anti-inflammation. However, the effect of curcumin on treating brain damage has been not reported. In this article, the aim was to evaluate the effect of curcumin on cell apoptosis in rats exposed to hypoxia-hypercapnia and explore the therapeutic potential of curcumin in hypoxia-hypercapnia brain damage (HHBD). Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: control group, hypoxia-hypercapnia group and curcumin group. The Fas/FasL expressions in HHBD rats treated by curcumin were measured by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. The pathological changes of brain cells were observed by transmission electron microscope. Rats with HHBD showed significant increase of Fas/FasL expression and ultrastructural changes in brain tissue cells. Curcumin intervention effectively reversed the Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis and HHBD-induced brain edema. Curcumin may be a potential therapeutic alternative for HHBD.
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23
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Kim JY, Lee YW, Kim JH, Lee WT, Park KA, Lee JE. Agmatine Attenuates Brain Edema and Apoptotic Cell Death after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:943-52. [PMID: 26130959 PMCID: PMC4479950 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor neurological outcome, including necrosis and brain edema. In this study, we investigated whether agmatine treatment reduces edema and apoptotic cell death after TBI. TBI was produced by cold injury to the cerebral primary motor cortex of rats. Agmatine was administered 30 min after injury and once daily until the end of the experiment. Animals were sacrificed for analysis at 1, 2, or 7 days after the injury. Various neurological analyses were performed to investigate disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurological dysfunction after TBI. To examine the extent of brain edema after TBI, the expression of aquaporins (AQPs), phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were investigated. Our findings demonstrated that agmatine treatment significantly reduces brain edema after TBI by suppressing the expression of AQP1, 4, and 9. In addition, agmatine treatment significantly reduced apoptotic cell death by suppressing the phosphorylation of MAPKs and by increasing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB after TBI. These results suggest that agmatine treatment may have therapeutic potential for brain edema and neural cell death in various central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Preconditioning cortical lesions reduce the incidence of peri-infarct depolarizations during focal ischemia in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: interaction with prior anesthesia and the impact of hyperglycemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1181-90. [PMID: 25757750 PMCID: PMC4640273 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between peri-infarct depolarizations (PIDs) and infarction was investigated in a model of preconditioning by cortical freeze lesions (cryogenic lesions, CL) in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Small (< 5 mm(3)) lesions produced 24 hours before permanent focal ischemia were protective, without impacting baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism. Prior CL reduced infarct volume, associated with improved penumbral CBF as previously showed for ischemic preconditioning. The brief initial procedure avoided sham effects on infarct volume after subsequent occlusion under brief anesthesia. However, under prolonged isoflurane anesthesia for perfusion monitoring both sham and CL rats showed reduced PID incidence relative to naive animals. This anesthesia effect could be eliminated by using α-chloralose during perfusion imaging. As an additional methodological concern, blood glucose was frequently elevated at the time of the second surgery, reflecting buprenorphine-induced pica and other undefined mechanisms. Even modest hyperglycemia (>10 mmol/L) reduced PID incidence. In normoglycemic animals CL preconditioning reduced PID number by 50%, demonstrating associated effects on PID incidence, penumbral perfusion, and infarct progression. Hyperglycemia suppressed PIDs without affecting the relationship between CBF and infarction. This suggests that the primary effect of preconditioning is to improve penumbral perfusion, which in turn impacts PID incidence and infarct size.
