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Abstract
Optimization of pump-probe signal requires a complete understanding of how signal scales with experimental factors. In simple systems, signal scales quadratically with molar absorptivity, and linearly with fluence, concentration, and path length. In practice, scaling factors weaken beyond certain thresholds (e.g., OD > 0.1) due to asymptotic limits related to optical density, fluence and path length. While computational models can accurately account for subdued scaling, quantitative explanations often appear quite technical in the literature. This Perspective aims to present a simpler understanding of the subject with concise formulas for estimating absolute magnitudes of signal under both ordinary and asymptotic scaling conditions. This formulation may be more appealing for spectroscopists seeking rough estimates of signal or relative comparisons. We identify scaling dependencies of signal with respect to experimental parameters and discuss applications for improving signal under broad conditions. We also review other signal enhancement methods, such as local-oscillator attenuation and plasmonic enhancement, and discuss respective benefits and challenges regarding asymptotic limits that signal cannot exceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Robben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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2
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Aerts A, Kockaert P, Gorza SP, Brown A, Vander Auwera J, Vaeck N. Laser control of a dark vibrational state of acetylene in the gas phase—Fourier transform pulse shaping constraints and effects of decoherence. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084302. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a methodology to tackle the laser control of a non-stationary dark ro-vibrational state of acetylene (C2H2), given realistic experimental limitations in the 7.7 μm (1300 cm−1) region. Simulations are performed using the Lindblad master equation, where the so-called Lindblad parameters are used to describe the effect of the environment in the dilute gas phase. A phenomenological representation of the parameters is used, and they are extracted from high-resolution spectroscopy line broadening data. An effective Hamiltonian is used for the description of the system down to the rotational level close to experimental accuracy. The quality of both the Hamiltonian and Lindblad parameters is assessed by a comparison of a calculated infrared spectrum with the available experimental data. A single shaped laser pulse is used to perform the control, where elements of optics and pulse shaping using masks are introduced with emphasis on experimental limitations. The optimization procedure, based on gradients, explicitly takes into account the experimental constraints. Control performances are reported for shaping masks of increasing complexity. Although modest performances are obtained, mainly due to the strong pulse shaping constraints, we gain insights into the control mechanism. This work is the first step toward the conception of a realistic experiment that will allow for population characterization and manipulation of a non-stationary vibrational “dark” state. Effects of the collisions on the laser control in the dilute gas phase, leading to decoherence in the molecular system, are clearly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Aerts
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, C.P. 160/09, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pascal Kockaert
- OPERA-Photonique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, C.P. 194/05, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon-Pierre Gorza
- OPERA-Photonique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, C.P. 194/05, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jean Vander Auwera
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, C.P. 160/09, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Vaeck
- Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. Roosevelt, C.P. 160/09, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Morichika I, Murata K, Sakurai A, Ishii K, Ashihara S. Molecular ground-state dissociation in the condensed phase employing plasmonic field enhancement of chirped mid-infrared pulses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3893. [PMID: 31467268 PMCID: PMC6715752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective bond cleavage via vibrational excitation is the key to active control over molecular reactions. Despite its great potential, the practical implementation in condensed phases have been hampered to date by poor excitation efficiency due to fast vibrational relaxation. Here we demonstrate vibrationally mediated, condensed-phase molecular dissociation by employing intense plasmonic near-fields of temporally-shaped mid-infrared (mid-IR) pulses. Both down-chirping and substantial field enhancement contribute to efficient ladder climbing of the carbonyl stretch vibration of W(CO)6 in n-hexane solution and to the resulting CO dissociation. We observe an absorption band emerging with laser irradiation at the excitation beam area, which indicates that the dissociation is followed by adsorption onto metal surfaces. This successful demonstration proves that the combination of ultrafast optics and nano-plasmonics in the mid-IR range is useful for mode-selective vibrational ladder climbing, paving the way toward controlled ground-state chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Morichika
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kei Murata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Atsunori Sakurai
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ashihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
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4
