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Asejeje FO, Abiola MA, Adeyemo OA, Ogunro OB, Ajayi AM. Exogenous monosodium glutamate exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic dysfunction in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2024; 825:137710. [PMID: 38432355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extensive experimental evidence points to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as major pathogenic events that initiate and drive the neurodegenerative process. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive in processed foods known for its umami taste-enhancing properties. However, concerns about its potential adverse effects on the brain have been raised. Thus, the present study investigated the impact of MSG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity in rat brains. Wistar rats weighing between 180 g and 200 g were randomly allocated into four groups: control (received distilled water), MSG (received 1.5 g/kg/day), LPS (received 250 µg/kg/day), and LPS + MSG (received LPS, 250 µg/kg, and MSG, 1.5 g/kg). LPS was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days while MSG was administered orally for 14 days. Our results showed that MSG exacerbated LPS-induced impairment in locomotor and exploratory activities in rats. Similarly, MSG exacerbated LPS-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) with a concomitant decrease in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in the brain tissue. In addition, MSG potentiated LPS-induced neuroinflammation, as indicated by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain. Moreover, MSG aggravated LPS-induced cholinergic dysfunction, as demonstrated by increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. Further, we found a large number of degenerative neurons widespread in hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions, cerebellum, and cortex according to H&E staining. Taken together, our findings suggest that MSG aggravates LPS-induced neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Olubukola Asejeje
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Abayomi Abiola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Soltani Z, Shariatpanahi M, Aghsami M, Owliaey H, Kheradmand A. Investigating the effect of exposure to monosodium glutamate during pregnancy on development of autism in male rat offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114464. [PMID: 38244665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In present study, we investigated the relationship between the pregnancy exposure to monosodium glutamate (MSG) and autism development in male offspring of rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated into five groups. The first group was control group that pregnant animals received normal saline orally from day 1-18 of pregnancy. Group 2, 3 and 4 pregnant rats received different doses (1.5, 5 and 10 g/kg) of MSG by the same way respectively. Group 5 received 500 mg/kg of Valproic acid (VPA) on the 12.5th day of pregnancy. Different behavioral tests including marble burying, self-grooming, and Barnes maze test were performed on offspring. The levels of glutamate and GSH markers were also measured. The results showed that MSG similar to VPA led to induction of autistic anxiety and repetitive behaviors. It could also deteriorate the spatial memory. Besides we found that behavioral symptoms potentiated with increasing the MSG dosage. Similarly, we had an increase in glutamate and a reduction in GSH levels in offspring. Findings indicated that MSG was able to induce autism in offspring of rats in a dose-dependent way. This effect could be through increasing of glutamate and reduction of GSH. Consequently, MSG should be avoided during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Soltani
- School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Shariatpanahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Aghsami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Owliaey
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Kheradmand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Neuroprotective Effect of Morin Hydrate against Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Induced by MSG and/or Protein Malnutrition in Rat Pups: Effect on Oxidative/Monoamines/Inflammatory Balance and Apoptosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081012. [PMID: 36015160 PMCID: PMC9415807 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most widely used food additives. However, it has been linked to protein malnutrition (PM) and various forms of toxicities such as metabolic disorders and neurotoxic effects. The current study is the first to explore the association between MSG, PM, and induced brain injury similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, we determined the underlying mechanistic protective pathways of morin hydrate (MH)―a natural flavonoid with reported multiple therapeutic properties. PM was induced by feeding animals with a low protein diet and confirmed by low serum albumin measurement. Subsequently, rat pups were randomized into seven groups of 10 rats each. Group I, III, and VI were normally fed (NF) and groups II, IV, V, and VII were PM fed. Group I served as