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Pullella GA, Vuong D, Lacey E, Piggott MJ. Total Synthesis of the Antitumor-Antitubercular 2,6'-Bijuglone Natural Product Diospyrin and Its 3,6'-Isomer. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3623-3634. [PMID: 33314932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2,6'-bijuglone natural product diospyrin and its unnatural 3,6'-isomer idospyrin have been synthesized in seven steps each from N,N-diethylsenecioamide in overall yields of 12% and 13%, respectively. The syntheses diverge from ramentaceone (7-methyljuglone) and include a key Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. Diospyrin, idospyrin, and several synthetic precursors exhibit potent and selective cytotoxicity to the murine myeloma NS-1 cell line over neonatal foreskin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Pullella
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Matthew J Piggott
- Chemistry, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
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Siddiqi KS, Rashid M, Tajuddin, Husen A, Rehman S. Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles from Diospyros montana, Their Characterization and Activity Against Some Clinical Isolates. BIONANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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3
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Acetylamine derivative of diospyrin, a plant-derived binaphthylquinonoid, inhibits human colon cancer growth in Nod-Scid mice. Invest New Drugs 2014; 33:22-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Kma L. Roles of plant extracts and constituents in cervical cancer therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3429-36. [PMID: 23886123 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major health problem worldwide and is the most frequent cause of cancer in women in India. Early detection and affordable drugs with clinical efficacy have to go hand-in-hand in order to comprehensibly address this serious health challenge. Plant-based drugs with potent anticancer effects should add to the efforts to find a cheap drug with limited clinical side effects. Keeping this very purpose in mind, an attempt has been made in this review to explore the potential of plant extracts or constituents known to exhibit antitumorigenic activity or exert cytotoxic effect in human cervical carcinoma cells. Alkaloids such as those isolated from C. vincetoxicum and T. Tanakae, naucleaorals A and B, isolated from the roots of N. orientalis, (6aR)-normecambroline, isolated from the bark of N. dealbata appear promising in different human cervical carcinoma cells with the IC50 of 4.0-8 μg/mL. However, other compounds such as rhinacanthone and neolignans isolated from different plants are not far behind and kill cervical cancer cells at a very low concentrations. Among plant extracts or its constituents that enhance the effect of known anticancer drugs, noni, derived from the plant M. citrifolia perhaps is the best candidate. The cytotoxic potency and apoptotic index of cisplatin was found to significantly enhanced in combination with noni in different human cervical carcinoma cells and it therefore holds significance as promising herbal-based anticancer agent. However, efficacy needs to be further investigated in various cervical cell lines and more importantly, in in vivo cervical cancer models for possible use as an alternative and safe anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakhan Kma
- Cancer and Radiation Countermeasures Unit, Department of Biochemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
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Sarkars R, Mukherjee S, Roy M. Targeting heat shock proteins by phenethyl isothiocyanate results in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:480-93. [PMID: 23530648 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.767366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones for several client proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. HSPs (27, 70, and 90) are abundantly expressed in a wide range of cancers and are transcriptionally regulated by heat shock factor (HSF1). Most of the synthetic HSP inhibitors exhibit toxicity, therefore, searching for inhibitors with limited or no toxicity will be of help. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of natural isothiocyanate (phenethyl isothiocyanate; PEITC) on different HSPs (27, 70, and 90) and HSF1 in 2 breast cancer cell lines, namely breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 (with wild type p53) and highly metastatic breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 (with mutated p53). PEITC significantly inhibited the expression of HSPs (particularly HSP 90) and HSF1. Molecular consequences due to HSP inhibition were downregulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins like Cyclin B1, CDK1, Cdc25C, PLK-1, and upregulation of p21 irrespective of p53 status. These modulations were accompanied by cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis by activation of caspases 3 and 9. PEITC therefore may be regarded as a potent HSP inhibitor and an antitumor agent in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Sarkars
