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Zheng ZY, Anurag M, Lei JT, Cao J, Singh P, Peng J, Kennedy H, Nguyen NC, Chen Y, Lavere P, Li J, Du XH, Cakar B, Song W, Kim BJ, Shi J, Seker S, Chan DW, Zhao GQ, Chen X, Banks KC, Lanman RB, Shafaee MN, Zhang XHF, Vasaikar S, Zhang B, Hilsenbeck SG, Li W, Foulds CE, Ellis MJ, Chang EC. Neurofibromin Is an Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Co-repressor in Breast Cancer. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:387-402.e7. [PMID: 32142667 PMCID: PMC7286719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report that neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor and Ras-GAP (GTPase-activating protein), is also an estrogen receptor-α (ER) transcriptional co-repressor through leucine/isoleucine-rich motifs that are functionally independent of GAP activity. GAP activity, in turn, does not affect ER binding. Consequently, neurofibromin depletion causes estradiol hypersensitivity and tamoxifen agonism, explaining the poor prognosis associated with neurofibromin loss in endocrine therapy-treated ER+ breast cancer. Neurofibromin-deficient ER+ breast cancer cells initially retain sensitivity to selective ER degraders (SERDs). However, Ras activation does play a role in acquired SERD resistance, which can be reversed upon MEK inhibitor addition, and SERD/MEK inhibitor combinations induce tumor regression. Thus, neurofibromin is a dual repressor for both Ras and ER signaling, and co-targeting may treat neurofibromin-deficient ER+ breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan T Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Purba Singh
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianheng Peng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Physical Examination, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hilda Kennedy
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhu-Chau Nguyen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Philip Lavere
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin-Hui Du
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Henan Cancer Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Burcu Cakar
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiejun Shi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sinem Seker
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Doug W Chan
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Henan Cancer Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Maryam Nemati Shafaee
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles E Foulds
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Eric C Chang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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2
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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Thomas M, Davis T, Loos B, Sishi B, Huisamen B, Strijdom H, Engelbrecht AM. Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of amino acids and ATP levels during acute amino acid starvation in MDAMB231 cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:65-79. [PMID: 29399832 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a major role in the adaptive metabolic response of cancer cells during adverse conditions such as nutrient deprivation. However, specific data that assess metabolite profiles in context with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability and cell death susceptibility remain limited. Human breast cancer cells, MDAMB231, and normal breast epithelial cells, MCF12A, were subjected to short-term amino acid starvation and the cellular apoptotic and autophagic responses assessed. The role of autophagy in the control of cellular amino acid, ATP, free fatty acid, and glucose levels during amino acid starvation were compared. We demonstrate that breast cancer cells have an increased metabolic demand contributing to significant amino acid and ATP depletion in a nutrient-poor environment. Upregulation of autophagy was important for the generation of amino acids and free fatty acids and maintenance of cellular ATP levels. In contrast to normal cells, breast cancer cells were unable to maintain the response after 12 hours of amino acid starvation. Regulation of autophagic activity in these environments had indirect consequences on cell death susceptibility. Overall, our data provide support for autophagy as an important survival mechanism capable of providing metabolic substrates when cancer cells are faced with nutrient-deprived environments. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The results obtained in this study helps to expand our current knowledge on how cells respond to environmental changes; the biochemical and metabolic consequences and the physiological processes activated in response. The environmental stress applied in this study is relevant to tumour physiology, and results can be translated to cancer therapeutic and clinical research areas, ultimately assisting in the specific targeting of cancer cells while avoiding harm to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Thomas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Balindiwe Sishi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Diabetes Discovery Platform, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hans Strijdom