normal control NF while Group II served as PM control animals. Group III received NF + 0.4 g/kg MSG, Group IV: PM + 0.4 g/kg MSG, Group V: PM + 60 mg/kg MH, Group VI: NF + 0.4 kg/g MSG + 60 mg/kg MH and Group VII: PM + 0.4 kg/kg MSG + 60 mg/kg MH. At the end of the experimental period, animals were subjected to behavioral and biochemical tests. Our results showed that treatment of rats with a combination of MSG + PM-fed exhibited inferior outcomes as evidenced by deteriorated effects on behavioral, neurochemical, and histopathological analyses when compared to rats who had received MSG or PM alone. Interestingly, MH improved animals’ behavior, increased brain monoamines, brain-derived neuroprotective factor (BDNF), antioxidant status and protein expression of Nrf2/HO-1. This also was accompanied by a significant decrease in brain MDA, inflammatory markers (NF-kB, TNF-α and IL1β), and suppression of TLR4/NLRP3/caspase-1 axis. Taken together, MSG and/or PM are associated with neuronal dysfunction. Our findings suggest MH as a potential neuroprotective agent against brain insults via targeting Nrf2/HO-1 and hindering TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Dietary glutamate and the brain: In the footprints of a Jekyll and Hyde molecule. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:93-104. [PMID: 32687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, a molecular component of our diet, and a popular food-additive. However, for decades, concerns have been raised about the issue of glutamate's safety as a food additive; especially, with regards to its ability (or otherwise) to cross the blood-brain barrier, cause excitotoxicity, or lead to neuron death. Results of animal studies following glutamate administration via different routes suggest that an array of effects can be observed. While some of the changes appear deleterious, some are not fully-understood, and the impact of others might even be beneficial. These observations suggest that with regards to the mammalian brain, exogenous glutamate might exert a double-sided effect, and in essence be a two-faced molecule whose effects may be dependent on several factors. This review draws from the research experiences of the authors and other researchers regarding the effects of exogenous glutamate on the brain of rodents. We also highlight the possible implications of such effects on the brain, in health and disease. Finally, we deduce that beyond the culinary effects of exogenous glutamate, there is the possibility of a beneficial role in the understanding and management of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Quercetin mitigates monosodium glutamate-induced excitotoxicity of the spinal cord motoneurons in aged rats via p38 MAPK inhibition. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151554. [PMID: 32622428 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various studies reported the possibility of deterioration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity owing to the aging process. The current work was performed to investigate the ability of Monosodium glutamate (MSG) to cross BBB in aged rats, the damage affecting the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord due to excitotoxicity, and the mechanisms by which quercetin (Que) administration might suppress such damage. Forty male rats aged 18 months were assigned equally to 4 groups: control group, Que group (received Que, 20 mg/kg/d intraperitonealy for 10 days), MSG group (received MSG, 4.0 g/kg/d subcutaneously for 10 days), MSG + Que group (received both Que and MSG as done in the Que and MSG groups respectively). Cervical spinal cord specimens were obtained and prepared for routine histological study, immunohistochemical staining by caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), assessment of oxidative stress, measurement of cytokines, assessment of caspase-3 activity and GFAP levels as well as for western blotting of phosphorylated activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2pp) as an indicator for the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The MSG group revealed variable degenerative and apoptotic changes in the motoneurons and neuroglia, a marked rise in the cytoplasmic caspase-3 expression in motoneurons and a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the astrocyte surface area percentage. In addition, the spinal cord tissue exhibited a significant elevation (p < 0.001) in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1, IL-6, TNFα, INFɣ, caspase-3 activity and ATF2 pp expression as well as a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in SOD, IL-10 and GFAP levels compared with the control group. On combining Que with MSG, most of the degenerative changes were reversed and all the impaired parameters were nearly normalized except for IL-6 and GFAP levels which were still significantly (p < 0.05) different from those of the control group. Our study suggests that MSG can break through the BBB of the aged rats and induce excitotoxicity dependent changes in spinal cord motoneurons. Most of these changes were reversed by Que probably via targeting the p38 MAPK-ATF2 pathway, antagonizing oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory effect, and promoting GFAP expression.