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25
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Fang J, Li H, Li G, Wang L. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning on peri-hemorrhagic focal edema and aquaporin-4 expression. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:699-704. [PMID: 26622378 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBO-PC) on peri-hemorrhagic focal edema and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) expression in an experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) rat model. Sixty-six Sprague Dawley® rats were divided into three groups: The sham-surgery group (SHG; n=6); the control group (A-ICH; n=30), in which the rats were injected with autologous blood; and the experimental HBO-PC group (P-HBO; n=30). The rats underwent brain edema and AQP-4 detection at 5 postoperative time-points (24, 48 and 72 h and 5 and 7 days). The water content in the brain tissues of the A-ICH animals was higher than that in the brain tissues of the SHG rats at each time-point (P<0.05), and the edema in the P-HBO was significantly more severe 24 and 48 h postoperatively than that at 7 days postoperatively (P<0.05). The difference between the P-HBO and A-ICH was significant at 48 and 72 h postoperatively (P<0.05). AQP-4 was expressed in the post-hemorrhagic rat brains of all groups; the SHG animals exhibited low expression, while the A-ICH animals exhibited an increased expression 24 h postoperatively. In the A-ICH, expression peaked at 48 h postoperatively and began to decrease gradually after 72 h. At the 7-day time-point, the expression level in the A-ICH was closer to but still higher than that of the SHG animals (P<0.05). The differences between the P-HBO and A-ICH animals at the postoperative 24-h, 48-h and 7-day time-points were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, HBO-PC may downregulate AQP-4 expression to reduce the intracerebral edema, thus strengthening tolerance to ICH and protecting the nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian, Zibo, Shandong 255025, P.R. China
| | - Hongling Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Guanglei Li
- Department of Neurological Intervention, The Second Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, P.R. China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
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Pathogenesis of brain edema and investigation into anti-edema drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9949-75. [PMID: 25941935 PMCID: PMC4463627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a potentially fatal pathological state that occurs after brain injuries such as stroke and head trauma. In the edematous brain, excess accumulation of extracellular fluid results in elevation of intracranial pressure, leading to impaired nerve function. Despite the seriousness of brain edema, only symptomatic treatments to remove edema fluid are currently available. Thus, the development of novel anti-edema drugs is required. The pathogenesis of brain edema is classified as vasogenic or cytotoxic edema. Vasogenic edema is defined as extracellular accumulation of fluid resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and extravasations of serum proteins, while cytotoxic edema is characterized by cell swelling caused by intracellular accumulation of fluid. Various experimental animal models are often used to investigate mechanisms underlying brain edema. Many soluble factors and functional molecules have been confirmed to induce BBB disruption or cell swelling and drugs targeted to these factors are expected to have anti-edema effects. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and involvement of factors that induce brain edema formation, and the possibility of anti-edema drugs targeting them.
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Schwarzmaier SM, Gallozzi M, Plesnila N. Identification of the Vascular Source of Vasogenic Brain Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury Using In Vivo 2-Photon Microscopy in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:990-1000. [PMID: 25585052 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasogenic brain edema due to vascular leakage is one of the most important factors determining the clinical outcome of patients following acute brain injury. To date, performing a detailed in vivo quantification of vascular leakage has not been possible. Here, we used in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2-PM) to determine the spatial (3D) and temporal development of vasogenic brain edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice; in addition, we identified the vessel types involved in vascular leakage. Thirteen male Tie2-GFP mice (6-8 weeks old) were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) or a sham operation; subsequently, a cranial window was prepared adjacent to the injury site, and tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMRM, 40 mg/kg, MW 40,000) was injected intravenously to visualize blood plasma leakage. Parenchymal fluorescence intensity was monitored in three regions for 2-4 h post-CCI, reaching from the surface of the brain to a depth of 300 μm, and TMRM leakage was measured as an increase in TMRM fluorescence intensity outside the vessel lumen and in the parenchyma. In the CCI group, vascular leakage was detected in all investigated regions as early as 2.5 h post-injury. This leakage increased over time and was more pronounced proximal to the primary contusion. Both arterioles and venules contributed similarly to brain edema formation and their contribution was independent of vessel size; however, capillaries were the major contributor to leakage. In summary, using 2-PM to perform in vivo 3D deep-brain imaging, we found that TBI induces vascular leakage from capillaries, venules, and arterioles. Thus, all three vessel types are involved in trauma-induced brain edema and should be considered when developing novel therapies for preventing vasogenic brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Schwarzmaier