- Department of Environmental Carcinogenesis & Toxicology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Nematollahi A, Aminimoghadamfarouj N, Wiart C. Reviews on 1,4-naphthoquinones from Diospyros L. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:80-88. [PMID: 22263598 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.633515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Diospyros is one of the most important sources of bioactive compounds, exclusively 1,4-naphthoquinones. The following information is an attempt to cover the developments in the biology and phytochemistry of 1,4-naphthoquinones isolated from this genus, as well as the studies done and the suggested mechanisms regarding their activities. During the past 60 years, many of these agents have been isolated from Diospyros L. Twelve considerable bioactive structures are reported in this review. The basic 1,4-naphthoquinone skeletons, on which a large number of studies have been done, are plumbagin and diospyrin. Today, the potential for development of leads from 1,4-naphthoquinones obtained from Diospyros L. is growing dramatically, mainly in the area of anticancer and antibacterial investigations. The data prepared and described here are intended to be served as a reference tool to the natural products and chemistry specialists in order to expand the rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nematollahi
- Research Center of Natural Products Safety and Medicinal Plants, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
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Addy PS, Dutta S, Biradha K, Basak A. A facile Garratt–Braverman cyclization route to intercalative DNA-binding bis-quinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Kumar B, Kumar A, Ghosh S, Pandey BN, Mishra KP, Hazra B. Diospyrin derivative, an anticancer quinonoid, regulates apoptosis at endoplasmic reticulum as well as mitochondria by modulating cytosolic calcium in human breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:903-9. [PMID: 22209849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diospyrin diethylether (D7), a bisnaphthoquinonoid derivative, exhibited an oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis in several human cancer cells and tumor models. The present study was aimed at evaluation of the increase in cytosolic calcium [Ca(2+)](c) leading to the apoptotic cell death triggered by D7 in MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. A phosphotidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) inhibitor, viz. U73122, and an antioxidant, viz. N-acetylcysteine, could significantly prevent the D7-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](c) and PC-PLC activity. Using an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Ca(2+) mobilizer (thapsigargin) and an ER-IP3R antagonist (heparin), results revealed ER as a major source of [Ca(2+)](c) which led to the activation of calpain and caspase12, and cleavage of fodrin. These effects including apoptosis were significantly inhibited by the pretreatment of Bapta-AM (a cell permeable Ca(2+)-specific chelator), or calpeptin (a calpain inhibitor). Furthermore, D7-induced [Ca(2+)](c) was found to alter mitochondrial membrane potential and induce cytochrome c release, which was inhibited by either Bapta-AM or ruthenium red (an inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter). Thus, these results provided a deeper insight into the D7-induced redox signaling which eventually integrated the calcium-dependent calpain/caspase12 activation and mitochondrial alterations to accentuate the induction of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Is nitric oxide decrease observed with naphthoquinones in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages a beneficial property? PLoS One 2011; 6:e24098. [PMID: 21887376 PMCID: PMC3162593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The search of new anti-inflammatory drugs has been a current preoccupation, due to the need of effective drugs, with less adverse reactions than those used nowadays. Several naphthoquinones (plumbagin, naphthazarin, juglone, menadione, diosquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone), plus p-hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone were evaluated for their ability to cause a reduction of nitric oxide (NO) production, when RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Dexamethasone was used as positive control. Among the tested compounds, diosquinone was the only one that caused a NO reduction with statistical importance and without cytotoxicity: an IC25 of 1.09±0.24 µM was found, with 38.25±6.50% (p<0.001) NO reduction at 1.5 µM. In order to elucidate if this NO decrease resulted from the interference of diosquinone with cellular defence mechanisms against LPS or to its conversion into peroxynitrite, by reaction with superoxide radical formed by naphthoquinones redox cycling, 3-nitrotyrosine and superoxide determination was also performed. None of these parameters showed significant changes relative to control. Furthermore, diosquinone caused a decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Therefore, according to the results obtained, diosquinone, studied for its anti-inflammatory potential for the first time herein, has beneficial effects in inflammation control. This study enlightens the mechanisms of action of naphthoquinones in inflammatory models, by checking for the first time the contribution of oxidative stress generated by naphthoquinones to NO reduction.