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) #162200) is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome. Heritable constitutional mutations in the NF1 gene result in dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK pathway and are causative of NF1. The major known function of the NF1 gene product neurofibromin is to downregulate RAS. NF1 exhibits variable clinical expression and is characterized by benign cutaneous lesions including neurofibromas and café-au-lait macules, as well as a predisposition to various types of malignancy, such as breast cancer and leukaemia. However, acquired somatic mutations in NF1 are also found in a wide variety of malignant neoplasms that are not associated with NF1. Main body Capitalizing upon the availability of next-generation sequencing data from cancer genomes and exomes, we review current knowledge of somatic NF1 mutations in a wide variety of tumours occurring at a number of different sites: breast, colorectum, urothelium, lung, ovary, skin, brain and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as leukaemias, in an attempt to understand their broader role and significance, and with a view ultimately to exploiting this in a diagnostic and therapeutic context. Conclusion As neurofibromin activity is a key to regulating the RAS/MAPK pathway, NF1 mutations are important in the acquisition of drug resistance, to BRAF, EGFR inhibitors, tamoxifen and retinoic acid in melanoma, lung and breast cancers and neuroblastoma. Other curiosities are observed, such as a high rate of somatic NF1 mutation in cutaneous melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian carcinoma and glioblastoma which are not usually associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Somatic NF1 mutations may be critical drivers in multiple cancers. The mutational landscape of somatic NF1 mutations should provide novel insights into our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer. The identification of high frequency of somatic NF1 mutations in sporadic tumours indicates that neurofibromin is likely to play a critical role in development, far beyond that evident in the tumour predisposition syndrome NF1.
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Cirenajwis H, Lauss M, Ekedahl H, Törngren T, Kvist A, Saal LH, Olsson H, Staaf J, Carneiro A, Ingvar C, Harbst K, Hayward NK, Jönsson G. NF1-mutated melanoma tumors harbor distinct clinical and biological characteristics. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:438-451. [PMID: 28267273 PMCID: PMC5527484 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, melanoma can be considered as a UV‐driven disease with an aggressive metastatic course and high mutational load, with only few tumors (acral, mucosal, and uveal melanomas) not induced by sunlight and possessing a lower mutational load. The most commonly activated pathway in melanoma is the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, the prognostic significance of mutational stratification is unclear and needs further investigation. Here, in silico we combined mutation data from 162 melanomas subjected to targeted deep sequencing with mutation data from three published studies. Tumors from 870 patients were grouped according to BRAF,RAS,NF1 mutation or triple‐wild‐type status and correlated with tumor and patient characteristics. We found that the NF1‐mutated subtype had a higher mutational burden and strongest UV mutation signature. Searching for co‐occurring mutated genes revealed the RASopathy genes PTPN11 and RASA2, as well as another RAS domain‐containing gene RASSF2 enriched in the NF1 subtype after adjustment for mutational burden. We found that a larger proportion of the NF1‐mutant tumors were from males and with older age at diagnosis. Importantly, we found an increased risk of death from melanoma (disease‐specific survival, DSS; HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.21–3.10; P = 0.046) and poor overall survival (OS; HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.28–2.98; P = 0.01) in the NF1 subtype, which remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, and lesion type (DSS P = 0.03, OS P = 0.06, respectively). Melanoma genomic subtypes display different biological and clinical characteristics. The poor outcome observed in the NF1 subtype highlights the need for improved characterization of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cirenajwis
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauss
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ekedahl
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Therese Törngren
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Lao H Saal
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Johan Staaf
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ana Carneiro
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Katja Harbst
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
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6
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a relatively common tumour predisposition syndrome related to germline aberrations of NF1, a tumour suppressor gene. The gene product neurofibromin is a negative regulator of the Ras cellular proliferation pathway, and also exerts tumour suppression via other mechanisms. Recent next-generation sequencing projects have revealed somatic NF1 aberrations in various sporadic tumours. NF1 plays a critical role in a wide range of tumours. NF1 alterations appear to be associated with resistance to therapy and adverse outcomes in several tumour types. Identification of a patient's germline or somatic NF1 aberrations can be challenging, as NF1 is one of the largest human genes, with a myriad of possible mutations. Epigenetic factors may also contribute to inadequate levels of neurofibromin in cancer cells. Clinical trials of NF1-based therapeutic approaches are currently limited. Preclinical studies on neurofibromin-deficient malignancies have mainly been on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour cell lines or xenografts derived from NF1 patients. However, the emerging recognition of the role of NF1 in sporadic cancers may lead to the development of NF1-based treatments for other tumour types. Improved understanding of the implications of NF1 aberrations is critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Da Silva AV, Rodrigues FR, Pureza M, Lopes VGS, Cunha KS. Breast cancer and neurofibromatosis type 1: a diagnostic challenge in patients with a high number of neurofibromas. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:183. [PMID: 25885768 PMCID: PMC4377189 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis 1 is one of the most common genetic diseases in humans, presenting with multiple neurofibromas and an increased risk of various benign and malignant tumors, including breast cancer. CASE PRESENTATION In this paper we report a case of a woman with neurofibromatosis 1 and the challenge associated with detecting an advanced breast cancer because of numerous skin neurofibromas, which were responsible for a substantial delay in cancer diagnosis. Literature concerning the association of neurofibromatosis 1 and breast cancer is reviewed and discussed. CONCLUSIONS Best practice guidelines for breast cancer detection are not sufficient for the screening of neurofibromatosis 1 carriers. A more intensive clinical and imaging approach should be used if the same early detection rate as in non-neurofibromatosis 1 women is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Vallejo Da Silva
- Breast Surgery Service, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fabiana Resende Rodrigues
- Pathology Service, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Pureza
- Pathology Service, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vania Gloria Silami Lopes
- Pathology Service, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Karin Soares Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Age-specific risk of breast cancer in women with neurofibromatosis type 1. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1546-8. [PMID: 25742481 PMCID: PMC4453683 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Young women with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are reported to have a higher risk of breast cancer than others, and this might have implications for screening programmes. Our aim was to calculate this risk. Methods: An all-England linked data set of hospital admissions and deaths was analysed to determine age-specific rates of breast cancer in women with NF1 and controls. Results: The age-specific excess risk of breast cancer, comparing the NF1 cohort with the control cohort, was elevated 6.5-fold (95% confidence interval 2.6–13.5) in women aged 30–39 years. There was a 4.4 (2.5–7.0) times higher risk among women aged 40–49. Conclusions: Women with NF1 develop breast cancer at younger ages than the general population.
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9
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Germline mutations in NF1 and BRCA1 in a family with neurofibromatosis type 1 and early-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139:597-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Devkota KP, Wilson J, Henrich CJ, McMahon JB, Reilly KM, Beutler JA. Isobutylhydroxyamides from the pericarp of Nepalese Zanthoxylum armatum inhibit NF1-defective tumor cell line growth. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:59-63. [PMID: 23268719 PMCID: PMC3556213 DOI: 10.1021/np300696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-based bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation on Zanthoxylum armatum collected in Nepal led to the isolation of new timuramides A-D (1-4) and six known sanshools (5-10). The structures of all compounds were established by using modern spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR analysis and comparison with previously reported data. Most of the compounds inhibited growth of an Nf1- and p53-deficient mouse glioma cell line at noncytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P. Devkota
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Curtis J. Henrich
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Karlyne M. Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Bianchi-Smiraglia A, Paesante S, Bakin AV. Integrin β5 contributes to the tumorigenic potential of breast cancer cells through the Src-FAK and MEK-ERK signaling pathways. Oncogene 2012; 32:3049-58. [PMID: 22824793 PMCID: PMC3481019 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression, response to therapy and metastasis depend on tumor microenvironment. Integrins are cell-adhesion receptors that mediate interactions of cells with extracellular matrix. The αv-β-family of integrins contributes to tumorigenesis, response to therapy and cancer stem cell biology. Thus, understanding the function of specific integrins in cancer is critical for the development of therapeutic approaches targeting integrins. The study investigated the role of integrin β5 in breast carcinomas by depleting integrin β5 using RNA interference and reexpression of integrin β5. Depletion of integrin β5 in triple-negative breast carcinoma cells markedly reduced tumor take, growth and tumor angiogenesis, whereas reexpression of integrin β5 rescued this phenotype. Reduction in tumor angiogenesis is associated with lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in integrin β5-depleted tumors. Tumor cells deficient in integrin β5 have lower migration and proliferative capacities. Biochemical assays revealed that integrin β5 mediates the Src-focal adhesion kinase and MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling events that operate independently, and inhibition of these pathways phenocopies integrin β5 deficiency. Breast carcinoma cells express high levels of integrin β5, whereas expression of integrin β3 is limited to stromal compartments and integrin β6 is lost in metastatic cells. Together, these findings show a critical role for integrin β5 in the tumorigenic potential of breast carcinoma cells and therapeutic targeting of integrin β5 is especially attractive for triple-negative breast carcinomas, which are refractory to most of the current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bianchi-Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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12