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland .,2 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Munich Medical Center , Germany .,3 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center , Germany
| | - Micaela Gallozzi
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- 1 Department of Neurodegeneration, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) , Dublin, Ireland .,3 Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center , Germany .,4 Munich Cluster of Symptoms Neurology (Synergy) , Munich, Germany
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Models of cortical malformation--Chemical and physical. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:62-72. [PMID: 25850077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaco-resistant epilepsies, and also some neuropsychiatric disorders, are often associated with malformations in hippocampal and neocortical structures. The mechanisms leading to these cortical malformations causing an imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory system are largely unknown. Animal models using chemical or physical manipulations reproduce different human pathologies by interfering with cell generation and neuronal migration. The model of in utero injection of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate mimics periventricular nodular heterotopia. The freeze lesion model reproduces (poly)microgyria, focal heterotopia and schizencephaly. The in utero irradiation model causes microgyria and heterotopia. Intraperitoneal injections of carmustine 1-3-bis-chloroethyl-nitrosurea (BCNU) to pregnant rats produces laminar disorganization, heterotopias and cytomegalic neurons. The ibotenic acid model induces focal cortical malformations, which resemble human microgyria and ulegyria. Cortical dysplasia can be also observed following prenatal exposure to ethanol, cocaine or antiepileptic drugs. All these models of cortical malformations are characterized by a pronounced hyperexcitability, few of them also produce spontaneous epileptic seizures. This dysfunction results from an impairment in GABAergic inhibition and/or an increase in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. The cortical region initiating or contributing to this hyperexcitability may not necessarily correspond to the site of the focal malformation. In some models wide-spread molecular and functional changes can be observed in remote regions of the brain, where they cause pathophysiological activities. This paper gives an overview on different animal models of cortical malformations, which are mostly used in rodents and which mimic the pathology and to some extent the pathophysiology of neuronal migration disorders associated with epilepsy in humans.
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Thal SC, Neuhaus W. The blood-brain barrier as a target in traumatic brain injury treatment. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:698-710. [PMID: 25446615 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most frequent causes of death in the young population. Several clinical trials have unsuccessfully focused on direct neuroprotective therapies. Recently immunotherapeutic strategies shifted into focus of translational research in acute CNS diseases. Cross-talk between activated microglia and blood-brain barrier (BBB) could initiate opening of the BBB and subsequent recruitment of systemic immune cells and mediators into the brain. Stabilization of the BBB after TBI could be a promising strategy to limit neuronal inflammation, secondary brain damage and acute neurodegeneration. This review provides an overview on the pathophysiology of TBI and brain edema formation including definitions and classification of TBI, current clinical treatment strategies, as well as current understanding on the underlying cellular processes. A summary of in vivo and in vitro models to study different aspects of TBI is presented. Three mechanisms proposed for stabilization of the BBB, myosin light chain kinases, glucocorticoid receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are reviewed for their influence on barrier-integrity and outcome after TBI. In conclusion, the BBB is recommended as a promising target for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, and it is suggested that a combination of BBB stabilization and neuroprotectants may improve therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Michinaga S, Nagase M, Matsuyama E, Yamanaka D, Seno N, Fuka M, Yamamoto Y, Koyama Y. Amelioration of cold injury-induced cortical brain edema formation by selective endothelin ETB receptor antagonists in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102009. [PMID: 25000290 PMCID: PMC4084986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a potentially fatal pathological condition that often occurs in stroke and head trauma. Following brain insults, endothelins (ETs) are increased and promote several pathophysiological responses. This study examined the effects of ETB antagonists on brain edema formation and disruption of the blood-brain barrier in a mouse cold injury model (Five- to six-week-old male ddY mice). Cold injury increased the water content of the injured cerebrum, and promoted extravasation of both Evans blue and endogenous albumin. In the injury area, expression of prepro-ET-1 mRNA and ET-1 peptide increased. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of BQ788 (ETB antagonist), IRL-2500 (ETB antagonist), or FR139317 (ETA antagonist) prior to cold injury significantly attenuated the increase in brain water content. Bolus administration of BQ788, IRL-2500, or FR139317 also inhibited the cold injury-induced extravasation of Evans blue and albumin. Repeated administration of BQ788 and IRL-2500 beginning at 24 h after cold injury attenuated both the increase in brain water content and extravasation of markers. In contrast, FR139317 had no effect on edema formation when administrated after cold injury. Cold injury stimulated induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive reactive astrocytes in the injured cerebrum. Induction of reactive astrocytes after cold injury was attenuated by ICV administration of BQ788 or IRL-2500. These results suggest that ETB receptor antagonists may be an effective approach to ameliorate brain edema formation following brain insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marina Nagase