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Laptev VB, Kompanets VO, Pigulsky SV, Makarov AA, Mishakov GV, Serebryakov DV, Sharkov AV, Chekalin SV, Ryabov EA. IVR Dynamics of Vibrational Levels of the ν 1 Mode in (CF 3) 2C═C═O Molecules Excited by Resonant IR Femtosecond Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:771-779. [PMID: 30605333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular dynamics of vibrational levels (up to v = 5) of the ν1 mode in the (CF3)2CCO molecule that is induced by a multiphoton selective excitation of this mode by resonant femtosecond IR radiation has been studied. The times of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) from each vibrational level to remaining molecular modes have been determined. In accordance with theoretical predictions, a decrease in the IVR time with increasing quantum number v has been observed for the first time. A sharp decrease in the IVR time (down to 1.5 ps) at a wavelength of 2129 cm-1, corresponding to the v = 3 → v = 4 vibrational transition, is revealed. It has been shown that, with a negative chirp of a femtosecond radiation pulse, the population of high-lying vibrational levels of the ν1 mode increases significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Laptev
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
| | - Victor O Kompanets
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
| | - Sergey V Pigulsky
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Institutsky lane, 9 , Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700 , Russia
| | - Gennadii V Mishakov
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" , Russian Academy of Sciences , 59 Leninskiy Pr ., Moscow 119333 , Russia
| | - Dmitry V Serebryakov
- Institute for Nuclear Research , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 27 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
| | - Andrey V Sharkov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 53 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Sergey V Chekalin
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
| | - Evgeny A Ryabov
- Institute of Spectroscopy , Russian Academy of Sciences , Fizicheskaya street, 5 , Troitsk, Moscow 108840 , Russia
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5
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Kraack JP. Ultrafast structural molecular dynamics investigated with 2D infrared spectroscopy methods. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:86. [PMID: 29071445 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast, multi-dimensional infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been advanced in recent years to a versatile analytical tool with a broad range of applications to elucidate molecular structure on ultrafast timescales, and it can be used for samples in a many different environments. Following a short and general introduction on the benefits of 2D IR spectroscopy, the first part of this chapter contains a brief discussion on basic descriptions and conceptual considerations of 2D IR spectroscopy. Outstanding classical applications of 2D IR are used afterwards to highlight the strengths and basic applicability of the method. This includes the identification of vibrational coupling in molecules, characterization of spectral diffusion dynamics, chemical exchange of chemical bond formation and breaking, as well as dynamics of intra- and intermolecular energy transfer for molecules in bulk solution and thin films. In the second part, several important, recently developed variants and new applications of 2D IR spectroscopy are introduced. These methods focus on (i) applications to molecules under two- and three-dimensional confinement, (ii) the combination of 2D IR with electrochemistry, (iii) ultrafast 2D IR in conjunction with diffraction-limited microscopy, (iv) several variants of non-equilibrium 2D IR spectroscopy such as transient 2D IR and 3D IR, and (v) extensions of the pump and probe spectral regions for multi-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy towards mixed vibrational-electronic spectroscopies. In light of these examples, the important open scientific and conceptual questions with regard to intra- and intermolecular dynamics are highlighted. Such questions can be tackled with the existing arsenal of experimental variants of 2D IR spectroscopy to promote the understanding of fundamentally new aspects in chemistry, biology and materials science. The final part of the chapter introduces several concepts of currently performed technical developments, which aim at exploiting 2D IR spectroscopy as an analytical tool. Such developments embrace the combination of 2D IR spectroscopy and plasmonic spectroscopy for ultrasensitive analytics, merging 2D IR spectroscopy with ultra-high-resolution microscopy (nanoscopy), future variants of transient 2D IR methods, or 2D IR in conjunction with microfluidics. It is expected that these techniques will allow for groundbreaking research in many new areas of natural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Kraack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Kraack JP, Hamm P. Vibrational ladder-climbing in surface-enhanced, ultrafast infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16088-93. [PMID: 27265518 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02589g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent work (J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 3350-3359), we have introduced the concept of surface-enhanced, two-dimensional attenuated total reflectance (2D ATR IR) spectroscopy with modest enhancement factors (<50) using small plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles at solid-liquid interfaces. Here, we show that employment of almost continuous noble metal layers results in significantly stronger enhancement factors in 2D ATR IR signals (>450), which allows for multi-quantum IR excitation of adsorbed molecules, a process known as "vibrational ladder-climbing", even for weakly absorbing (ε < 200 M(-1) cm(-1)) nitrile IR labels. We show that it is possible to deposit up to four quanta of vibrational energy in the respective functional group. Based on these results, optical near-fields of plasmonic nanostructures may pave the way for future investigations involving ultrafast dynamics of highly excited vibrational states or surface-sensitive coherent control experiments of ground-state reactions at solid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Kraack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
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7