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Rosa SG, Chagas PM, Pesarico AP, Nogueira CW. Monosodium glutamate induced nociception and oxidative stress dependent on time of administration, age of rats and susceptibility of spinal cord and brain regions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 351:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nurmasitoh T, Sari DCR, Partadiredja G. The effects of black garlic on the working memory and pyramidal cell number of medial prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to monosodium glutamate. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:324-329. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1414833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Titis Nurmasitoh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Monosodium glutamate-associated alterations in open field, anxiety-related and conditioned place preference behaviours in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY, Akanmu MA, Gbola O. Evidence of alterations in brain structure and antioxidant status following 'low-dose' monosodium glutamate ingestion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:147-56. [PMID: 27312658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of low dose monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the brain, with a view to providing information on its effects on neuronal morphology and antioxidant status in mice. METHODOLOGY Sixty male mice (20-22 g) were divided into six groups of ten animals each. Vehicle (distilled water), a standard (l-glutamate at 10mg/kg body weight) or MSG (10, 20, 40 and 80mg/kg body weight) were administered orally for 28days. Sections of the cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum were processed and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, examined under a microscope and captured images analysed. Plasma and brain levels of glutamate, glutamine, and antioxidants were assayed. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS MSG ingestion did not significantly alter body weight. Relative brain weight increased at 40 and 80mg/kg compared to vehicle. Histological and histomorphometric changes consistent with neuronal damage were seen in the cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum at 40 and 80mg/kg. Plasma glutamate and glutamine assay showed significant increase at 40 and 80mg/kg while no significant difference in total brain glutamate or glutamine levels were seen. Levels of brain superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased with increasing doses of MSG, while nitric oxide (NO) increased at these doses. CONCLUSION The study showed morphological alterations consistent with neuronal injury, biochemical changes of oxidative stress and a rise in plasma glutamate and glutamine. These data therefore still support the need for cautious consideration in the indiscriminate use of MSG as a dietary flavor enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - M A Akanmu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olayiwola Gbola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Prastiwi D, Djunaidi A, Partadiredja G. High dosage of monosodium glutamate causes deficits of the motor coordination and the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:1171-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115572706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been widely used throughout the world as a flavoring agent of food. However, MSG at certain dosages is also thought to cause damage to many organs, including cerebellum. This study aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of MSG on the motor coordination and the number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum of Wistar rats. A total of 24 male rats aged 4 to 5 weeks were divided into four groups, namely, control (C), T2.5, T3, and T3.5 groups, which received intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, 2.5 mg/g body weight (bw) of MSG, 3.0 mg/g bw of MSG, and 3.5 mg/g bw of MSG, respectively, for 10 consecutive days. The motor coordination of the rats was examined prior and subsequent to the treatment. The number of cerebellar Purkinje cells was estimated using physical fractionator method. It has been found that the administration of MSG at a dosage of 3.5 mg/g bw, but not at lower dosages, caused a significant decrease of motor coordination and the estimated total number of Purkinje cells of rats. There was also a significant correlation between motor coordination and the total number of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prastiwi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Nursing Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pekalongan University, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - A Djunaidi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - G Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Perinatal Positive and Negative Influences on the Early Neurobehavioral Reflex and Motor Development. PERINATAL PROGRAMMING OF NEURODEVELOPMENT 2015; 10:149-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1372-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gudiño-Cabrera G, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Rivera-Cervantes MC, Feria-Velasco AI, Beas-Zárate C. Excitotoxicity triggered by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment and blood-brain barrier function. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:653-9. [PMID: 25431840 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is likely that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the excitotoxin that has been most commonly employed to characterize the process of excitotoxicity and to improve understanding of the ways that this process is related to several pathological conditions of the central nervous system. Excitotoxicity triggered by neonatal MSG treatment produces a significant pathophysiological impact on adulthood, which could be due to modifications in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and vice versa. This mini-review analyzes this topic through brief descriptions about excitotoxicity, BBB structure and function, role of the BBB in the regulation of Glu extracellular levels, conditions that promote breakdown of the BBB, and modifications induced by neonatal MSG treatment that could alter the behavior of the BBB. In conclusion, additional studies to better characterize the effects of neonatal MSG treatment on excitatory amino acids transporters, ionic exchangers, and efflux transporters, as well as the role of the signaling pathways mediated by erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor in the cellular elements of the BBB, should be performed to identify the mechanisms underlying the increase in neurovascular permeability associated with excitotoxicity observed in several diseases and studied using neonatal MSG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gudiño-Cabrera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Monica E Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Martha C Rivera-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alfredo I Feria-Velasco