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Seno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayu Fuka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yui Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tonda-bayashi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wang P, You SW, Yang YJ, Wei XY, Wang YZ, Wang X, Hao DJ, Kuang F, Shang LX. Systemic injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide fails to break down the blood-brain barrier or activate the TLR4-MyD88 pathway in neonatal rat brain. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10101-15. [PMID: 24905408 PMCID: PMC4100142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether peripheral low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and/or the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the neonatal rat brain. Neonatal rats received intraperitoneal injections of low-dose LPS (0.3 mg/kg∙bw), and the BBB compromise was detected by Evans Blue extravasation and electron microscopy. Meanwhile, TLR4, adaptin myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p50 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the neonatal rat brain were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western Blot. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the distribution and activation of microglia in the brain after LPS administration. It was demonstrated that Evans Blue extravasation was not observed in the brain parenchyma, and that tight junctions of cerebral endothelial cells remained intact after systemic injections of LPS in neonatal rats. Although intracerebroventricular injections of LPS activated microglia and up-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p50 and TNFα in the neonatal rat brain, systemic LPS did not induce these responses. These findings indicate that while the neonatal rat brain responds to the direct intra-cerebral administration of LPS through robust TLR4 activation, systemic low-dose LPS does not induce the innate immune reaction or compromise the BBB in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Si-Wei You
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yin-Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, the 425th People's Liberation Army Hospital, 86 Sanyawan Road, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Wei
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, 5 Nanmencang Road, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ding-Jun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi'an Red Cross Hospital, 555 Youyi East Road, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Fang Kuang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Li-Xin Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, 5 Nanmencang Road, Beijing 100700, China.
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32
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Wang CC, Chen YS, Lin BS, Chio CC, Hu CY, Kuo JR. The neuronal protective effects of local brain cooling at the craniectomy site after lateral fluid percussion injury in a rat model. J Surg Res 2013; 185:753-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Evaluation of Rho-Kinase Activity in Mice Brain Using N-[11C]Methyl-hydroxyfasudil with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 16:395-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Smith BA, Harmatys KM, Xiao S, Cole EL, Plaunt AJ, Wolter W, Suckow MA, Smith BD. Enhanced cell death imaging using multivalent zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) fluorescent probes. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3296-303. [PMID: 23915311 DOI: 10.1021/mp300720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a clinical need for imaging technologies that can accurately detect cell death in a multitude of pathological conditions. Zinc(II)-bis(dipicolylamine) (Zn2BDPA) coordination complexes are known to associate with the anionic phosphatidylserine that is exposed on the surface of dead and dying cells, and fluorescent monovalent Zn2BDPA probes are successful cell death imaging agents. This present study compared the membrane targeting ability of two structurally related deep-red fluorescent probes, bis-Zn2BDPA-SR and tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR, with two and four appended Zn2BDPA units, respectively. Vesicle and cell microscopy studies indicated that a higher number of Zn2BDPA targeting units improved probe selectivity for phosphatidylserine-rich vesicles, and increased probe localization at the plasma membrane of dead and dying cells. The fluorescent probes were also tested in three separate animal models, (1) necrotic prostate tumor rat model, (2) thymus atrophy mouse model, and (3) traumatic brain injury mouse model. In each case, there was more tetra-Zn2BDPA-SR accumulation at the site of cell death than bis-Zn2BDPA-SR. The results indicate that multivalent Zn2BDPA probes are promising molecules for effective imaging of cell death processes in cell culture and in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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35