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Falvo C, Debnath A, Meier C. Vibrational ladder climbing in carboxy-hemoglobin: effects of the protein environment. J Chem Phys 2015; 138:145101. [PMID: 24981547 DOI: 10.1063/1.4799271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present simulations on vibrational ladder climbing in carboxy-hemoglobin. Motivated by recent experiments, we study the influence of different realistic pump probe parameters. To allow for a direct comparison with experimental results, transient absorption spectra obtained by a weak probe pulse following the strong, shaped pump pulse are calculated. The influence of the protein fluctuations is taken into account using a recently developed microscopic model. This model consists of a quantum Hamiltonian describing the CO vibration in carboxy-hemoglobin, together with a fluctuating potential, which is obtained by electronic structure calculation based on a large number of protein configurations. Using realistic pulse parameters, vibrational excitations to very high-lying states are possible, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Falvo
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, UMR CNRS 8214, Univ. Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Arunangshu Debnath
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité, IRSAMC, UMR CNRS 5589, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christoph Meier
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats et Réactivité, IRSAMC, UMR CNRS 5589, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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8
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Debnath A, Falvo C, Meier C. State-Selective Excitation of the CO Stretch in Carboxyhemoglobin by Mid-IR Laser Pulse Shaping: A Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12884-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410473u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Falvo
- Institut
des Sciences
Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR CNRS 8214, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christoph Meier
- LCAR-IRSAMC, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
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9
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Nuernberger P, Vieille T, Ventalon C, Joffre M. Impact of Pulse Polarization on Coherent Vibrational Ladder Climbing Signals. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5554-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, INSERM U696, 91128 Palaiseau, France
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Vieille
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, INSERM U696, 91128 Palaiseau, France
- FASTLITE, Centre Scientifique d’Orsay − Bât. 503, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Cathie Ventalon
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, INSERM U696, 91128 Palaiseau, France
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophysiology and New Microscopies Laboratory, CNRS UMR 8154, INSERM U603, University Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Joffre
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7645, INSERM U696, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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10
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Bomble L, Lauvergnat D, Remacle F, Desouter-Lecomte M. Controlled full adder-subtractor by vibrational computing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:15628-35. [PMID: 20661490 DOI: 10.1039/c003687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of a quantum-controlled full adder-subtractor of two binary digits and of a "carry in" or a "borrow in" is simulated by encoding four qubits in the vibrational eigenstates of a tetra-atomic molecule (trans-HONO). The laser field of the gate is computed using optimal control theory by treating dynamics in full dimensionality. A controlled qubit enforces the addition or the subtraction. The global unitary transformation that connects the inputs to the outputs is driven by a single laser pulse. This decreases the duration of the operation and allows for a better use of the optical resources and for an improvement of the fidelity (>97%). Initialization and reading out are discussed. The timescale of the sequence initialization, gate and read out is<100 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Bomble
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université de Paris-Sud, UMR8000, Orsay, F-91405, France
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11
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Jewariya M, Nagai M, Tanaka K. Ladder climbing on the anharmonic intermolecular potential in an amino acid microcrystal via an intense monocycle terahertz pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:203003. [PMID: 21231227 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.203003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated 20 ladder climbing steps on the anharmonic intermolecular potential in the amino-acid microcrystals with an intense monocycle terahertz pulse. Absorption spectra show the suppression of the peak and enhancement of the low-frequency absorption for the incident electric field amplitude. These results are reproduced by simulations based on coherent transition processes between quantum levels in the anharmonic potential. The appearance of such nonlinearity allows us to control macroscopic motion via a phase-controlled terahertz pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jewariya
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Mathew NA, Yurs LA, Block SB, Pakoulev AV, Kornau KM, Sibert III EL, Wright JC. Fully and Partially Coherent Pathways in Multiply Enhanced Odd-Order Wave-Mixing Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:817-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9088063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lena A. Yurs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Stephen B. Block
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andrei V. Pakoulev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kathryn M. Kornau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Edwin L. Sibert III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John C. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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13