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Carlos Beas-Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, México; División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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The effects of black garlic (Allium sativum L.) ethanol extract on the estimated total number of Purkinje cells and motor coordination of male adolescent Wistar rats treated with monosodium glutamate. Anat Sci Int 2014; 90:75-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate lastingly facilitates spreading depression in the rat cortex. Life Sci 2013; 93:388-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sundaram RS, Gowtham L, Rajesh R, Rajan DS, Srinivasan R, Gaurav G. Evaluation of Protective Role of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Excitotoxicity-induced Neurobehavioral Deficits Based on Specific Changes in the Structure of Feeding Behavior, Diuretic and Anxiety Paradigms in Female Rats. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2013.182.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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López-Pérez SJ, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Morales-Villagrán A. Monosodium glutamate neonatal treatment as a seizure and excitotoxic model. Brain Res 2010; 1317:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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González‐Burgos I, Velázquez‐Zamora D, Beas‐Zárate C. Damage and plasticity in adult rat hippocampal trisynaptic circuit neurons after neonatal exposure to glutamate excitotoxicity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:741-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. González‐Burgos
- Laboratorio de PsicobiologíaDivisión de NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS.GuadalajaraMexico
- Depto. de Biología Celular y MolecularCUCBA, Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJal.Mexico
| | - D.A. Velázquez‐Zamora
- Laboratorio de PsicobiologíaDivisión de NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS.GuadalajaraMexico
| | - C. Beas‐Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y MolecularDivisión de NeurocienciasCentro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS.GuadalajaraMexico
- Depto. de Biología Celular y MolecularCUCBA, Universidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJal.Mexico
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León D, Albasanz JL, Castillo CA, Martín M. Effect of glutamate intake during gestation on adenosine A(1) receptor/adenylyl cyclase pathway in both maternal and fetal rat brain. J Neurochem 2007; 104:435-45. [PMID: 17953672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant Wistar rats were orally treated with 1 g/L l-glutamate during the entire gestational period and the status of adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R)/adenylyl cyclase transduction pathway from maternal and fetal brain was analyzed. Glutamate consumption, estimated from the loss of water from the drinking bottles, was 110 +/- 4.6 mg/kg/day. In mother brains glutamate intake did not significantly alter the B(max) value, although the K(d) value was significantly decreased. However in fetus brain, a significant decrease in B(max) was observed, without an alteration of K(d) value. Similar results were observed by western blot assays using specific A(1)R antibody, suggesting a down-regulation of A(1)R in fetal brain. Concerning alpha subunits of inhibitory G proteins (Gi), alphaGi(3) protein was slightly but significantly decreased in maternal brain without alterations of either Gi(1) or Gi(2). In contrast, alphaGi(1) and alphaGi(2) isoforms were increased in fetal brain. On the other hand, basal, forskolin, and forskolin plus GTPgammaS-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was significantly decreased in both maternal and fetal brain, and this was more prominent in fetal than in maternal brain. Finally, A(1)R functionality was significantly decreased in mother brain whereas no significant differences were detected in fetus brain. These results suggest that glutamate administered to pregnant rats modulates A(1)R signaling pathways in both tissues, showing an A(1)R down-regulation in fetal brain, and desensitization in maternal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David León
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Químicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Kiss P, Hauser D, Tamás A, Lubics A, Rácz B, Horvath ZS, Farkas J, Zimmermann F, Stepien A, Lengvari I, Reglódi D. Changes in open-field activity and novelty-seeking behavior in periadolescent rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:85-93. [PMID: 17967732 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment of neonatal rodents leads to degeneration of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus, inner retinal layers and various other brain areas. It also causes various changes in the motor activity, sensory performance and learning abilities. We have previously shown that MSG treatment delays the appearance of some reflexes during neurobehavioral development and leads to temporary changes in reflex performance and motor coordination. Investigation of novelty-seeking behavior is of growing importance for its relationship with sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. Perinatal administration of numerous