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Abstract
Surface phenomena play the crucial role in the behavior of sulfide minerals in mineral processing of base and precious metal ores, including flotation, leaching, and environmental concerns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the main experimental technique for surface characterization at present. However, there exist a number of problems related with complex composition of natural mineral systems, and instability of surface species and mineral/aqueous phase interfaces in the spectrometer vacuum. This overview describes contemporary XPS methods in terms of categorization and quantitative analysis of oxidation products, adsorbates and non-stoichiometric layers of sulfide phases, depth and lateral spatial resolution for minerals and ores under conditions related to mineral processing and hydrometallurgy. Specific practices allowing to preserve volatile species, e.g., elemental sulfur, polysulfide anions and flotation collectors, as well as solid/liquid interfaces are surveyed; in particular, the prospects of ambient pressure XPS and cryo-XPS of fast-frozen wet mineral pastes are discussed. It is also emphasized that further insights into the surface characteristics of individual minerals in technological slurries need new protocols of sample preparation in conjunction with high spatial resolution photoelectron spectroscopy that is still unavailable or unutilized in practice.
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Wang H, Wen S, Han G, Feng Q. Effect of copper ions on surface properties of ZnSO4-depressed sphalerite and its response to flotation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xia L, Hart B, Larachi F, Gravel O. Galvanic interaction of pyrite with Cu activated sphalerite and its effect on xanthate adsorption. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyin Xia
- Surface ScienceWestern UniversityLondon ON N6G0J3 Canada
- Mining and Minerals DivisionSaskatchewan Research Council SK S7N 2X8 Canada
| | - Brian Hart
- Surface ScienceWestern UniversityLondon ON N6G0J3 Canada
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLaval University QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Olivier Gravel
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLaval University QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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Meng X, Zhao H, Sun M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lv X, Kim H, Vainshtein M, Wang S, Qiu G. The role of cupric ions in the oxidative dissolution process of marmatite: A dependence on Cu 2+ concentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:213-223. [PMID: 31030129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cupric ions (Cu2+) play an important role in the oxidative dissolution process of marmatite in an acidic environment. In this work, dissolution experiments and numerous analytical techniques were utilized to investigate the role of Cu2+ in the oxidative dissolution process of marmatite in sulfuric acid. The dissolution experiments showed that the role of Cu2+ is significantly dependent on its concentration. A low Cu2+ concentration (0.25-750 mg/L) can significantly accelerate marmatite dissolution, and a relatively high Cu2+ concentration (above 1000 mg/L) can hinder marmatite dissolution. Element analysis, synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and Raman spectra of the leaching residues proved that no copper containing mineralogical phase was produced by the reactions between Cu2+ and marmatite. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that Cu2+ was first adsorbed on the marmatite surface and then produced Cu-S surface species. An electrochemical measurement further indicated that the adsorption of Cu2+ can remarkably enhance the electrochemical reactivity of the marmatite surface, thus catalyzing the oxidative dissolution process. However, a high percentage of Cu2+ adsorption on the marmatite surface can produce a passivation layer when the Cu2+ concentration is high in the solution, which decreases the electrochemical reactivity, thus resulting in the hinderance of the oxidative dissolution process of marmatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Meng
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Lab of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Menglin Sun
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Yanjun Zhang
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikhail Vainshtein
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS (IBPM RAS), Russia
| | - Shuai Wang
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Guanzhou Qiu
- Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Key Lab of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Mechanism Study of Xanthate Adsorption on Sphalerite/Marmatite Surfaces by ToF-SIMS Analysis and Flotation. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the active sites and species involved in xanthate adsorption on sphalerite/marmatite surfaces were studied using adsorption capacity measurements, single mineral flotation, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis. The effects of Fe concentration on the xanthate adsorption capacity, Cu activation, and the flotation response of sphalerite/marmatite were determined. A discovery was that xanthate can interact with Fe atoms in the crystal of sphalerite/marmatite, as well as with Zn and Cu on the surface. We detected C2S2− fragment ions from dixanthogen, and dixanthogen may have been adsorbed on the surface of marmatite. The amounts of Cu and copper xanthate adsorbed on the marmatite surface were lower than those on the sphalerite surface, because Fe occupies Cu and Zn exchange sites. These results help to address the long-standing controversy regarding the products and mechanisms of xanthate adsorption on Fe-bearing sphalerite surfaces.