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Mathew NA, Block SB, Yurs LA, Kornau KM, Pakoulev AV, Wright JC. Multiply Enhanced Odd-Order Wave-Mixing Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13562-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905796y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Stephen B. Block
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lena A. Yurs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kathryn M. Kornau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andrei V. Pakoulev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John C. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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14
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Kuroda DG, Singh CP, Peng Z, Kleiman VD. Mapping Excited-State Dynamics by Coherent Control of a Dendrimer's Photoemission Efficiency. Science 2009; 326:263-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Mathew NA, Yurs LA, Block SB, Pakoulev AV, Kornau KM, Wright JC. Multiple Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9261-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903337s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lena A. Yurs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Stephen B. Block
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andrei V. Pakoulev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kathryn M. Kornau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John C. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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16
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New Advances in Mid-IR Pulse Shaping and its Application to 2D IR Spectroscopy and Ground-State Coherent Control. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470431917.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Local Control Theory: Recent Applications to Energy and Particle Transfer Processes in Molecules. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470431917.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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18
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Bomble L, Lauvergnat D, Remacle F, Desouter-Lecomte M. Vibrational computing: simulation of a full adder by optimal control. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:064110. [PMID: 18282031 DOI: 10.1063/1.2806800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the context of vibrational molecular quantum computing, we investigate the implementation of a full addition of two binary digits and a carry that provides the sum and the carry out. Four qubits are necessary and they are encoded into four different normal vibrational modes of a molecule. We choose the bromoacetyl chloride molecule because it possesses four bright infrared active modes. The ground and first excited states of each mode form the one-qubit computational basis set. Two approaches are proposed for the realization of the full addition. In the first one, we optimize a pulse that implements directly the entire addition by a single unitary transformation. In the second one, we decompose the full addition in elementary quantum gates, following a scheme proposed by Vedral et al. [Phys. Rev. A 54, 147 (1996)]. Four elementary quantum gates are necessary, two two-qubit CNOT gates (controlled NOT) and two three-qubit TOFFOLI gates (controlled-controlled NOT). All the logic operations consist in one-qubit flip. The logic implementation is therefore quasiclassical and the readout is based on a population analysis of the vibrational modes that does not take the phases into account. The fields are optimized by the multitarget extension of the optimal control theory involving all the transformations among the 2(4) qubit states. A single cycle of addition without considering the preparation or the measure or copy of the result can be carried out in a very competitive time, on a picosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bomble
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8000, Orsay F-91405, France
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19
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Strasfeld DB, Shim SH, Zanni MT. Controlling vibrational excitation with shaped mid-IR pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:038102. [PMID: 17678332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.038102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report selective population of the excited vibrational levels of the T(1u) CO-stretching mode in W(CO)(6) using phase-tailored, femtosecond mid-IR (5.2 microm, 1923 cm(-1)) pulses. An evolutionary algorithm was used to optimize specific vibrational populations. Stimulated emission peaks, indicative of population inversion, could be induced. Systematic truncation of each optimized pulse allowed for increased understanding of the excitation mechanism. The pulses and techniques developed herein will have broad applications in controlling ground state chemistry and enhancing vibrational spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Strasfeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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20
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Nuernberger P, Vogt G, Brixner T, Gerber G. Femtosecond quantum control of molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2470-97. [PMID: 17508081 DOI: 10.1039/b618760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the progress in controlling quantum dynamical processes in the condensed phase with femtosecond laser pulses. Due to its high particle density the condensed phase has both high relevance and appeal for chemical synthesis. Thus, in recent years different methods have been developed to manipulate the dynamics of condensed-phase systems by changing one or multiple laser pulse parameters. Single-parameter control is often achieved by variation of the excitation pulse's wavelength, its linear chirp or its temporal subpulse separation in case of pulse sequences. Multiparameter control schemes are more flexible and provide a much larger parameter space for an optimal solution. This is realized in adaptive femtosecond quantum control, in which the optimal solution is iteratively obtained through the combination of an experimental feedback signal and an automated learning algorithm. Several experiments are presented that illustrate the different control concepts and highlight their broad applicability. These fascinating achievements show the continuous progress on the way towards the control of complex quantum reactions in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nuernberger