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Wagle N, Berger MF, Davis MJ, Blumenstiel B, Defelice M, Pochanard P, Ducar M, Van Hummelen P, Macconaill LE, Hahn WC, Meyerson M, Gabriel SB, Garraway LA. High-throughput detection of actionable genomic alterations in clinical tumor samples by targeted, massively parallel sequencing. Cancer Discov 2011; 2:82-93. [PMID: 22585170 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Knowledge of "actionable" somatic genomic alterations present in each tumor (e.g., point mutations, small insertions/deletions, and copy-number alterations that direct therapeutic options) should facilitate individualized approaches to cancer treatment. However, clinical implementation of systematic genomic profiling has rarely been achieved beyond limited numbers of oncogene point mutations. To address this challenge, we utilized a targeted, massively parallel sequencing approach to detect tumor genomic alterations in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. Nearly 400-fold mean sequence coverage was achieved, and single-nucleotide sequence variants, small insertions/deletions, and chromosomal copynumber alterations were detected simultaneously with high accuracy compared with other methods in clinical use. Putatively actionable genomic alterations, including those that predict sensitivity or resistance to established and experimental therapies, were detected in each tumor sample tested. Thus, targeted deep sequencing of clinical tumor material may enable mutation-driven clinical trials and, ultimately, "personalized" cancer treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Despite the rapid proliferation of targeted therapeutic agents, systematic methods to profile clinically relevant tumor genomic alterations remain underdeveloped. We describe a sequencingbased approach to identifying genomic alterations in FFPE tumor samples. These studies affirm the feasibility and clinical utility of targeted sequencing in the oncology arena and provide a foundation for genomics-based stratification of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Wagle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Safina A, Sotomayor P, Limoge M, Morrison C, Bakin AV. TAK1-TAB2 signaling contributes to bone destruction by breast carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1042-53. [PMID: 21700681 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced-stage breast cancers frequently metastasize to the bones and cause bone destruction, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This study presents evidence that TGF-β-activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1) signaling in tumor cells promotes bone destruction by metastatic breast carcinoma cells, controlling expression of prometastatic factors including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and COX2. Suppression of TAK1 signaling by dominant-negative TAK1 (dn-TAK1) in breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells impairs bone colonization by carcinoma cells and bone osteolysis in the intracardiac injection model. Mechanistic studies showed that inhibition of TAK1 by dn-TAK1 or siRNA blocked expression of factors implicated in bone metastasis, such as MMP-9, COX2/PTGS2, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and interleukin 8 (IL-8), but did not affect activation of p38MAPK by TGF-β. TAK1 signaling is mediated by TAK1-binding partners TAB1, TAB2, and TAB3. Carcinoma cells express elevated mRNA levels of TAB2 and TAB3, whereas the TAB1 expression is noticeably low. Accordingly, depletion of TAB2 by siRNA reduced expression of MMP-9 and COX2. Together, these studies show that the TAK1-TAB2-TAB3 signaling axis is critical for carcinoma-induced bone lesions, mediating expression of proinvasive and osteolytic factors. These findings identify the TAK1-TAB2 axis as a potential therapeutic target in bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfiya Safina
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Arima Y, Hayashi H, Kamata K, Goto TM, Sasaki M, Kuramochi A, Saya H. Decreased expression of neurofibromin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in neurofibromatosis type 1. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e136-41. [PMID: 20002172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plexiform and/or dermal neurofibromas are nerve sheath tumors of the peripheral nervous system that are usually present in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Neurofibromas arise from Schwann cells with biallelic inactivation of NF1, the gene that encodes neurofibromin. This protein is responsible for regulation of the Ras-mediated pathway, which has been shown to play a crucial role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a biological process that occurs during embryogenesis and wound healing and is involved in pathological processes such as organ fibrosis and cancer metastasis. However, the relationship between neurofibromin and EMT has not been elucidated. We investigated whether the EMT-related signaling pathway was upregulated in NF1-associated neurofibromas and Schwann cells by assessing the expression levels of the EMT-related transcription factors Snail, Slug, Twist, ZEB1 and ZEB2. Immunohistochemical studies and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed an increase in the expression levels of EMT-related transcription factors in neurofibroma specimens and NF1-derived Schwann cells (sNF96.2). In addition, the silencing of NF1 by siRNA induced the expression of EMT-related transcription factors in normal human Schwann cells and in epithelial-like breast cancer cells. Our findings suggest that the loss of neurofibromin activated the EMT-related signaling pathway and that the excessive mesenchymal reaction may play a key role in the development of NF1-associated neurofibromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Subik K, Lee JF, Baxter L, Strzepek T, Costello D, Crowley P, Xing L, Hung MC, Bonfiglio T, Hicks DG, Tang P. The Expression Patterns of ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6, EGFR, Ki-67 and AR by Immunohistochemical Analysis in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/117822341000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular classification for breast carcinomas has been used in clinical studies with a simple surrogate panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. The objective of this current project was to study the molecular classification of commonly used breast cancer cell lines by IHC analysis. Seventeen breast cancer cell lines were harvested, fixed in formalin and made into cell blocks. IHC analyses were performed on each cell block with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, EGFR, CK5/6, Ki-67 and androgen receptor (AR). Among the 17 cell lines, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 fell to Luminal A subtype; BT-474 to Luminal B subtype; SKBR-3, MDA-MD-435 and AU 565 to HER2 over-expression subtype; MDA-MB-231, MCF-12A, HBL 101, HS 598 T, MCF-10A, MCF-10F, BT-20, 468 and BT-483 to basal subtype. MDA-MB-453 belonged to Unclassified subtype. Since each subtype defined by this IHC-based molecular classification does show a distinct clinical outcome, attention should be paid when choosing a cell line for any study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Subik
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
- These authors have contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Jin-Feng Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- These authors have contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Laurie Baxter
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Tamera Strzepek
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Dawn Costello
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Patti Crowley
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Bonfiglio
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - David G. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Kweh F, Zheng M, Kurenova E, Wallace M, Golubovskaya V, Cance WG. Neurofibromin physically interacts with the N-terminal domain of focal adhesion kinase. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:1005-17. [PMID: 19479903 PMCID: PMC2783617 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The NF1 gene that is altered in patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) encodes a neurofibromin protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. In this report, we show for the first time physical interaction between neurofibromin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the protein that localizes at focal adhesions. We show that neurofibromin associates with the N-terminal domain of FAK, and that the C-terminal domain of neurofibromin directly interacts with FAK. Confocal microscopy demonstrates colocalization of NF1 and FAK in the cytoplasm, perinuclear and nuclear regions inside the cells. Nf1+/+ MEF cells expressed less cell growth during serum deprivation conditions, and adhered less on collagen and fibronectin-treated plates than Nf1(-/-) MEF cells, associated with changes in actin and FAK staining. In addition, Nf1+/+ MEF cells detached more significantly than Nf1(-/-) MEF cells by disruption of FAK signaling with the dominant-negative inhibitor of FAK, C-terminal domain of FAK (FAK-CD). Thus, the results demonstrate the novel interaction of neurofibromin and FAK and suggest their involvement in cell adhesion, cell growth, and other cellular events and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Kweh
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elena Kurenova
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Margaret Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Kim SH, Son WJ, Sin DJ, Chang MC. Bilateral Metachronous Breast Cancer in Neurofibromatosis Type 1. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2009.76.6.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Won Jun Son
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Sin
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myung-Chul Chang
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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18