toxic agents has been shown to influence novelty-seeking behavior in rats, but little is known about the influence of neonatal MSG treatment on the novelty-seeking behavior. The aim of the present study was to compare changes in locomotor, spontaneous exploratory and novelty-seeking behavior in periadolescent rats neonatally treated with MSG. Newborn rats were treated with 4 mg/g MSG subcutaneously on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Open-field behavior was tested at 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. We found that MSG administration led to only temporary increases in locomotor behavior, which was more pronounced during the first few postnatal weeks, followed by a subtle hypoactivity at 2 months of age. Novelty-seeking was tested in four 5-min trials at 3 weeks of age. Trial 1 was in an empty open-field, two identical objects were placed in the arena during trial 2 and 3, and one of them was replaced to a novel object during trial 4. We found that the behavioral pattern of MSG-treated rats was the opposite in all tested signs in the novelty exploration test compared to control pups. In summary, our present study shows that neonatal MSG treatment leads to early temporary changes in the locomotor activity followed by hypoactivity at 2 months of age. Furthermore, MSG-treated rats show a markedly disturbed novelty-seeking behavior represented by altered activity when subjected to a novel object.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical Faculty, Hungary
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20
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Xu L, Zhao Y, Zhan SQ, Tang XD, Guo Y, Wang HS, Yang C. Temporal and spatial expression of preprotachykinin A mRNA in the developing filial mice brain after maternal administration of monosodium glutamate at a late stage of pregnancy. Neuroscience 2007; 145:974-80. [PMID: 17307297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of brain development, exposure of excessive monosodium glutamate (MSG) to neurons causes animal functional and behavioral disorders in adulthood. To investigate the effects of excessive MSG during pregnancy on the neurons in the developing brain, in situ hybridization was used. In mice, the expression of preprotachykinin A mRNA (PPT A mRNA) was assessed in neurons of in the brain after MSG treatment. Brain tissue sections were hybridized with specific digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes. The number of cells that expressed PPT A mRNA gradually decreased from 10-day-old (10d) to 60-day-old (60d) MSG-treated and normal animals. In the MSG-treated and normal mice, the PPT A mRNA-positive neurons almost disappeared in 90-day-old (90d) mice. The expression of PPT A mRNA significantly decreased at 10d in most of the brain regions of MSG-treated mice including the cerebral cortex (CC), hippocampal subregions of CA1, CA2 (CA1, CA2), habenula nucleus (HAB), hypothalamic periventricular nucleus (PE), hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (AR), median eminence (ME), amygdala nucleus (AMY), endopiriform nucleus (EN), and hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and dorsomedial nucleus (DMH). In the hippocampal CA4 subregions (CA4), paraventricular nucleus (PV) and caudate putamen (CPU), however, they were not significantly altered. Furthermore, in CC, hippocampal CA3 subregion (CA3), PE and EN regions the number of PPT A mRNA-positive neurons decreased at 20 days old (20d), but increased significantly in CA2 and CPU. At 30 days old (30d), the positive neuron number decreased in AMY, and they did not change in other regions. At 60d, the number of positive neurons significantly decreased in PV and ME, but increased in AMY. In the other observed regions, no changes were found. These results show that maternal administration of excessive MSG at a late stage of pregnancy significantly decreases PPT A mRNA expression in most of the brain regions of filial mice. This suggests that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity may affect the metabolism of precursors of substance P in developing brain neurons. The present study provides insights into the plasticity and vulnerability of neuron in different brain regions to glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Beas-Zárate C, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Flores-Soto M, Armendariz-Borunda J, Ortuño-Sahagún D. The expression and binding of kainate receptors is modified in different brain regions by glutamate neurotoxicity during postnatal rat development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2006; 25:53-61. [PMID: 17141463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid receptor (KA-R) subunits are differentially expressed during brain development, and they modulate both neural growth and survival. High concentrations of glutamate in the brain can induce neuronal injury through these receptors, altering normal development. However, it is unclear whether KAR subunit expression itself is also modified by neonatal exposure to high glutamate. To analyze this, monosodium glutamate (4mg/g of body weight) was subcutaneously administered on postnatal days 1, 3, 5 and 7, and the expression of GluR5, GluR6, KA1 and KA2, as well as [(3)H]-kainic acid (KA-R) binding, was evaluated on postnatal days 14, 21, 30 and 60 in different regions of rat brain. As a result, high levels of GluR5 expression associated with strong [(3)H]-kainic acid binding were observed on postnatal days 30 and 60 in the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to glutamate. Similarly, the changes induced by glutamate administration in the expression of the KA1 and KA2 subunits were paralleled by those of [(3)H]-kainic acid binding in the striatum at postnatal days 21 and 30. In contrast, while KAR subunits were over expressed in the hippocampus, no changes were observed in [(3)H]-kainic acid binding in adult rats that had been exposed to glutamate. Therefore, glutamate modifies both the expression of kainic acid receptor subunits and kainic acid binding in a determined spatial and temporal manner, which may be indicative of a regional susceptibility to glutamate neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beas-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Mexico.