- Universität Würzburg, Physikalisches Institut, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Gollub C, Korff BMR, Kompa KL, de Vivie-Riedle R. Chirp-driven vibrational distribution in transition metal carbonyl complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 9:369-76. [PMID: 17199153 DOI: 10.1039/b612286h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this theoretical study vibrational ladder climbing in transition metal carbonyl complexes, as a possible means to initialize chemical ground state reactions, and the resulting vibrational population distribution using chirped mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses is investigated. Our model system is MnBr(CO)(5), a strong IR-absorber within an experimentally easily accessible wavelength region. Special emphasis is put on the perturbation due to additional vibrational modes, especially on one, which allows dissociation at low energies. The related potential energy surface for the three representative modes is calculated, whereon quantum dynamics calculations, including the laser-molecule interaction, are performed. No significant coupling could be detected, neither in the bound, nor in the dissociative region. Contrarily, we found a dynamical barrier even for energies high above the dissociation limit. Different vibrational population distributions after the laser excitation of the CO stretching mode could be generated in dependence of the chirp parameters. Based on these findings we simulated the laser excitation corresponding to an experiment by M. Joffre et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Ssi. U. S. A., 2004, 101(36), 13216-13220, where coherent vibrational ladder climbing in carboxyhemoglobin was demonstrated and we could offer an explanation for an open question, concerning the interpretation of the spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gollub
- LMU Department Chemie, Butenandt-Str. 11, 81377 München, Germany.
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Shim SH, Strasfeld DB, Fulmer EC, Zanni MT. Femtosecond pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR using acousto-optic modulation. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:838-40. [PMID: 16544641 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulse shaping directly in the mid-IR is accomplished by using a germanium acousto-optic modulator (Ge AOM) capable of programmable phase and amplitude modulation for IR light between 2 and 18 microm. Shaped waveforms centered at 4.9 microm are demonstrated in both the frequency and the time domains. With a 50% throughput efficiency, the Ge AOM can generate much more intense pulses with higher resolution than can indirect shaping methods. Furthermore, the phase stability of the shaped pulse proved sufficient for cross correlation with unshaped mid-IR pulses. Thus, phase- and amplitude-tailored pulses can now be readily incorporated into phase-sensitive experiments, such as heterodyned 2D IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1396, USA
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23
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Meier C, Heitz MC. Laser control of vibrational excitation in carboxyhemoglobin: A quantum wave packet study. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:044504. [PMID: 16095366 DOI: 10.1063/1.1946737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A coherent control algorithm is applied to obtain complex-shaped infrared laser pulses for the selective vibrational excitation of carbon monoxide at the active site of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, modeled by the six-coordinated iron-porphyrin-imidazole-CO complex. The influence of the distal histidine is taken into account by an additional imidazole molecule. Density-functional theory is employed to calculate a multidimensional ground-state potential energy surface, and the vibrational dynamics as well as the laser interaction is described by quantum wave-packet calculations. At each instant in time, the optimal electric field is calculated and used for the subsequent quantum dynamics. The results presented show that the control scheme is applicable to complex systems and that it yields laser pulses with complex time-frequency structures, which, nevertheless, have a clear physical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Meier
- Laboratoire Collisions, Agrégats et Réactivité, UMR 5589, Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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24
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Ventalon C, Fraser JM, Vos MH, Alexandrou A, Martin JL, Joffre M. Coherent vibrational climbing in carboxyhemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13216-20. [PMID: 15319472 PMCID: PMC516550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401844101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate vibrational climbing in the CO stretch of carboxyhemoglobin pumped by midinfrared chirped ultrashort pulses. By use of spectrally resolved pump-probe measurements, we directly observed the induced absorption lines caused by excited vibrational populations up to v = 6. In some cases, we also observed stimulated emission, providing direct evidence of vibrational population inversion. This study provides important spectroscopic parameters on the CO stretch in the strong-field regime, such as transition frequencies and dephasing times up to the v = 6 to v = 7 vibrational transition. We measured equally spaced vibrational transitions, in agreement with the energy levels of a Morse potential up to v = 6. It is interesting that the integral of the differential absorption spectra was observed to deviate far from zero, in contrast to what one would expect from a simple one-dimensional Morse model assuming a linear dependence of dipole moment with bond length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Ventalon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7645, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole Polytechnique-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées, Palaiseau, France