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Lin YL, Su YT, Chen BH. A study on inhibition mechanism of breast cancer cells by bis-type triaziquone. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 637:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sagar S, Green IR. Pro-apoptotic activities of novel synthetic quinones in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett 2009; 285:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Kumar B, Kumar A, Pandey BN, Hazra B, Mishra KP. Increased cytotoxicity by the combination of radiation and diospyrin diethylether in fibrosarcoma in culture and in tumor. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:429-40. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000802030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Gupta S, Moulik SP, Hazra B, Ghosh R, Sanyal SK, Datta S. New Pharmaceutical Microemulsion System for Encapsulation and Delivery of Diospyrin, a Plant-Derived Bioactive Quinonoid Compound. Drug Deliv 2008; 13:193-9. [PMID: 16556571 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500455983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new vegetable oil based oil-in-water microemulsion is developed and characterized as a prospective delivery system for in vivo application A particular weight percent composition 5/30/65 (clove oil/Tween-20/water) was selected (V1) from the clear oil-in-water zone of the pseudoternary phase diagram comprising clove oil, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), and water. Two modifications of V1, (V2 and V3) were prepared by addition of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), and a mixture of DPPC and cholesterol, respectively. A model drug diospyrin (a plantderived quinonoid compound) was encapsulated in the dispersed clove oil droplets of the three systems and designated as DV1, DV2, and DV3, respectively. The size of the dispersed clove oil droplets ranged between 9-20 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering. The stability of the vehicles, before and after encapsulation, was assessed under varying conditions of time and temperature and was found to be stable for 1 year and over a temperature range of 4-40 degrees C. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of diospyrin after encapsulation in the compartmentalized medium remained almost identical to that dissolved in chloroform. The single-dose acute toxicity of V1 and DV1 was assessed in vivo by carrying out survival study and enzyme assay in Swiss Albino mice. The vehicle was safe at a volume of 0.05 ml when injected intraperitoneally into the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamasri Gupta
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the apoptosis induced by diospyrin diethylether in human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:185-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Buenz EJ, Bauer BA, Motley TJ, Limburg PJ. Cytotoxic properties of Diospyros seychellarum extract. J Toxicol Sci 2008; 32:487-93. [PMID: 18198480 DOI: 10.2131/jts.32.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During a recent botanical expedition in the Seychelles archipelago we identified healers using Diospyros seychellarum as a tonic. Since this plant lacks any medicinal record in the current literature, we assessed the cytotoxic potential of D. seychellarum. Using Jurkat cells as a model system we show, by flow cytometry, that treatment with the leaf extract results in mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent loss of cellular membrane integrity. Additionally, by transmission electron microscopy, we show that treatment with the extract results in chromatin condensation, mitochondrial swelling, and loss of nuclear membrane integrity. Through these morphological and biochemical observations we concluded that the extract of Diospyros seychellarum is able to induce apoptosis. While it is difficult to extrapolate a potential pharmacologic function based on the ethnomedical use as a tonic, the ability of this extract to induce apoptosis warrants further investigation of the medicinal properties of this plant.
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Kumar B, Joshi J, Kumar A, Pandey BN, Hazra B, Mishra KP. Radiosensitization by diospyrin diethylether in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:287-96. [PMID: 17534696 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of radio-resistant tumor cells might be overcome by the use of tumor selective cytotoxic agents in combination with radiation treatment of cancer. Thus, we are exploring the radiomodifying potential of D7, a tumor-inhibitory compound derived from a plant product, diospyrin, in breast carcinoma cells, MCF-7. The present study indicated that D7 could enhance the radiation-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis through down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and COX-2 gene expression, and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes, like p53 and p21. The higher expression of PUMA, a pro-apoptotic protein was also observed in the combination treatment. Effect of D7 on up-regulation of p21 expression in irradiated MCF-7 cells was concomitant with the cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Thus, it was concluded that D7 could sensitize the effect of radiation in breast carcinoma by regulating the gene expression involved in cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Calcutta, West Bengal 700032, India