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Garcia A, Zheng Y, Zhao C, Toschi A, Fan J, Shraibman N, Brown HA, Bar-Sagi D, Foster DA, Arbiser JL. Honokiol suppresses survival signals mediated by Ras-dependent phospholipase D activity in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4267-74. [PMID: 18594009 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated phospholipase D (PLD) activity provides a survival signal in several human cancer cell lines and suppresses apoptosis when cells are subjected to the stress of serum withdrawal. Thus, targeting PLD survival signals has potential to suppress survival in cancer cells that depend on PLD for survival. Honokiol is a compound that suppresses tumor growth in mouse models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of honokiol on PLD survival signals and the Ras dependence of these signals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of honokiol upon PLD activity was examined in human cancer cell lines where PLD activity provides a survival signal. The dependence of PLD survival signals on Ras was investigated, as was the effect of honokiol on Ras activation. RESULTS We report here that honokiol suppresses PLD activity in human cancer cells where PLD has been shown to suppress apoptosis. PLD activity is commonly elevated in response to the stress of serum withdrawal, and, importantly, the stress-induced increase in PLD activity is selectively suppressed by honokiol. The stress-induced increase in PLD activity was accompanied by increased Ras activation, and the stress-induced increase in PLD activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was dependent on a Ras. The PLD activity was also dependent on the GTPases RalA and ADP ribosylation factor. Importantly, honokiol suppressed Ras activation. CONCLUSION The data provided here indicate that honokiol may be a valuable therapeutic reagent for targeting a large number of human cancers that depend on Ras and PLD for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalon Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York 10021, USA
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19
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Yang XH, Richardson AL, Torres-Arzayus MI, Zhou P, Sharma C, Kazarov AR, Andzelm MM, Strominger JL, Brown M, Hemler ME. CD151 accelerates breast cancer by regulating alpha 6 integrin function, signaling, and molecular organization. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3204-13. [PMID: 18451146 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD151, a master regulator of laminin-binding integrins (alpha(6)beta(4), alpha(6)beta(1), and alpha(3)beta(1)), assembles these integrins into complexes called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. CD151 protein expression is elevated in 31% of human breast cancers and is even more elevated in high-grade (40%) and estrogen receptor-negative (45%) subtypes. The latter includes triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) basal-like tumors. CD151 ablation markedly reduced basal-like mammary cell migration, invasion, spreading, and signaling (through FAK, Rac1, and lck) while disrupting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-alpha(6) integrin collaboration. Underlying these defects, CD151 ablation redistributed alpha(6)beta(4) integrins subcellularly and severed molecular links between integrins and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. In a prototypical basal-like mammary tumor line, CD151 ablation notably delayed tumor progression in ectopic and orthotopic xenograft models. These results (a) establish that CD151-alpha(6) integrin complexes play a functional role in basal-like mammary tumor progression; (b) emphasize that alpha(6) integrins function via CD151 linkage in the context of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains; and (c) point to potential relevance of CD151 as a high-priority therapeutic target, with relative selectivity (compared with laminin-binding integrins) for pathologic rather than normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei H Yang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Human tropomyosin isoforms in the regulation of cytoskeleton functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 644:201-22. [PMID: 19209824 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-85766-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, extensive molecular studies have identified multiple tropomyosin isoforms existing in all mammalian cells and tissues. In humans, tropomyosins are encoded by TPM1 (alpha-Tm, 15q22.1), TPM2 (beta-Tm, 9p13.2-p13.1), TPM3 (gamma-Tm, 1q21.2) and TPM4 (delta-Tm, 19p13.1) genes. Through the use of different promoters, alternatively spliced exons and different sites of poly(A) addition signals, at least 22 different tropomyosin cDNAs with full-length open reading frame have been cloned. Compelling evidence suggests that these isoforms play important determinants for actin cytoskeleton functions, such as intracellular vesicle movement, cell migration, cytokinesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis. In vitro biochemical studies and in vivo localization studies suggest that different tropomyosin isoforms have differences in their actin-binding properties and their effects on other actin-binding protein functions and thus, in their specification ofactin microfilaments. In this chapter, we will review what has been learned from experimental studies on human tropomyosin isoforms about the mechanisms for differential localization and functions of tropomyosin. First, we summarize current information concerning human tropomyosin isoforms and relate this to the functions of structural homologues in rodents. We will discuss general strategies for differential localization oftropomyosin isoforms, particularly focusing on differential protein turnover and differential isoform effects on other actin binding protein functions. We will then review tropomyosin functions in regulating cell motility and in modulating the anti-angiogenic activity of cleaved high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) and discuss future directions in this area.
