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Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Kikuyama S, Tanaami Y, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Delayed Postnatal Growth and Anterior Pituitary Development in Growth-Retarded ( grt) Female Mice. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:238-246. [PMID: 34057348 DOI: 10.2108/zs200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth-retarded (grt) mice display primary congenital hypothyroidism due to the hyporesponsiveness of their thyroid glands to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). We examined somatic growth, anterior pituitary development, and hormonal profiles in female grt mice and normal ones. Although growth in grt females was suppressed 2 weeks after birth, the measured growth parameters and organ weights gradually increased and finally reached close to the normal levels. Grt mice exhibited delayed eye and vaginal openings and remained in a state of persistent diestrus thereafter, plasma estrogen levels being lower than those in normal mice. Grt mice that received normal-donor thyroids showed accelerated growth and their body weights increased up to the sham-normal levels, indicating the importance of early thyroid hormone supplementation. In the anterior pituitary, there were fewer growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) cells in grt mice than in normal mice as examined at 12 weeks after birth, but the numbers of these cells did not differ from those in normal mice after 24 weeks. Grt mice had more TSH cells than normal mice until 48 weeks. Plasma GH levels in grt mice were lower than those in normal mice at 2 weeks, but did not differ substantially after 5 weeks. Compared with normal mice, grt mice had significantly lower plasma PRL and thyroxine levels, but notably higher TSH levels until 48 weeks. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone deficiency in grt mice causes delayed development and growth, and inappropriate development of GH, PRL and TSH cells, followed by the abnormal secretion of hormones by these pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan, .,National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tanaami
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takeo Machida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Zavacki AM, Marinelarena A, Hollister-Lock J, El Khattabi I, Marsili A, Weir GC, Sharma A, Larsen PR, Bonner-Weir S. Thyroid hormone promotes postnatal rat pancreatic β-cell development and glucose-responsive insulin secretion through MAFA. Diabetes 2013; 62:1569-80. [PMID: 23305647 PMCID: PMC3636623 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal β cells do not secrete glucose-responsive insulin and are considered immature. We previously showed the transcription factor MAFA is key for the functional maturation of β cells, but the physiological regulators of this process are unknown. Here we show that postnatal rat β cells express thyroid hormone (TH) receptor isoforms and deiodinases in an age-dependent pattern as glucose responsiveness develops. In vivo neonatal triiodothyronine supplementation and TH inhibition, respectively, accelerated and delayed metabolic development. In vitro exposure of immature islets to triiodothyronine enhanced the expression of Mafa, the secretion of glucose-responsive insulin, and the proportion of responsive cells, all of which are effects that were abolished in the presence of dominant-negative Mafa. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we show that TH has a direct receptor-ligand interaction with the Mafa promoter and, using a luciferase reporter, that this interaction was functional. Thus, TH can be considered a physiological regulator of functional maturation of β cells via its induction of Mafa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Aguayo-Mazzucato
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alejandra Marinelarena
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ilham El Khattabi
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon C. Weir
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arun Sharma
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Susan Bonner-Weir,
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Arumugam R, Fleenor D, Lu D, Freemark M. Differential and complementary effects of glucose and prolactin on islet DNA synthesis and gene expression. Endocrinology 2011; 152:856-68. [PMID: 21239441 PMCID: PMC3198965 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which lactogenic hormones promote β-cell expansion remain poorly understood. Because prolactin (PRL) up-regulates β-cell glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, we reasoned that glucose availability might mediate or modulate the effects of PRL on β-cell mass. Here, we used male rat islets to show that PRL and glucose have differential but complementary effects on the expression of cell cyclins, cell cycle inhibitors, and various other genes known to regulate β-cell replication, including insulin receptor substrate 2, IGF-II, menin, forkhead box protein M1, tryptophan hydroxylase 1, and the PRL receptor. Differential effects on gene expression are associated with synergistic effects of glucose and PRL on islet DNA synthesis. The effects of PRL on gene expression are mirrored by β-cell overexpression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b and are opposed by dexamethasone. An ad-small interfering RNA specific for cyclin D2 attenuates markedly the effects of PRL on islet DNA synthesis. Our studies suggest a new paradigm for the control of β-cell mass and insulin production by hormones and nutrients. PRL up-regulates β-cell glucose uptake and utilization, whereas glucose increases islet PRL receptor expression and potentiates the effects of PRL on cell cycle gene expression and DNA synthesis. These findings suggest novel targets for prevention of neonatal glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes and may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of β-cell hyperplasia in obese subjects with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramamani Arumugam