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Sarma MD, Ghosh R, Patra A, Chowdhury R, Chaudhuri K, Hazra B. Novel glycoconjugates of diospyrin, a quinonoid plant product: synthesis and evaluation of cytotoxicity against human malignant melanoma (A375) and laryngeal carcinoma (Hep2). Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3115-25. [PMID: 17878970 DOI: 10.1039/b707851j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside derivatives of diospyrin (1) were synthesized for the first time, and the cytotoxicity of the novel compounds vis-à-vis their precursors were evaluated against two human cancer cell lines, viz. malignant melanoma (A375) and laryngeal carcinoma (Hep2). The IC(50) values were in the low micromolar range for all the compounds tested, and A375 cells showed comparatively greater sensitivity than Hep2. Most of the compounds exhibited enhanced activity as compared to the plant-derived quinonoid precursor of the series (1), while the aminophenyl mannosyl (6) was found to be the most effective derivative. In A375 cells, 6 (IC(50) = 0.02 microM) showed the maximum increase in cytotoxicity (approximately 35-fold) over that of 1 (IC(50) = 0.82 microM). Again, when the glycosides were evaluated at a given concentration (0.1 microM) for their relative capacity to generate ROS from A375 cells, the compound 6 could produce the highest amount of ROS. Incidentally, this derivative also showed a comparatively lower toxicity (IC(50) approximately 41 microM) when tested against normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating a fair prospect of its development as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Joubert A, Kooy F, Meyer JJM, Lall N. HPLC in the Comparative Study of the Content of Naphthoquinones (Quinonoid Constituents) in Euclea Species of South Africa. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Stagliano KW, Emadi A, Lu Z, Malinakova HC, Twenter B, Yu M, Holland LE, Rom AM, Harwood JS, Amin R, Johnson AA, Pommier Y. Regiocontrolled synthesis and HIV inhibitory activity of unsymmetrical binaphthoquinone and trimeric naphthoquinone derivatives of conocurvone. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5651-65. [PMID: 16737818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical biquinone and trimeric quinone derivatives were synthesized using halotriflate-biselectrophilic naphthoquinones through stepwise regioselective quinone substitution chemistry and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the cytopathogenic effects of HIV-1 using an MTT colorimetric assay. Compounds were also screened for their ability to inhibit the activity of HIV-1 integrase in vitro. Pyranylated trimeric quinones and biquinones exhibited both antiviral activity and integrase inhibitory activity. Conocurvone 1 and trimeric quinone 21 were the most potent HIV integrase inhibitors in the series. All of the biquinones showed HIV inhibitory activity. Simple methoxy substituted biquinones did not inhibit HIV-1 integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Stagliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 60616, USA
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Echeverría M, Mendívil B, Cordeu L, Cubedo E, García-Foncillas J, Font M, Sanmartín C, Palop JA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Heteroaryldiamides and Heteroaryldiamines as Cytotoxic Agents, Apoptosis Inducers and Caspase-3 Activators. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:182-92. [PMID: 16572481 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The work described here involved the synthesis and biological evaluation of new heteroaryldiamides and heteroaryldiamines. A new general model in which the structures can be adjusted has been applied in this study. Three different structural units can be distinguished: a central nucleus and two symmetric terminal units. The central element is either an aliphatic chain of varying length and flexibility, piperazine, or a polyamine nucleus. However, the terminal units are pyridine, quinoline, indole, benzene or pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine with different substituents. The antitumoural activities of the compounds were evaluated in vitro by examining their cytotoxic effects against human breast, colon, and bladder cancer cell lines. Compounds that showed cytotoxic activity were subjected to both apoptosis and caspase-3 assays. With regard to selectivity, the cytotoxicity was also determined in cell cultures of two nontumoural lines. The most promising compounds are 4c, 5c and 7, which are amino-pyridinium, quinolyl-N-oxide, and pyridyl derivatives, respectively, and these reveal a significant in vitro cytotoxicity in at least two of the three cell lines tested. These compounds induced apoptosis and also produced a rapid dose-dependent increase in the caspase-3 level in HT-29 cells. Other encouraging profiles were found, such as those presented by 1k and 8d, which are cytotoxic and apoptotic but do not provoke an increase in the level of caspase-3, or those presented by 2f, 3c and 4a, which are slightly cytotoxic but do not show any other significant activity. The different types of behaviour of each compound are not necessarily parallel in the three cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Echeverría
- Sección de Síntesis, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Soret J, Gabut M, Tazi J. SR Proteins as Potential Targets for Therapy. ALTERNATIVE SPLICING AND DISEASE 2006; 44:65-87. [PMID: 17076265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34449-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serine- and arginine-rich (SR) proteins constitute a highly conserved family of pre-mRNA splicing factors that play key roles in the regulation of splice site selection, and thereby in the control of alternative splicing processes. In addition to conserved sequences at the splice junctions, splice site selection also depends upon different sets of auxiliary cis regulatory elements known as exonic and intronic splicing enhancers (ESEs and ISEs) or exonic and intronic silencers (ESSs and ISSs). Specific binding of SR proteins to their cognate splicing enhancers as well as binding of splicing repressor to silencer sequences serve to enhance or inhibit recognition of weak splice sites by the splicing machinery. Given that the vast majority of human genes contain introns and that most pre-mRNAs containing multiple exons undergo alternative splicing, mutations disrupting or creating such auxiliary elements can result in aberrant splicing events at the origin of various human diseases. In the past few years, numerous studies have reported several approaches allowing correction of such aberrant splicing events by targeting either the mutated sequences or the splicing regulators whose binding is affected by the mutation. The aim of the present review is to highlight the different means by which it is possible to modulate the activity of SR splicing factors and to bring out those holding the greatest promises for the development of therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Soret