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21
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Safina A, Ren MQ, Vandette E, Bakin AV. TAK1 is required for TGF-beta 1-mediated regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metastasis. Oncogene 2007; 27:1198-207. [PMID: 17828308 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) signaling in tumor cells has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by regulating matrix proteolysis. Although MMP-9/gelatinase-B is an important component of these TGF-beta1 responses, the mechanism of its regulation is not well understood. Here, we present evidence that TGF-beta-activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1) is critical for TGF-beta regulation of MMP-9 and the metastatic potential of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We found that suppression of TAK1 signaling by dominant-negative (dn) TAK1 or RNA interference (siRNA) reduces expression of MMP-9 and tumor cell invasion, without growth inhibition in cell culture. The orthotopic xenograft studies in SCID mice showed that suppression of TAK1 signaling by dn-TAK1 reduces tumor growth and formation of lung metastases. Dn-TAK1 reduced the proliferation Ki-67 index and neovasculature of orthotopic xenografts. TAK1-mediated regulation of MMP-9 involves NF-kappaB signaling. Dn-TAK1 reduces NF-kappaB transcriptional response and inhibition of NF-kappaB reduces expression of MMP-9 and activity of the MMP-9 promoter reporter. Together, these findings suggest that TAK1 contributes to TGF-beta1-mediated tumor angiogenesis and metastasis via a mechanism involving the TAK1-NF-kappaB-MMP-9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Safina
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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22
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Sharif S, Moran A, Huson SM, Iddenden R, Shenton A, Howard E, Evans DGR. Women with neurofibromatosis 1 are at a moderately increased risk of developing breast cancer and should be considered for early screening. J Med Genet 2007; 44:481-4. [PMID: 17369502 PMCID: PMC2597938 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.049346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignancy risks in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) are increased, but those occurring outside of the nervous system have not been clearly defined. AIM To evaluate the risk of breast cancer in women with NF1 in a population-based study. METHODS The risk of breast cancer in a cohort of 304 women with NF1 aged >or=20 years was assessed and compared with population risks over the period 1975-2005 using a person-years-at-risk analysis. RESULTS There were 14 cases of breast cancers in the follow-up period, yielding a standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of 3.5 (95% CI 1.9 to 5.9). However, six breast cancers occurred in women in their 40s, and the SIR of breast cancer in women aged <50 years was 4.9 (95% CI 2.4 to 8.8). INTERPRETATION Women with NF1 aged <50 years have a fivefold risk of breast cancer, are in the moderate risk category and should be considered for mammography from 40 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharif
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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23
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Macrae M, Neve RM, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Haqq C, Yeh J, Chen C, Gray JW, McCormick F. A conditional feedback loop regulates Ras activity through EphA2. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:111-8. [PMID: 16098464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is frequently overexpressed in many cancers, including 40% of breast cancers. Here, we show that EphA2 is a direct transcriptional target of the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway and that ligand-stimulated EphA2 attenuates the growth factor-induced activation of Ras. Thus, a negative feedback loop is created that regulates Ras activity. Interestingly, the expression of EphA2 and ephrin-A1 is mutually exclusive in a panel of 28 breast cancer cell lines. We show that the MAPK pathway inhibits ephrin-A1 expression, and the ligand expression inhibits EphA2 levels contributing to the receptor-ligand reciprocal expression pattern in these cell lines. Our results suggest that an escape from the negative effects of this interaction may be important in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Macrae
