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Goemann IM, Marczyk VR, Romitti M, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Current concepts and challenges to unravel the role of iodothyronine deiodinases in human neoplasias. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R625-R645. [PMID: 30400023 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for the regulation of several metabolic processes and the energy consumption of the organism. Their action is exerted primarily through interaction with nuclear receptors controlling the transcription of thyroid hormone-responsive genes. Proper regulation of TH levels in different tissues is extremely important for the equilibrium between normal cellular proliferation and differentiation. The iodothyronine deiodinases types 1, 2 and 3 are key enzymes that perform activation and inactivation of THs, thus controlling TH homeostasis in a cell-specific manner. As THs seem to exert their effects in all hallmarks of the neoplastic process, dysregulation of deiodinases in the tumoral context can be critical to the neoplastic development. Here, we aim at reviewing the deiodinases expression in different neoplasias and exploit the mechanisms by which they play an essential role in human carcinogenesis. TH modulation by deiodinases and other classical pathways may represent important targets with the potential to oppose the neoplastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri Martin Goemann
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vicente Rodrigues Marczyk
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirian Romitti
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Unit, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Miller BT, Ueta CB, Lau V, Jacomino KG, Wasserman LM, Kim BW. Statins and downstream inhibitors of the isoprenylation pathway increase type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4039-48. [PMID: 22719054 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine selenodeiodinase (D2) is a critical determinant of local thyroid signaling, converting T(4) to the active form T(3) at the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, thus supplying the nucleus with T(3) without immediately affecting circulating thyroid hormone levels. Although inhibitors of the cholesterol synthesis/isoprenylation pathway, such as hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have been to shown to down-regulate selenoproteins via interruption of normal selenocysteine incorporation, little is known about the effect of statins on D2. Here, we report that statins and prenyl transferase inhibitors actually increase D2 activity in cells with endogenous D2 expression. Although we confirmed that lovastatin (LVS) decreases the activity of transiently expressed D2 in HEK-293 cells, the prenyl transferase inhibitors increase activity in this system as well. LVS treatment increases endogenous Dio2 mRNA in MSTO-211H cells but does not alter transiently expressed Dio2 mRNA in HEK-293 cells. The prenyl transferase inhibitors do not increase Dio2 mRNA in either system, indicating that a posttranscriptional mechanism must exist. Cotreatment with LVS or the prenyl transferase inhibitors with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 did not lead to additive increases in D2 activity, indirectly implicating the ubiquitin-proteasomal system in the mechanism. Finally, C57BL/6J mice treated with LVS or farnesyl transferase inhibitor-277 for 24 h exhibited increased D2 activity in their brown adipose tissue. These data indicate that statins and downstream inhibitors of the isoprenylation pathway may increase thyroid signaling via stimulation of D2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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4
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Wagner MS, Wajner SM, Maia AL. Is there a role for thyroid hormone on spermatogenesis? Microsc Res Tech 2009; 72:796-808. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Toyoda N, Yasuzawa-Amano S, Nomura E, Yamauchi A, Nishimura K, Ukita C, Morimoto S, Kosaki A, Iwasaka T, Harney JW, Larsen PR, Nishikawa M. Thyroid hormone activation in vascular smooth muscle cells is negatively regulated by glucocorticoid. Thyroid 2009; 19:755-63. [PMID: 19508118 PMCID: PMC2857441 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2009.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) catalyzes the production of triiodothyronine from thyroxine. D2 is present in rat aorta media, and there is a circadian variation in the D2 expression. In rat aorta media, the D2 activity exhibited the maximal value at 1200 hour and low value between 1800 and 2400 hour. To understand the mechanisms that induce the circadian variation in the D2 expression, we examined the effects of glucocorticoid on the D2 activity and mRNA in rat aorta media and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHODS The effects of intrinsic and extrinsic glucocorticoid on the D2 activity and mRNA in rat aorta media were studied using metyrapone, a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, and dexamethasone (DEX). Further, the effects of DEX on D2 expression were studied using the cultured rat VSMCs. RESULTS The trough values of D2 activity and mRNA at 2100 hour were increased by the treatment with metyrapone. On the other hand, the peak values of D2 activity and mRNA were decreased by the treatment with DEX. D2 activity and mRNA in cultured rat VSMCs were increased by the addition of 10(-3) M dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate [(Bu)(2)cAMP]. The increments were reduced by coincubation with 10(-6) M DEX. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that glucocorticoids might directly suppress the D2 expression in rat VSMCs induced by a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaoki Toyoda
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata-City, Osaka, Japan.