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22
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Kiss P, Tamas A, Lubics A, Szalai M, Szalontay L, Lengvari I, Reglodi D. Development of neurological reflexes and motor coordination in rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. Neurotox Res 2005; 8:235-44. [PMID: 16371318 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment of neonatal rats causes neuronal degeneration in various brain areas and leads to several neurochemical, endocrinological and behavioral alterations. However, relatively little is known about the development of neurological reflexes and motor coordination of these animals. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the neurobehavioral development of newborn rats treated with MSG. Rats received MSG at postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Appearance of neural reflexes and reflex performance as well as motor coordination were examined for 5 weeks after birth. The efficacy of MSG treatment was confirmed by histological examination of the arcuate nucleus. We found that MSG treatment delayed the appearance of forelimb placing, forelimb grasp and righting reflexes, besides the retarded somatic development. The treated pups performed surface righting in significantly longer times. Also, worse performance was observed in the foot-fault and rota-rod tests. However, MSG-treated rats reached control levels by the end of the fifth postnatal week. These results show that MSG treatment does not cause permanent alterations in the neurobehavioral development, only delays the appearance of some reflexes and leads to temporary changes in reflex performance and motor coordination signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, Neurohumoral Regulations Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pecs, Hungary
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23
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Hlinák Z, Gandalovicová D, Krejcí I. Behavioral deficits in adult rats treated neonatally with glutamate. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:465-73. [PMID: 15939206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated long-term behavioral consequences of neonatal monosodium-l-glutamate (MSG) treatment in rats. The pups received MSG (3 mg/g sc) daily from postnatal day (PD) 5-12. Data from an automatic activity monitor showed that locomotion of MSG-treated females and males aged 56 and 84 days was significantly reduced. Beginning PD 120, three behavioral tests were performed. As compared to the controls, in the elevated plus maze test, modified to evaluate the adaptive form of spatial memory, MSG-treated animals of both sex had significantly prolonged start and transfer latencies. In the social recognition test, assessing olfactory working memory, MSG-treated males displayed a reduced interest in the juvenile conspecific as the stimulus partner during both the initial exposure and re-exposure performed 30 min later. In the open field test, a significant decrease in the habituation rate was found in MSG-treated animals. Sex-dependent differences in behavioral performance were suggested in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Behavioral changes are discussed in light of the deficits in perception and processing of visual and olfactory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hlinák
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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López-Pérez SJ, Vergara P, Ventura-Valenzuela JP, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Segovia J, Beas-Zárate C. Modification of dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum by neonatal exposure to glutamate during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:335-42. [PMID: 15927757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) was administered subcutaneously to male neonatal rats, and the effect on developmental profile of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), D1, D2 receptors, and dopamine (DA) transporter expression in the striatum was examined using Western blot. In addition, TH-immunopositive neurons at substantia nigra (SN) were also examined. MSG treatment (4mg/g of body weight, administered on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, and 7) resulted in a reduction of D1 and D2 receptor expression from 30 days of age and persisted to adulthood (120 days of age), while DA transporter expression was significantly reduced from 14 days of age to adulthood. TH immunopositive neurons at SN showed a significant reduction, as well as TH expression on postnatal days 10, 30, 60, and 120 at striatum was reduced. No changes of TH were observed at 14 days of age. Results indicate that an over-stimulation of the glutamatergic system by neonatal exposure to a high glutamate concentration induces a partial loss in TH-positive neurons in the SN and an important reduction in dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum, suggesting that early excitotoxicity could contribute to developmental alterations in the nigrostriatal pathway, which may be associated with various disorders of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J López-Pérez
- Lab. de Neurobiología., Depto. de Biol. Cel. y Mol., C.U.C.B.A., U. de G., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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25
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Jorgenson LA, Wobken JD, Georgieff MK. Perinatal iron deficiency alters apical dendritic growth in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Dev Neurosci 2004; 25:412-20. [PMID: 14966382 DOI: 10.1159/000075667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency early in life is associated with cognitive disturbances that persist beyond the period of iron deficiency. Within cognitive processing circuitry, the hippocampus is particularly susceptible to insults during the perinatal period. During the hippocampal growth spurt, which is predominantly postnatal in rodents, iron transport proteins and their messenger RNA stabilizing proteins are upregulated, suggesting an increased demand for iron import during this developmental period. Rat pups deprived of iron during the perinatal period show a 30-40% decrease in hippocampal metabolic activity during postnatal hippocampal development. We hypothesized that this reduced hippocampal neuronal metabolism impedes developmental processes such as neurite outgrowth. The goals of the current study were to investigate the effects of perinatal iron deficiency on apical dendritic segment growth in the postnatal day (P) 15 hippocampus and to determine if structural abnormalities persist into adulthood (P65) following iron treatment. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical analyses of dendritic structure and growth using microtubule-associated protein-2 as an index showed that iron-deficient P15 pups have truncated apical dendritic morphology in CA1 and a persistence of an immature apical dendritic pattern at P65. These results demonstrate that perinatal iron deficiency disrupts developmental processes in the hippocampal subarea CA1 and that these changes persist despite iron repletion. These structural abnormalities may contribute to the learning and memory deficits that occur during and following early iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyric A Jorgenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