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Tian M, Gao Z, Sun W, Han H, Sun L, Hu Y. Activation role of lead ions in benzohydroxamic acid flotation of oxide minerals: New perspective and new practice. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 529:150-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bao Y, Xu G, Tian X, Xu P, Ma J. Effect of ammonia molecules on the separation of pentlandite from serpentine using copper (II) as activator. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mikhlin Y, Vorobyev S, Saikova S, Tomashevich Y, Fetisova O, Kozlova S, Zharkov S. Preparation and characterization of colloidal copper xanthate nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Colloids formed by the direct interaction of aqueous Cu2+ ions and xanthates were characterized along with their precipitates incorporating dixanthogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mikhlin
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Sergey Vorobyev
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
- Siberian Federal University
- Krasnoyarsk
| | | | - Yevgeny Tomashevich
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Olga Fetisova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Svetlana Kozlova
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
| | - Sergey Zharkov
- Siberian Federal University
- Krasnoyarsk
- Russia
- Kirensky Institute of Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Krasnoyarsk
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Ren H, Ren M, Li Z, Ning J, Song G, Niu Z, Ji F. A Novel Evaluation Method for the Particles Interaction between Sphalerite and Silica. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.877034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fellowes JW, Pattrick RAD, Lloyd JR, Charnock JM, Coker VS, Mosselmans JFW, Weng TC, Pearce CI. Ex situ formation of metal selenide quantum dots using bacterially derived selenide precursors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:145603. [PMID: 23508116 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/14/145603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent quantum dots were synthesized using bacterially derived selenide (Se(II-)) as the precursor. Biogenic Se(II-) was produced by the reduction of Se(IV) by Veillonella atypica and compared directly against borohydride-reduced Se(IV) for the production of glutathione-stabilized CdSe and β-mercaptoethanol-stabilized ZnSe nanoparticles by aqueous synthesis. Biological Se(II-) formed smaller, narrower size distributed QDs under the same conditions. The growth kinetics of biologically sourced CdSe phases were slower. The proteins isolated from filter sterilized biogenic Se(II-) included a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase previously characterized in the closely related Veillonella parvula. XAS analysis of the glutathione-capped CdSe at the S K-edge suggested that sulfur from the glutathione was structurally incorporated within the CdSe. A novel synchrotron based XAS technique was also developed to follow the nucleation of biological and inorganic selenide phases, and showed that biogenic Se(II-) is more stable and more resistant to beam-induced oxidative damage than its inorganic counterpart. The bacterial production of quantum dot precursors offers an alternative, 'green' synthesis technique that negates the requirement of expensive, toxic chemicals and suggests a possible link to the exploitation of selenium contaminated waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fellowes
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, Williamson Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Copper and xanthate adsorption onto pyrite surfaces: Implications for mineral separation through flotation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.minpro.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Beaussart A, Mierczynska-Vasilev AM, Harmer SL, Beattie DA. The role of mineral surface chemistry in modified dextrin adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 357:510-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ye X, Gredelj S, Skinner W, Grano S. Regrinding sulphide minerals — Breakage mechanisms in milling and their influence on surface properties and flotation behaviour. POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chandra A, Gerson A. A review of the fundamental studies of the copper activation mechanisms for selective flotation of the sulfide minerals, sphalerite and pyrite. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 145:97-110. [PMID: 18851843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A review of the considerable, but often contradictory, literature examining the specific surface reactions associated with copper adsorption onto the common metal sulfide minerals sphalerite, (Zn,Fe)S, and pyrite (FeS(2)), and the effect of the co-location of the two minerals is presented. Copper "activation", involving the surface adsorption of copper species from solution onto mineral surfaces to activate the surface for hydrophobic collector attachment, is an important step in the flotation and separation of minerals in an ore. Due to the complexity of metal sulfide mineral containing systems this activation process and the emergence of activation products on the mineral surfaces are not fully understood for most sulfide minerals even after decades of research. Factors such as copper concentration, activation time, pH, surface charge, extent of pre-oxidation, water and surface contaminants, pulp potential and galvanic interactions are important factors affecting copper activation of sphalerite and pyrite. A high pH, the correct reagent concentration and activation time and a short time delay between reagent additions is favourable for separation of sphalerite from pyrite. Sufficient oxidation potential is also needed (through O(2) conditioning) to maintain effective galvanic interactions between sphalerite and pyrite. This ensures pyrite is sufficiently depressed while sphalerite floats. Good water quality with low concentrations of contaminant ions, such as Pb(2+)and Fe(2+), is also needed to limit inadvertent activation and flotation of pyrite into zinc concentrates. Selectivity can further be increased and reagent use minimised by opting for inert grinding and by carefully choosing selective pyrite depressants such as sulfoxy or cyanide reagents. Studies that approximate plant conditions are essential for the development of better separation techniques and methodologies. Improved experimental approaches and surface sensitive techniques with high spatial resolution are needed to precisely verify surface structures formed after copper activation. Sphalerite and pyrite surfaces are characterised by varying amounts of steps and defects, and this heterogeneity suggests co-existence of more than one copper-sulfide structure after activation.
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Buckley AN, Skinner WM, Harmer SL, Pring A, Lamb RN, Fan LJ, Yang YW. Examination of the proposition that Cu(II) can be required for charge neutrality in a sulfide lattice — Cu in tetrahedrites and sphalerite. CAN J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/v07-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron XPS and Cu L2,3-edge NEXAFS spectroscopic data for a natural tetrahedrite surface prepared by fracture under UHV were in accord with the composition of the mineral and its expected semiconductivity. The 2p binding energy for the 6-coordinate S atoms was found to be not detectably greater than that for the 4-coordinate S atoms, and surface species were not clearly discernible in either surface-optimized S 2p or Cu 2p spectra. The Cu 2p and Cu L2,3-edge spectra indicated that all Cu in the mineral was indisputably Cu(I). The Cu L2,3-edge spectra of relatively pure natural sphalerite treated with mildly acidic aqueous cupric solution revealed the presence of Cu(II) in the outermost layer of the fracture surfaces, but it was concluded that most of the Cu near the surface of the mineral was in formal oxidation state Cu(I), albeit with higher than normal d9 character. The Cu(I) absorption peak was at an energy much lower than for the tetrahedrite absorption edge, but still consistent with Cu(I) in 4-fold coordination by S. The Cu(II) was consistent with Cu bonded both to S atoms in the outermost layer of the sphalerite and to O atoms in chemisorbed water. S 2p spectra determined at different photon energies revealed high binding energy components arising from oligosulfide-like environments in the outermost layers, but not necessarily in a completely restructured lattice and not in a Cu oligosulfide only. The data indicated some loss of Zn in addition to the Zn that had been replaced by Cu in the outermost layers of the sulfide lattice. The presence of these oligosulfide-like environments precluded the detection of S with formal oxidation state greater than (-II) that might have arisen only from Cu(I) in the S lattice. No evidence was obtained for the presence of Cu(II) in a sulfide lattice, but it was not possible to exclude the possibility of a very low concentration because of the presence of the Cu(II) bonded to both S and O at the surface of the treated sphalerite.Key words: tetrahedrite, sphalerite, copper uptake, XPS, NEXAFS.
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Vučinić DR, Lazić PM, Rosić AA. Ethyl xanthate adsorption and adsorption kinetics on lead-modified galena and sphalerite under flotation conditions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Barreca D, Gasparotto A, Maragno C, Seraglia R, Tondello E, Venzo A, Krishnan V, Bertagnolli H. CadmiumO-alkylxanthates as CVD precursors of CdS: a chemical characterization. Appl Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chapter 2 Interactions of heavy metals. HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ORIGIN, INTERACTION AND REMEDIATION 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4285(05)80021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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