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Miyashita R, Chen L, Oshiro H, Uchino H, Shibasaki F. Int6 silencing causes induction of angiogenic factors in neuronal cells via accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α and decreases brain damage in rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:83-8. [PMID: 22960363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that when siRNA against Int6 (siRNA-Int6) was used, hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) activity was stabilized even under normoxic conditions, and the expression of several angiogenic factors was increased. In neuronal tissues, the mechanism underlying angiogenesis remains largely unknown. In the current study, we investigate the role of the tumor suppressor Int6/eIF3e in the regulation of the expression of angiogenic factors in neuronal cells. In addition, we test whether siRNA-Int6 reduces cold-induced brain damage in rats. We used human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells transfected with either siRNA-Int6, or a negative control siRNA. Real-time PCR and supersensitive multiplex assay were used to detect gene and protein expression of several angiogenic factors after transfection. For the animal studies, Wistar rats were subjected to brain damage by cold injury, and 50 μg siRNA-Int6, 100 μg siRNA-Int6, or negative control was administrated. At day 7 post-treatment, brain sections were stained and image analysis system was used to determine the damaged area. Our experiments using SHSY5Y cells revealed a significant effect of siRNA-Int6 on the expression of HIF2α but not HIF1α, both at 8 and 24h after transfection. The siRNA-Int6 led to significant up-regulation of angiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor-B, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, our animal studies revealed significantly reduced area of cold-induced damage in rats receiving siRNA-Int6, compared to negative controls. Our findings indicate that Int6 act as a hypoxia-independent master switch of angiogenesis in neuronal cells, and that inhibition of Int6 by siRNA may be an effective therapeutic strategy in treating ischemic diseases such as brain ischemia and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Miyashita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Inhibitory effects of prior low-dose X-irradiation on cold-induced brain injury in mouse. Inflammation 2012; 35:89-97. [PMID: 21258855 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effects of low-dose X-irradiation on mouse brain tissue with cold-induced injury by comparing tissue samples from three groups of mice: control, sham-irradiated cold-exposed, and X-ray-irradiated (0.5 Gy) cold-exposed mice. The water content in brain increased significantly in the sham-irradiated group following the cold-induced injury relative to the control group. However, water content in brain tissue from the X-ray-irradiated group was significantly lower than that from the sham-irradiated group. Levels of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione, in brain tissue from the X-ray-irradiated group were higher than those from the sham-irradiated group. Moreover, the cold injury-induced cell death, particularly apoptosis, while low-dose irradiation inhibited cell death, especially among glial cells, but not numeral cells. These findings suggest that prior low-dose X-irradiation activated antioxidant function and inhibited cold-induced brain injury.
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37
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Smith BA, Xie BW, van Beek ER, Que I, Blankevoort V, Xiao S, Cole EL, Hoehn M, Kaijzel EL, Löwik CWGM, Smith BD. Multicolor fluorescence imaging of traumatic brain injury in a cryolesion mouse model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:530-7. [PMID: 22860222 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is characterized by initial tissue damage, which then can lead to secondary processes such as cell death and blood-brain-barrier disruption. Clinical and preclinical studies of traumatic brain injury typically employ anatomical imaging techniques and there is a need for new molecular imaging methods that provide complementary biochemical information. Here, we assess the ability of a targeted, near-infrared fluorescent probe, named PSS-794, to detect cell death in a brain cryolesion mouse model that replicates certain features of traumatic brain injury. In short, the model involves brief contact of a cold rod to the head of a living, anesthetized mouse. Using noninvasive whole-body fluorescence imaging, PSS-794 permitted visualization of the cryolesion in the living animal. Ex vivo imaging and histological analysis confirmed PSS-794 localization to site of brain cell death. The nontargeted, deep-red Tracer-653 was validated as a tracer dye for monitoring blood-brain-barrier disruption, and a binary mixture of PSS-794 and Tracer-653 was employed for multicolor imaging of cell death and blood-brain-barrier permeability in a single animal. The imaging data indicates that at 3 days after brain cryoinjury the amount of cell death had decreased significantly, but the integrity of the blood-brain-barrier was still impaired; at 7 days, the blood-brain-barrier was still three times more permeable than before cryoinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Bang-Wen Xie
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Ermond R. van Beek
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Que
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Vicky Blankevoort
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Shuzhang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931,
Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric L. Kaijzel
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W. G. M. Löwik
- Molecular Endocrinology and
Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden,
The Netherlands