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25
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Witte T, Yeston J, Motzkus M, Heilweil E, Kompa KL. Femtosecond infrared coherent excitation of liquid phase vibrational population distributions (v>5). Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Windhorn L, Yeston JS, Witte T, Fuß W, Motzkus M, Proch D, Kompa KL, Moore CB. Getting ahead of IVR: A demonstration of mid-infrared induced molecular dissociation on a sub-statistical time scale. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1587696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Witte T, Hornung T, Windhorn L, Proch D, de Vivie-Riedle R, Motzkus M, Kompa KL. Controlling molecular ground-state dissociation by optimizing vibrational ladder climbing. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1540101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Windhorn L, Witte T, Yeston J, Proch D, Motzkus M, Kompa K, Fuß W. Molecular dissociation by mid-IR femtosecond pulses. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Bonn M, Wolf M. Optimizing Vibrational Population Transfer at Surfaces through Infrared Excitation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Witte T, Zeidler D, Proch D, Kompa KL, Motzkus M. Programmable amplitude- and phase-modulated femtosecond laser pulses in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:131-3. [PMID: 18007735 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a scheme to produce programmable phase- and amplitude-modulated femtosecond laser pulses in the mid-infrared regime of 3-10mum by difference frequency mixing. The 80-fs signal output of an optical parametric amplifier is shaped with a liquid-crystal mask and mixed in an AgGaS(2) crystal with a temporally stretched idler pulse. Without changing the mechanical alignment, we produce programmable amplitude modulations and chirped pulses at lambda=3mum with energy as high has thas 1muJ . This scheme, further, allows the generation of controllable pulse sequences. The results are in good agreement with theoretical simulations.
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31
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Bonn M, Hess C, Wolf M. The dynamics of vibrational excitations on surfaces: CO on Ru(001). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1404986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
This review focuses on the study of the dynamics of isolated molecules and their control using coherent nonlinear spectroscopic methods. Emphasis is placed on topics such as bound-to-free excitation and the study of concerted elimination reactions, free-to-bound excitation and the study of bimolecular reactions, and bound-to-bound excitation and the study of intramolecular rovibrational dynamics and coherence relaxation. For each case the detailed time-resolved information reveals possible strategies to control the outcome. Experimental results are shown for each of the reactions discussed. The methods discussed include pump-probe and four-wave mixing processes such as transient grating and photon echo spectroscopy. Off-resonance transient-grating experiments are shown to be ideal for the study of ground state dynamics, molecular structure, and the molecular response to strong field excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dantus
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Hamm P, Kaindl RA, Stenger J. Noise suppression in femtosecond mid-infrared light sources. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:1798-1800. [PMID: 18066348 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.001798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An experimental and theoretical study of intrinsic correlations and noise-suppression mechanisms in two-stage femtosecond mid-IR light sources is presented. The setup, based on parametric amplification in BBO and subsequent difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS(2), delivers approximately 100-fs mid-IR pulses with 1-2-muJ energy. Exceptionally low pulse-energy fluctuations of only 0.2% in the mid-IR (lambda approximately 3-6 mum) are found, which are much smaller than the Ti:sapphire amplifer noise. The noise suppression is analyzed and found to stem from the interplay between dispersion and pump depletion.
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Mukamel S. Multidimensional femtosecond correlation spectroscopies of electronic and vibrational excitations. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2000; 51:691-729. [PMID: 11031297 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond visible and infrared analogues of multiple-pulse nuclear magnetic resonance techniques provide novel snapshot probes into the structure and electronic and vibrational dynamics of complex molecular assemblies such as photosynthetic antennae, proteins, and hydrogen-bonded liquids. A classical-oscillator description of these spectroscopies in terms of interacting quasiparticles (rather than transitions among global eigenstates) is developed and sets the stage for designing new pulse sequences and inverting the multidimensional signals to yield molecular structures. Considerable computational advantages and a clear physical insight into the origin of the response and the relevant coherence sizes are provided by a real-space analysis of the underlying coherence-transfer pathways in Liouville space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, PO Box 270216, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA.
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35
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Goodson BM, Goswami D, Rabitz H, Warren WS. Driving wave packet recurrences with optimally modulated laser pulses. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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