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535, IFR 122, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Kundu T, Dey S, Roy M, Siddiqi M, Bhattacharya RK. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by black tea and its polyphenol theaflavin. Cancer Lett 2005; 230:111-21. [PMID: 16253767 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human leukemic cell lines HL-60 and K-562 with extracts of green and black tea and their polyphenols epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins, respectively, showed a dose dependent inhibition of growth as a result of cytotoxicity and suppression of cell proliferation. Based on the IC50 values obtained from cytotoxicity data it was clearly evident that black tea was as efficient as green tea. Analysis of polyphenol contents of tea extracts revealed that not only epigallocatechin gallate, which is a predominant polyphenol of green tea, but also theaflavin that is abundantly present in black tea affords significant chemotherapeutic action by imparting cytotoxicity to human leukemic cells. Electrophoretic analysis of fragmented DNA from treated cells displayed characteristic ladder pattern. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the dose dependent increase in sub-G1 peak. These criteria confirmed that cytotoxic activity of green and black tea was due to induction of apoptosis. Such induction was found to be mediated through activation of caspases 3 and 8, particularly caspase 3 and by altering apoptosis related genes as evident by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Kundu
- Department of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India
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Hazra B, Kumar B, Biswas S, Pandey BN, Mishra KP. Enhancement of the tumour inhibitory activity, in vivo, of diospyrin, a plant-derived quinonoid, through liposomal encapsulation. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:109-17. [PMID: 15836998 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diospyrin, a bisnaphthoquinonoid plant product, shows inhibitory activity against murine tumour in vivo and human cancer cell lines in vitro. Efforts have further been made to obtain synthetic derivatives of diospyrin with the objective of improved therapeutic effects. With the goal to reduce the toxicity towards normal cells and enhance the efficacy to tumour cells, diospyrin was encapsulated in liposomal vesicle and its antitumour potential was observed on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumour in Swiss mice. It was found that the longevity of the tumour-bearing mice was significantly enhanced by treatment with liposomal diospyrin as compared with the free drug. Biochemical assay of liver function enzymes, viz. LDH, AP, GOT and GPT in blood serum of the tumour-bearing mice showed substantial alterations in the activity of these enzymes. These parameters were, however, restored to near normal level when the drug treatment was given encapsulated in a liposome. Histopathological studies on the liver tissues indicated a near normal pathological status in the treated animals despite being challenged by tumour cells. This study on diospyrin has shown, for the first time, an enhancement of its antitumour effect in vivo through liposomal encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032, India.
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Hayeshi R, Mukanganyama S, Hazra B, Abegaz B, Hasler J. The interaction of selected natural products with human recombinant glutathione transferases. Phytother Res 2005; 18:877-83. [PMID: 15597303 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of geshoidin, diospyrin and ergothioneine, with heterologously expressed human glutathione transferases (GSTs) was investigated in vitro. Diospyrin and geshoidin inhibited the three GST isoforms tested, with IC50 values in the range 0.1-0.5 microm, whereas ergothioneine had no effect on the GSTs. The predominant mode of inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to both glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). Diospyrin, however, competitively inhibited A1-1 and M1-1 with respect to GSH and geshoidin displayed mixed inhibition toward A1-1 with respect to GSH. The Ki values for diospyrin with respect to both GSH and CDNB were in the range 0.08-0.6 microM and those for geshoidin were in the range 16-173 microM. These results indicate that diospyrin is a potent inhibitor of heterologously expressed human GSTs A1-1, M1-1 and P1-1. Diospyrin and geshoidin were also found to inactivate P1-1 with diospyrin being a potent inactivator. Given these inhibitory properties, diospyrin may be a potential GST chemomodulator. Ergothioneine inactivated P1-1 only after preincubation and it enhanced ethacrynic acid inactivation of P1-1. Inactivation of P1-1 by ergothioneine may have implications for the antioxidant roles of P1-1 and ergothioneine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Hayeshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Tazi J, Bakkour N, Soret J, Zekri L, Hazra B, Laine W, Baldeyrou B, Lansiaux A, Bailly C. Selective Inhibition of Topoisomerase I and Various Steps of Spliceosome Assembly by Diospyrin Derivatives. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:1186-94. [PMID: 15625279 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step of the expression of most metazoan protein-coding genes, which is often regulated in a cell type-specific or developmental manner. We have demonstrated previously that human DNA topoisomerase I, an extensively studied target for anticancer drugs, also has an intrinsic protein kinase activity that specifically phosphorylates proteins involved in splice site selection. Therefore, DNA topoisomerase I was recently shown to play a critical role in alternative splicing. Here, we have exploited these novel properties of DNA topoisomerase I to develop entirely novel diospyrin derivatives targeting its protein kinase activity and thereby modulating pre-mRNA splicing. Although some derivatives indeed inhibit kinase activity of topoisomerase I, they did not block reactions of topoisomerase I on DNA. However, these drugs interfere with camptothecin-dependent topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage, implying that diospyrin derivatives mediate a conformational change of topoisomerase I. It is note-worthy that in vitro splicing reactions revealed that diospyrin derivatives alter various steps of splicing. Some diospyrin derivatives inhibit either the first or the second catalytic step of splicing but not spliceosome assembly, whereas diospyrin itself prevents the formation of full spliceosome. Our data revealed for the first time that diospyrin derivatives are able to stall the dynamic assembly of the spliceosome and open the exciting possibility of using these derivatives to correct aberrant splicing in human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Tazi
- IGM-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMII, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5535, l'Institut Fédératif de Recherches 122, Montpellier, France
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Chakraborty S, Roy M, Taraphdar AK, Bhattacharya RK. Cytotoxic effect of root extract ofTiliacora racemosa and oil ofSemecarpus anacardium nut in human tumour cells. Phytother Res 2004; 18:595-600. [PMID: 15476314 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tiliacora racemosa and Semecarpus anacardium, the two plants frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of cancerous diseases, have been selected to examine their action in four human tumour cell lines: acute myeloblastic leukaemia (HL-60), chronic myelogenic leukaemia (K-562), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa). In cells grown in appropriate media the ethanol extract of T. racemosa root, the total alkaloids isolated from this organ and S. anacardium nut oil prepared according to the Ayurvedic principle were found to have cytotoxic activity. The alkaloid fraction from T. racemosa had maximum cytotoxicity and was effective against all four cell lines. S. anacardium oil was cytotoxic only in leukaemic cells. These herbal preparations were not cytotoxic towards normal human lymphocytes, suggesting their action is specific for tumour cells. On microscopic examination the cells treated with these agents exhibited characteristic morphological features of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Fluorescent staining with propidium iodide revealed distinct chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. The apoptotic index paralleled the cytotoxic parameters, and fragmented DNA extracted free of genomic DNA from treated cells displayed a typical ladder pattern on gel electrophoresis. Apoptosis induced by alkaloids and phenolics, the active principles present in T. racemosa and S. anacardium, respectively, was found to be mediated by the activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India
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Sanyal U, Bhattacharyya S, Patra A, Hazra B. Liquid chromatographic separation of derivatives of diospyrin, a bioactive bisnaphthoquinonoid plant-product, and analogous naphthyl compounds. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1017:225-32. [PMID: 14584707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method was developed using acetonitrile and water for the determination of diospyrin, a pharmacologically important bisnaphthoquinonoid plant-product. The method was validated for precision, accuracy and reproducibility, and was found to be linear over the concentration range of 1-1000 microg/ml; the limits of detection and quantitation were 8 and 20 ng, respectively. The technique was used to determine the amount of diospyrin in plant extracts from four climatic regions in India. It was also applied for differentiation and separation of 27 naphthyl compounds. While a composition of 50:50 was preferable for dimeric compounds, the composition 40:60 was a better choice for the monomers. Also, the isomeric alpha- and beta-naphthols and their dimers could be distinguished by conversion into the respective methyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sanyal
- Department of Anticancer Drug Development, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta 700 026, India
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Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by poor prognosis, because of late diagnosis and lack of response to chemo- and/or radiation therapies. Resistance to apoptosis mainly causes this insensitivity to conventional therapies. Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a central regulator of tissue homeostasis. Certain genetic disturbances of apoptotic signaling pathways have been found in carcinomas leading to tumor development and progression. In the past few years, the knowledge about the complex pathways of apoptosis has strongly increased and new therapeutic approaches based on this knowledge are being developed. This review will focus on the role of apoptotic proteins contributing to pancreatic cancer development and progression and will demonstrate possible targets to influence this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Westphal
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 7, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 7, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Tanaka T, Furusawa M, Ito T, Nakaya KI, Ibrahim I, Iinuma M, Murata H, Inatomi Y, Nakanishi T. Flavonol Glycosides in Two Diospyros Plants and Their Radical Scavenging Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-9882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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