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Helmy A, De Simoni MG, Guilfoyle MR, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ. Cytokines and innate inflammation in the pathogenesis of human traumatic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:352-72. [PMID: 21939729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing recognition that following traumatic brain injury, a cascade of inflammatory mediators is produced, and contributes to the pathological consequences of central nervous system injury. This review summarises the key literature from pre-clinical models that underlies our understanding of innate inflammation following traumatic brain injury before focussing on the growing evidence from human studies. In addition, the underlying molecular mediators responsible for blood brain barrier dysfunction have been discussed. In particular, we have highlighted the different sampling methodologies available and the difficulties in interpreting human data of this sort. Ultimately, understanding the innate inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury may provide a therapeutic avenue in the treatment of central nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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39
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Over-expression of Slit2 induces vessel formation and changes blood vessel permeability in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1327-36. [PMID: 21986575 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of the axon guidance cue Slit2 on the density of blood vessels and permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mouse brain. METHODS hSlit2 transgenic mouse line was constructed, and the phenotypes of the mice were compared with wild-type mice in respect to the lateral ventricle (LV), ventricle pressure, and the choroids plexus. An in vivo Miles permeability assay and an amyloid-β permeability assay were used to assess the permeability of brain blood vessels. Brain vessel casting and intracerebral hemorrhage models were built to investigate vessel density in the transgenic mice. An in vitro permeability assay was used to test whether Slit2 could change the permeability and tight junctions of blood vessel endothelial cells. RESULTS Hydrocephalus occurred in some transgenic mice, and a significantly larger lateral ventricle area and significantly higher ventricle pressure were observed in the transgenic mice. The transgenic mice displayed changed construction of the choroids plexus, which had more micro vessels, dilated vessels, gaps between epithelial cells and endothelial cells than wild-type mice. Slit2 significantly increased brain vessel density and the permeability of brain vessels to large molecules. These blood vessels were more sensitive to cues that induce brain hemorrhage. At the cellular level, Slit2 disturbed the integrity of tight junctions in blood vessel endothelial cells and improved the permeability of the endothelial cell layer. Thus, it promoted the entry of amyloid-β peptides from the serum into the central nervous system, where they bound to neurons. CONCLUSION Slit2 increases vessel density and permeability in the brains of transgenic mice. Thus, Slit2 induces numerous changes in brain vessels and the barrier system.
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Turkoglu OF, Eroglu H, Gurcan O, Bodur E, Sargon MF, Oner L, Beskonakli E. Local administration of chitosan microspheres after traumatic brain injury in rats: a new challenge for cyclosporine--a delivery. Br J Neurosurg 2011; 24:578-83. [PMID: 20868245 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2010.487126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The major aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of chitosan microspheres containing cyclosporine-A (Cs-A) on mitochondrial damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal model. Trauma was introduced to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats similar to that of modified Feeney Method. Briefly, after craniectomy in the left parietal region (5 mm). Trauma was performed by dropping 24 g metal sterile rods through a teflon guide tube (9.3 cm) on a foot plate placed over the duramater. Just after the trauma, 20 mg/kg Cs-A (Sandimmune) has been administered to the traumatised SD rats intraperitoneally (i.p.). On the other hand, only chitosan microspheres containing 10 mg/kg was implanted at the craniectomy area locally after trauma in Group E. A small piece of surgicell was placed over the craniectomy hole and the scalp incision was sutured. 24 h after injury and the brain tissues were removed intact. The results were evaluated through lipid peroxidation ratio and ultrastructural grading system. The statistical comparisons were evaluated by using Mann Whitney- U test at the significance level p = 0.05. The lipid peroxidation ratios of sham (78.4 +/- 6.0 nmol/g tissue) and vehicle (80.2 +/- 10.6 nmol/g tissue) were significantly increased 24 h after TBI. However, for treatment groups (i.p. Cs-A; 20 mg/kg) and (10 mg/kg Cs-A in microspheres), statistically significant lower lipid peroxidation ratios were determined as 53.5 +/- 9.7 and 47.9 +/- 8.1 nmol/g tissue, respectively (p < 0.05). The mitochondrial damage scores of the treatment groups were recorded as 21.7 +/-2.6 and 19.4 +/- 3.9 for Group D and Group E, respectively. Both of these scores of the treatment groups were found as significantly different from the sham and vehicle groups' scores individually. The implantation of microsphere formulation has provided a better efficiency in keeping the uniformity of mitochondrial structure in this complex cascade of events after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Turkoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ankara Ataturk Research and Education Hospital, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey.