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Ureña-Guerrero ME, López-Pérez SJ, Beas-Zárate C. Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment modifies glutamic acid decarboxylase activity during rat brain postnatal development. Neurochem Int 2003; 42:269-76. [PMID: 12470699 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces neurodegeneration in several brain regions when it is administered to neonatal rats. From an early embryonic age to adulthood, GABA neurons appear to have functional glutamatergic receptors, which could convert them in an important target for excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Changes in the activity of the GABA synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), have been shown after different neuronal insults. Therefore, this work evaluates the effect of neonatal MSG treatment on GAD activity and kinetics in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain during postnatal development. Neonatal MSG treatment decreased GAD activity in the cerebral cortex at 21 and 60 postnatal days (PD), mainly due to a reduction in the enzyme affinity (K(m)). In striatum, the GAD activity and the enzyme maximum velocity (V(max)) were increased at PD 60 after neonatal MSG treatment. Finally, in the hippocampus and cerebellum, the GAD activity and V(max) were increased, but the K(m) was found to be lower in the experimental group. The results could be related to compensatory mechanisms from the surviving GABAergic neurons, and suggest a putative adjustment in the GAD isoform expression throughout the development of the postnatal brain, since this enzyme is regulated by the synaptic activity under physiological and/or pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Elisa Ureña-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Beas-Zárate C, Flores-Soto ME, Armendariz-Borunda J. NMDAR-2C and 2D subunits gene expression is induced in brain by neonatal exposure of monosodium L-glutamate to adult rats. Neurosci Lett 2002; 321:9-12. [PMID: 11872244 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered subcutaneously to male neonate rats, and the effects on N-methyl-D-asparatate (NMDA) subunit receptor types NR2C and NR2D from different brain regions were studied. A semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure NR2C and NR2D expression levels in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. MSG treatment (4 mg/g body weight, on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, and 7) produced an important increase of NR2C and NR2D subunit gene expression levels in the hippocampus and striatum of adults rats. No change was observed in the cerebral cortex. We propose that an early excessive activation of glutamate receptors could modify NMDA subunit expression and its structural composition on postnatal development. This, as part of a compensatory response by an altered neuronal circuitry, mainly in the hippocampus and striatum, suggests that the NMDA receptor could be a determinant factor to modulate the dendritic arrangement and the synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beas-Zárate
- Lab. de Neurobiol. Cel. y Molec., Div. Neurociencias, C.I.B.O., IMSS, Apdo. Postal 4-160, 44421 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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28
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Martínez-Contreras A, Huerta M, Lopez-Perez S, García-Estrada J, Luquín S, Beas Zárate C. Astrocytic and microglia cells reactivity induced by neonatal administration of glutamate in cerebral cortex of the adult rats. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:200-10. [PMID: 11782964 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies confirm that astrocytes and neurons are associated with the synaptic transmission, particularly with the regulation of glutamate (Glu) levels. Therefore, they have the capacity to modulate the Glu released from neurons into the extracellular space. It has also been demonstrated an intense astrocytic and microglia response to physical or chemical lesions of the central nervous system. However, the persistence of the response of the glial cells in adult brain had not been previously reported, after the excitotoxic damage caused by neonatal dosage of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to newborn rats. In this study, 4 mg/g body weight of MSG were administered to newborn rats at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after birth, at the age of 60 days the astrocytes and the microglia cells were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods in the fronto-parietal cortex. Double labeling to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and BrdU, or isolectin-B(4) and BrdU identified astrocytes or microglia cells that proliferated; immunoblotting and immunoreactivity to vimentin served for assess immaturity of astrocytic intermediate filaments. The results show that the neonatal administration of MSG-induced reactivity of astrocytes and microglia cells in the fronto-parietal cortex, which was characterized by hyperplasia; an increased number of astrocytes and microglia cells that proliferated, hypertrophy; increased complexity of the cytoplasm extension of both glial cells and expression of RNAm to vimentin, with the presence of vimentin-positive astrocytes. This glial response to neuroexcitotoxic stimulus of Glu on the immature brain, which persisted to adulthood, suggests that the neurotransmitter Glu could trigger neuro-degenerative illnesses.
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