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Kobayashi K, Yamamoto K, Kikuyama S, Machida T, Kobayashi T. Impaired Development of Somatotropes, Lactotropes and Thyrotropes in Growth-Retarded (grt) Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:187-94. [PMID: 22271993 PMCID: PMC3252040 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenitally primary hypothyroid growth-retarded (grt) mice exhibit a characteristic growth pause followed by delayed onset of pubertal growth. We characterized the developmental pattern of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in the anterior pituitary, as well as plasma levels of their secretory hormones, in grt mice. Compared with normal mice, the weight of grt pituitary gland was similar at 8 weeks of age but significantly heavier after 12 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, there were significantly fewer somatotropes in the grt pituitary until 8 weeks of age, but the number gradually increased up to 48 weeks. The number of lactotropes in grt mice was consistently lower than that in normal mice from 2 through 48 weeks, whereas the number of thyrotropes in the grt pituitary was consistently higher than in the normal pituitary. Thyrotropes in the grt pituitary exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia with less intensive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) immunoreactivity than normal thyrotropes. In normal mice, the sum of the relative proportions of these cells plateaued at 8 weeks, where it remained up to 48 weeks of age. In grt mice, these proportions almost reached normal levels at 12 weeks of age but gradually declined after 24 weeks. Plasma growth hormone concentrations did not differ between grt and normal mice until 24 weeks of age. Compared with normal mice, grt mice exhibited significantly lower plasma prolactin and thyroxine levels but higher TSH levels. These findings indicate that development of somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes in grt mice is impaired, being followed by altered hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kobayashi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6–21–1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214–8585, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, 1–104 Totsuka-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - Sakae Kikuyama
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, 1–104 Totsuka-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - Takeo Machida
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Regulation Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Sakura, Saitama 338–8570, Japan
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Bentley CA, Zidehsarai MP, Grindley JC, Parlow AF, Barth-Hall S, Roberts VJ. Pax6 is implicated in murine pituitary endocrine function. Endocrine 1999; 10:171-7. [PMID: 10451227 DOI: 10.1385/endo:10:2:171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/1998] [Revised: 10/14/1998] [Accepted: 11/25/1998] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pax6, an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, is expressed in the murine and zebrafish embryonic pituitary, but its role in pituitary development and endocrine function has not been described. To study the role of Pax6 in vivo, we examined Pax6 mutant mouse (SeyNeu) pituitaries. Mice homozygous for the SeyNeu mutation die at birth; therefore, we examined peptide hormone expression by the differentiated pituitary cell types as well as developmental marker expression in the intermediate and anterior lobes of the embryonic pituitary. GH- and PRL-immunopositive cells appear severely decreased in an outbred ICR background at embryonic d 17.5, although mRNA expression of these peptide hormones is present, as is expression of other pituitary markers. This suggests that pituitary cell types are able to differentiate in mutant embryos. To identify the cellular or physiologic mechanism responsible for less GH- and PRL-immunoreactivity in Pax6 mutant mice, we tested serum levels of GH and PRL. Pax6 homozygous mutant mice have GH serum levels one fifth that of controls at embryonic d 17.5, and one-third that of controls at postnatal d 0. PRL serum levels, which are very low during embryonic and neonatal stages, were below assay detection limits in both the wild-type and mutant groups. Taken together, these data suggest that Pax6 is not essential for pituitary differentiation, but rather functions to establish appropriate neonatal homeostatic levels of GH and PRL, possibly through regulation of translational or secretory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bentley
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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