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Rapid cold-hardening blocks cold-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of pro-caspases in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Apoptosis 2011; 16:249-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A simple behavioral test for locomotor function after brain injury in mice. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Survival and differentiation of neuroectodermal cells with stem cell properties at different oxygen levels. Exp Neurol 2010; 227:136-48. [PMID: 20969864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-lesioned regions of the forebrain cortex provide adequate environment for growth of non-differentiated neural progenitors, but do not support their neuron formation. Reduced oxygen supply, among numerous factors, was suspected to impair neuronal cell fate commitment. In the present study, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells were investigated at different oxygen levels both in vitro and in vivo. Low (1% atmospheric) oxygen supply did not affect the in vitro viability and proliferation of stem cells or the transcription of "stemness" genes but impaired the viability of committed neuronal progenitors and the expression of proneural and neuronal genes. Consequently, the rate of in vitro neuron formation was markedly reduced under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, neural stem/progenitor cells survived and proliferated in freeze-lesioned adult mouse forebrains, but did not develop into neurons. Hypoperfusion-caused hypoxia in lesioned cortices was partially corrected by hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). HBOT, while reduced the rate of cell proliferation at the lesion site, resulted in sporadic neuron formation from implanted neural stem cells. The data indicate that in hypoxic brain areas, neural stem cells survive and proliferate, but neural tissue-type differentiation can not proceed. Oxygenation renders the damaged brain areas more permissive for tissue-type differentiation and may help the integration of neural stem/progenitor cells.
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Shih RH, Cheng SE, Tung WH, Yang CM. Up-Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Protects Against Cold Injury-Induced Brain Damage: A Laboratory-Based Study. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1477-87. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Horng Shih
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Nakano T, Iseki K, Hozumi Y, Kawamae K, Wakabayashi I, Goto K. Brain trauma induces expression of diacylglycerol kinase ζ in microglia. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oku T, Fujii M, Tanaka N, Imoto H, Uchiyama J, Oka F, Kunitsugu I, Fujioka H, Nomura S, Kajiwara K, Fujisawa H, Kato S, Saito T, Suzuki M. The influence of focal brain cooling on neurophysiopathology: validation for clinical application. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:1209-17. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.1.jns08499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Focal brain cooling has been recognized to have a suppressive effect on epileptiform discharges or a protective effect on brain tissue. However, the precise influence of brain cooling on normal brain function and histology has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurophysiopathological consequences of focal cooling and to detect the threshold temperature that causes irreversible histological change and motor dysfunction.
Methods
The experiments were performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing 250–350 g) after induction of halothane anesthesia. A thermoelectric chip (6 × 6 × 2 mm) was used as a cooling device and was placed on the surface of the sensorimotor cortex after a 10 × 8–mm craniotomy. A thermocouple was placed between the chip and the brain surface. Focal cooling of the cortex was performed at the temperatures of 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, and −5°C for 1 hour (5 rats in each group). Thereafter, the cranial window was repaired. Motor function was evaluated using the beam-walking scale (BWS) every day for 7 days. The rats were killed 7 days after the operation for histological examination with H & E, Klüver-Barrera, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling stainings. The authors also euthanized some rats 24 hours after cooling and obtained brain sections by the same methods.