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Heemstra KA, Soeters MR, Fliers E, Serlie MJ, Burggraaf J, van Doorn MB, van der Klaauw AA, Romijn JA, Smit JW, Corssmit EP, Visser TJ. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in skeletal muscle: effects of hypothyroidism and fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2144-50. [PMID: 19293265 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The iodothyronine deiodinases D1, D2, and D3 enable tissue-specific adaptation of thyroid hormone levels in response to various conditions, such as hypothyroidism or fasting. The possible expression of D2 mRNA in skeletal muscle is intriguing because this enzyme could play a role in systemic as well as local T3 production. OBJECTIVE We determined D2 activity and D2 mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle biopsies under control conditions and during hypothyroidism, fasting, and hyperinsulinemia. DESIGN This was a prospective study. SETTING The study was conducted at a university hospital. PATIENTS We studied 11 thyroidectomized patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) on and after 4 wk off T4( replacement and six healthy lean subjects in the fasting state and during hyperinsulinemia after both 14 and 62 h of fasting. MEAN OUTCOME MEASURES D2 activity and D2 mRNA levels were measured in skeletal muscle samples. RESULTS No differences were observed in muscle D2 mRNA levels in DTC patients on and off T4 replacement therapy. In healthy subjects, muscle D2 mRNA levels were lower after 62 h compared to 14 h of fasting. Insulin increased mRNA expression after 62 h, but not after 14 h of fasting. Skeletal muscle D2 activities were very low and not influenced by hypothyroidism and fasting. CONCLUSION Human skeletal muscle D2 mRNA expression is modulated by fasting and insulin, but not by hypothyroidism. The lack of a clear effect of D2 mRNA modulation on the observed low D2 activities questions the physiological relevance of D2 activity in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Heemstra
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, P.O. Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
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Grozovsky R, Ribich S, Rosene ML, Mulcahey MA, Huang SA, Patti ME, Bianco AC, Kim BW. Type 2 deiodinase expression is induced by peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists in skeletal myocytes. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1976-83. [PMID: 19036883 PMCID: PMC2659265 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) is known to play a role in brown adipose tissue-mediated adaptive thermogenesis in rodents, but the finding of D2 in skeletal muscle raises the possibility of a broader metabolic role. In the current study, we examined the regulation of the D2 pathway in primary skeletal muscle myoblasts taken from both humans and mice. We found that pioglitazone treatment led to a 1.6- to 1.9-fold increase in primary human skeletal myocyte D2 activity; this effect was seen with other peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists. D2 activity in primary murine skeletal myotubes increased 2.8-fold in response to 5 microM pioglitazone and 1.6-fold in response to 5 nM insulin and increased in a dose-dependent manner in response to lithocholic acid (maximum response at 25 microM was approximately 3.8-fold). We compared Akt phosphorylation in primary myotubes derived from wild-type and D2 knockout (D2KO) mice: phospho-Akt was reduced by 50% in the D2KO muscle after 1 nM insulin exposure. Expression of T(3)-responsive muscle genes via quantitative RT-PCR suggests that D2KO cells have decreased thyroid hormone signaling, which could contribute to the abnormalities in insulin signaling. D2 activity in skeletal muscle fragments from both murine and human sources was low, on the order of about 0.01 fmol/min . mg of muscle protein. The phenotypic changes seen with D2KO cells support a metabolic role for D2 in muscle, hinting at a D2-mediated linkage between thyroid hormone and insulin signaling, but the low activity calls into question whether skeletal muscle D2 is a major source of plasma T(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Grozovsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Brighamand Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Gereben B, Zavacki AM, Ribich S, Kim BW, Huang SA, Simonides WS, Zeöld A, Bianco AC. Cellular and molecular basis of deiodinase-regulated thyroid hormone signaling. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:898-938. [PMID: 18815314 PMCID: PMC2647704 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research has focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T(3) during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled. The activating deiodinase (D2) and the inactivating deiodinase (D3) can locally increase or decrease thyroid hormone signaling in a tissue- and temporal-specific fashion, independent of changes in thyroid hormone serum concentrations. This mechanism is particularly relevant because deiodinase expression can be modulated by a wide variety of endogenous signaling molecules such as sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor-kappaB, growth factors, bile acids, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, as well as a growing number of xenobiotic substances. In light of these findings, it seems clear that deiodinases play a much broader role than once thought, with great ramifications for the control of thyroid hormone signaling during vertebrate development and metamorphosis, as well as injury response, tissue repair, hypothalamic function, and energy homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Gereben
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Lamirand A, Pallud-Mothré S, Ramaugé M, Pierre M, Courtin F. Oxidative stress regulates type 3 deiodinase and type 2 deiodinase in cultured rat astrocytes. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3713-21. [PMID: 18420745 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 deiodinase (D2) and type 3 deiodinase (D3) locally achieve the determination of the concentration of T3, which binds to the thyroid hormone receptor with high affinity. D2 converts T4 into T3, and D3 degrades T4 and T3. Neurons take up T3 released by astrocytes, the main cerebral site for the D2 expression. Because oxidative stress is believed to be involved in several neurological disorders, we explored the effects of oxidative stress on D3 and D2 in primary culture of rat astrocytes. H2O2 (250 microm) increased D3 activity with maximal effects around 8 h. Stimulation of D3 activity by H2O2 was synergistic with T4, phorbol ester, and also cAMP. H2O2 (250 microm) did not affect basal D2 activity but inhibited the stimulation of D2 activity by cAMP and factors implicating cAMP-independent pathways in astrocytes, TSH, and phorbol ester. N-Acetyl cysteine and selenium repletion, which respectively increase intracellular glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, inhibited D2 and D3 regulation by H2O2, whereas L-buthionine sulfoximine, which decreases intracellular glutathione, mimicked H2O2 effects. Oxidative stress up-regulated D3 and inhibited cAMP-stimulated D2 by transcriptional mechanisms. A decrease in cAMP by oxidative stress could contribute to the inhibition of cAMP-stimulated D2. Using specific inhibitors of signaling pathways, we show that the ERK pathway was required in D2 and D3 regulation by oxidative stress and that the p38 MAPK pathway was implicated in H2O2-induced D3. We suggest that the expected decrease in T3 might modulate the cellular injury of oxidative stress in some pathological brain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lamirand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 854, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Köhrle J. Thyroid hormone transporters in health and disease: advances in thyroid hormone deiodination. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21:173-91. [PMID: 17574002 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone metabolism by the three deiodinase selenoproteins -- DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3 -- regulates the local availability of various iodothyronine metabolites and thus mediates their effects on gene expression, thermoregulation, energy metabolism, and many key reactions during the development and maintenance of an adult organism. Circulating serum levels of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone, used as a combined indicator of thyroid hormone status, reflect a composite picture of: thyroid secretion; tissue-specific production of T(3) by DIO1 and DIO2 activity, which both contribute to circulating levels of T(3); and degradation of the prohormone T4, of the thyromimetically active T(3), of the inactive rT(3), of other iodothyronines metabolites with a lower iodine content and of thyroid hormone conjugates. Degradation reactions are catalyzed by either DIO1 or DIO3. Aberrant expression of individual deiodinases in disease, single nucleotide polymorphisms in their genes, and novel regulators of DIO gene expression (such as bile acids) provide a more complex picture of the fine tuning and the adaptation of systemic and local bioavailability of thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie und Endokrinologisches Forschungszentrum der Charité EnForCé, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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Kasahara T, Tsunekawa K, Seki K, Mori M, Murakami M. Regulation of iodothyronine deiodinase and roles of thyroid hormones in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:207-14. [PMID: 16140305 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones have been reported to have significant effects on the peripheral vascular system, including relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells and prevention of atherosclerosis. To exert its biological activity, thyroxine (T4) needs to be converted to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) by type 1 and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases. We have previously identified type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) expression in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCASMCs). In the present study, we have characterized the regulation of D2 expression in hCASMCs by stable prostacyclin analogue beraprost sodium (BPS) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and the roles of thyroid hormones in the functions of hCASMCs. BPS increased D2 expression, whereas PDGF suppressed BPS stimulated D2 expression without affecting cAMP production in hCASMCs. PDGF increased DNA synthesis, while BPS, T3 or T4 suppressed PDGF stimulated DNA synthesis in hCASMCs. Inhibition of D2 activity by 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) partially restored T4 suppression of PDGF stimulated DNA synthesis in hCASMCs. PDGF increased migration activity, whereas BPS, T3 or T4 suppressed PDGF stimulated migration activity of hCASMCs. These results suggest that D2 expression is increased by BPS and suppressed by PDGF in hCASMCs, and that intracellular thyroid hormone activation may be involved in the suppression of DNA synthesis and migration activity of hCASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kasahara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Peeters RP, van den Beld AW, Attalki H, Toor HV, de Rijke YB, Kuiper GGJM, Lamberts SWJ, Janssen JAMJL, Uitterlinden AG, Visser TJ. A new polymorphism in the type II deiodinase gene is associated with circulating thyroid hormone parameters. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E75-81. [PMID: 15727947 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00571.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (D2) is important in the regulation of local thyroid hormone bioactivity in certain tissues. D2 in skeletal muscle may also play a role in serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) production. In this study, we identified a polymorphism in the 5'-UTR of the D2 gene (D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp). We investigated the association of D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp, and of the previously identified D2-Thr92Ala polymorphism, with serum iodothyronine levels. D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp was identified by sequencing the 5'-UTR of 15 randomly selected individuals. Genotypes for D2-ORFa-Gly3Asp were determined in 156 healthy blood donors (age 46.3 +/- 12.2 yr) and 349 ambulant elderly men (age 77.7 +/- 3.5 yr) and related to serum iodothyronine and TSH levels. D2-ORFa-Asp(3) had an allele frequency of 33.9% in blood bank donors and was associated with serum thyroxine (T(4); Gly/Gly vs. Gly/Asp vs. Asp/Asp = 7.06 +/- 0.14 vs. 6.74 +/- 0.15 vs. 6.29 +/- 0.27 microg/dl, P = 0.01), free T(4) (1.22 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.04 ng/dl, P = 0.001), reverse T(3) (P = 0.01), and T(3)/T(4) ratio (P = 0.002) in a dose-dependent manner, but not with serum T(3) (P = 0.59). In elderly men, D2-ORFa-Asp(3) had a similar frequency but was not associated with serum iodothyronine levels. This new polymorphism in the 5'-UTR of D2 is associated with iodothyronine levels in blood donors but not in elderly men. We hypothesize that this might be explained by the decline in skeletal muscle size during aging, resulting in a relative decrease in the contribution of D2 to serum T(3) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rm. Ee 502, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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