- Cancer Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Güran S, Safali M. A case of neurofibromatosis and breast cancer: loss of heterozygosity of NF1 in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 156:86-8. [PMID: 15588864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Only a few cases with breast cancer and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have been reported in the literature. Here, we present a family with a history of neurofibromatosis and breast cancer. No hereditary NF1 mutation was observed in this case. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses of the breast tumor revealed LOH in the NF1 region. In this family, the proband and her mother had breast cancer. The proband was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 23 years. No BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were observed in the proband's peripheral blood DNA nor were such mutations observed in the immunohistochemically analyzed paraffin block of the tumor DNA. Neurofibromin, encoded by the NF1 gene region, was reported as nearly absent in human breast cancer-MDA-MP-231 cells. Neurofibromin is similar in function to the GTPase activating protein (GAP), p120 GAP. It also accelerates the inactivation of the RAS oncogene. Molecular alterations in NF1 gene region cause neurofibromatosis. LOH in the tumor tissue of our case supports the role of the NF1 gene in the etiology of some cases of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefik Güran
- Department of Medical Biology, GATA Medical Faculty, 06018 Etlik-Ankara, Turkey.
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Bakin AV, Safina A, Rinehart C, Daroqui C, Darbary H, Helfman DM. A critical role of tropomyosins in TGF-beta regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility in epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4682-94. [PMID: 15317845 PMCID: PMC519159 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-mediated induction of actin stress fibers in normal and metastatic epithelial cells. We found that stress fiber formation requires de novo protein synthesis, p38Mapk and Smad signaling. We show that TGF-beta via Smad and p38Mapk up-regulates expression of actin-binding proteins including high-molecular-weight tropomyosins, alpha-actinin and calponin h2. We demonstrate that, among these proteins, tropomyosins are both necessary and sufficient for TGF-beta induction of stress fibers. Silencing of tropomyosins with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) blocks stress fiber assembly, whereas ectopic expression of tropomyosins results in stress fibers. Ectopic-expression and siRNA experiments show that Smads mediate induction of tropomyosins and stress fibers. Interestingly, TGF-beta induction of stress fibers was not accompanied by changes in the levels of cofilin phosphorylation. TGF-beta induction of tropomyosins and stress fibers are significantly inhibited by Ras-ERK signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells. Inhibition of the Ras-ERK pathway restores TGF-beta induction of tropomyosins and stress fibers and thereby reduces cell motility. These results suggest that induction of tropomyosins and stress fibers play an essential role in TGF-beta control of cell motility, and the loss of this TGF-beta response is a critical step in the acquisition of metastatic phenotype by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Bakin
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Mukherjee B, Zhao H, Parashar B, Sood BM, Mahadevia PS, Klinger HP, Vikram B, Achary MP. Microsatellite dinucleotide (T-G) repeat: a candidate DNA marker for breast metastasis. CANCER DETECTION AND PREVENTION 2003; 27:19-23. [PMID: 12600413 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-090x(02)00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A dinucleotide (T-G) repeat sequence was isolated by comparing DNA from metastatic lymph node and matched normal breast samples from a ductal mammary carcinoma patient using representational difference analysis (RDA) method. Our present study used this metastasis associated DNA sequence (MADS) as a diagnostic probe to screen five patient samples by slot blot method. A new approach to isolate single cells by microdissection, namely single cell microdissection (SCM) was developed to obtain homogeneous population of tumor cells (approximately 1000) from matched primary tumors and corresponding positive lymph nodes of five patients. We isolated DNA from these homogeneous tumor cells and used for the RDA and DNA slot blot experiments. The screening of patient samples showed loss of this MADS in the transition from primary to metastasis in four out of five cases (80%) suggesting its possible role in breast metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Mukherjee
- Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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