Results
The BWS score was decreased on the day after cooling only in the −5°C group (p < 0.05), whereas the score did not change in the other temperature groups. Histologically, the appearance of cryoinjury such as necrosis, apoptosis, loss of neurons, and marked proliferation of astrocytes at the periphery of the lesion was observed only in the −5°C group, while no apparent changes were observed in the other temperature groups.
Conclusions
The present study confirmed that the focal cooling of the cortex for 1 hour above the temperature of 0°C did not induce any irreversible histological change or motor dysfunction. These results suggest that focal brain cooling above 0°C has the potential to be a minimally invasive and valuable modality for the treatment of severe brain injury or to assist in the examination of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joji Uchiyama
- 3Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Saito
- 3Applied Medical Engineering Science, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Sanz E, Quintana A, Valente T, Manso Y, Hidalgo J, Unzeta M. Monoamine oxidase-B activity is not involved in the neuroinflammatory response elicited by a focal freeze brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:784-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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The role of dietary antioxidant insufficiency on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 67:1187-93. [PMID: 19018244 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31818f8f51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies implicated vitamin E deficiency as a risk factor for equine motor neuron disease, a possible model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and showed direct effects of this deficiency on brain vascular endothelium. To gain better understanding of the pathogenesis of equine motor neuron disease, we determined the effects of dietary antioxidant insufficiency and the resultant brain tissue oxidative stress on blood-brain barrier permeability. Rats (n = 40) were maintained on a diet deficient of vitamin E for 36 to 43 weeks; 40 controls were fed a normal diet. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier in the cerebral cortex was investigated using rhodamine B, and lipid peroxidation was measured as a marker for oxidative stress. Animals on the vitamin E-deficient diet showed less weight gain and had higher brain lipid peroxidation compared with the controls. Fluorometric studies demonstrated greater rhodamine B in the perivascular compartment and central nervous system parenchyma in rats on the deficient diet compared with controls. These results suggest that a deficiency in vitamin E increases brain tissue oxidative stress and impairs the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. These observations may have relevance to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurologic diseases.
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Modulatory effects of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in hypobaric hypoxia induced cerebral vascular injury. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Turkoglu OF, Eroglu H, Okutan O, Gurcan O, Bodur E, Sargon MF, Oner L, Beskonakl i E. Atorvastatin efficiency after traumatic brain injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:146-52; discussion 152. [PMID: 18786717 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuroprotective effects of statins possibly depend on their pleiotropic effect such as antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have evaluated the efficiency of atorvastatin on brain edema, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural changes in TBI animal model. METHODS Modified Feeney method has been used for the trauma model in rats. Only craniectomy for group A and trauma after craniectomy for group B was the procedure for animals. For the trauma, rods weighing 24 g were dropped on a foot plate just over the dura. Atorvastatin (1 mg/kg, IP) was administered to the animals in group C after craniectomy and trauma; but on the other hand, animals in group D received only 0.5 mL PEG as the vehicle. Brains were harvested 24 hours after the trauma for the assays of wet-dry weight, lipid peroxidation level, and ultrastructural investigations. Lipid peroxidation levels, TEM, and UNGS were the investigated parameters. The statistical comparisons between the groups were investigated by 1-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis by Duncan and Dunnett T3 test within the groups at the significance level P = .05. RESULTS Trauma increased water contents of the brain tissues and lipid peroxidation levels in groups B and D. When compared with the results of group B (brain edema, 84.694% +/- 1.510%; lipid peroxidation, 74.932 +/- 2.491 nmol/g tissue), atorvastatin (1 mg/kg) significantly decreased brain edema (77.362% +/- 1.448%), lipid peroxidation level (58.335 +/- 3.980 nmol/g tissue), and UNGS scores in group C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this descriptive study, the remarkable improvements of atorvastatin on brain edema, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructural investigations encouraged us for a further dose optimization study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Turkoglu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ankara Ataturk Research and Education Hospital, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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