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Tungkijanansin N, Sirinara P, Tunvirachaisakul C, Srikam S, Kittiban K, Thongthip S, Kerdcharoen T, Maes M, Kulsing C. Sweat-based stress screening with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry and electronic nose. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:343029. [PMID: 39142792 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.343029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of stress generally involves uses of questionnaires which can provide biased results. The more reliable approach relies on observation of individual symptoms by psychiatrists which is time consuming and could not be applicable for massive scale screening tests. This research established alternative approaches with gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and electronic nose (e-nose) to perform fast stress screening based on fingerprinting of highly volatile compounds in headspaces of sweat. The investigated samples were obtained from 154 female nurse volunteers who also provided the data of questionnaire-based mental health scores with the high stress cases confirmed by psychiatrists. RESULTS The interviews by psychiatrists revealed 14 volunteers with high stress. Their axillary sweat samples and that from 32 nurses with low/moderate stress (controls) were collected onto cotton rods and analysed with GC-IMS. The possible marker peaks were selected based on the accuracy data. They were tentatively identified as ammonia, diethyl ether, methanol, octane, pentane, acetone and dimethylamine which could involve different endogenous mechanisms or the relationships with the local microbiomes. The data were further analysed using partial least squares discriminant analysis with the receiver operating characteristic curves showing the optimum accuracy, sensitivity and selectivity of 87%, 86% and 88%, respectively. Providing that the samples were obtained from the nurses without deodorant uses, the high stress cases could be screened using e-nose sensors with the accuracy of 89%. The sensor responses could be correlated with the marker peak area data in GC-IMS with the coefficients ranging from -0.70 to 0.80. SIGNIFICANCE This represents the first investigation of highly volatile compound markers in sweat for high stress screening. The established methods were simple, reliable, rapid and non-invasive, which could be further adapted into the portable platform of e-nose sensors with the practical application to perform the screening tests for nurses in Phra Nakorn Si Ayutthaya hospital, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttanee Tungkijanansin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Patthrarawalai Sirinara
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chavit Tunvirachaisakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saran Srikam
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, 13000, Thailand
| | - Kasinee Kittiban
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Hospital, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, 13000, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thongthip
- Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Clinical Research Center Under the Royal Patronage, Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerakiat Kerdcharoen
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, and Research Network of NANOTEC at Mahidol University National Nanotechnology Center, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Smith AD, Balčiu̅nas T, Chang YP, Schmidt C, Zinchenko K, Nunes FB, Rossi E, Svoboda V, Yin Z, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Femtosecond Soft-X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Liquids with a Water-Window High-Harmonic Source. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1981-1988. [PMID: 32073862 PMCID: PMC7086398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful method to investigate the dynamical behavior of a system after photoabsorption in real time. So far, the application of this technique has remained limited to large-scale facilities, such as femtosliced synchrotrons and free-electron lasers (FEL). In this work, we demonstrate femtosecond time-resolved soft-X-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquid samples by combining a sub-micrometer-thin flat liquid jet with a high-harmonic tabletop source covering the entire water-window range (284-538 eV). Our work represents the first extension of tabletop XAS to the oxygen edge of a chemical sample in the liquid phase. In the time domain, our measurements resolve the gradual appearance of absorption features below the carbon K-edge of ethanol and methanol during strong-field ionization and trace the valence-shell ionization dynamics of the liquid alcohols with a temporal resolution of ∼30 fs. This technique opens unique opportunities to study molecular dynamics of chemical systems in the liquid phase with elemental, orbital, and site sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Smith
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tadas Balčiu̅nas
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Ping Chang
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Schmidt
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Fernanda B. Nunes
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Rossi
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vít Svoboda
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhong Yin
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Jean-Pierre Wolf
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Tachikawa H. Ionization Dynamics of the Small-Sized Water Clusters: A Direct Ab Initio Trajectory Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049269l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tachikawa
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Tachikawa H. A Direct ab-Initio Trajectory Study on the Ionization Dynamics of the Water Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020871q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tachikawa
- Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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