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Inagaki C. [Amyloid β hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease and Cl --ATPase-Neuronal cell death via PI4KIIα inhibition and recovery agents]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:166-170. [PMID: 33952846 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, a decrease in phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) requiring Cl--ATPase activity was found. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, pathophysiological concentrations of amyloid β proteins (Aβs≤10 nM) lowered PIP levels and Cl--ATPase activity with an increase in intracellular Cl- concentrations, resulting in Cl--dependent enhancements in glutamate neurotoxicity and, ultimately, neuronal cell death. Pathophysiological concentrations of Aβs(0.1-10 nM) directly lowered phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase. Non-toxic peptide fragments of Aβ, such as Ile-Gly-Leu, recovered Aβ-induced inhibition of recombinant human phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIα (PI4KIIα) and the intrahippocampally administered Aβ-induced degeneration of hippocampal neurons and impairment of spatial memory in mice. Agents with the potential to block these neurotoxic mechanisms of Aβ were summarized herein as (1) Aβ antagonists, (2) substrates of PI4K, (3) PI4K product, (4) PI4K activators, and (5) GABAc receptor stimulants.
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Vega-García A, Santana-Gómez CE, Rocha L, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM, Morales-Otal A, Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Feria-Romero I, Orozco-Suárez S. Magnolia officinalis reduces the long-term effects of the status epilepticus induced by kainic acid in immature rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:156-167. [PMID: 30978383 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During critical periods of neurodevelopment, the immature brain is susceptible to neuronal hyperexcitability, alterations such as hyperthermia, hypoxia, brain trauma or a preexisting neuroinflammatory condition can trigger, promote and prolong epileptiform activity and facilitate the development of epilepsy. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the long-term neuroprotective effects Magnolia officinalis extract, on a model of recurrent status epilepticus (SE) in immature rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with kainic acid (KA) (3 mg/kg, dissolved in saline solution) beginning at day 10 P N every 24 h for five days (10 P N-14PN). Two experimental groups (KA) received two treatments for 10 days (14-24 P N): one group was treated with 300 mg/kg Magnolia Officinalis (MO) (KA-MO), and another was treated with 20 mg/kg of celecoxib (Clbx) (KA-Clbx) as a control drug. A SHAM control group at day 90 P N was established. Seizure susceptibility was analyzed through an after-discharge threshold (ADT) evaluation, and electroencephalographic activity was recorded. The results obtained from the ADT evaluation and the analysis of the electroencephalographic activity under basal conditions showed that the MO and Clbx treatments protected against epileptiform activity, and decreases long-term excitability. All rats in the KA-MO and KA-Clbx groups presented a phase I seizure on the Racine scale, corresponding to the shaking of a wet dog. In contrast, the KA group showed phase V convulsive activity on the Racine scale. Similarly, MO and Clbx exerted neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons and reduced gliosis in the same areas. Based on these results, early intervention with MO and Clbx treatments to prevent the inflammatory activity derived from SE in early phases of neurodevelopment exerts neuroprotective effects on epileptogenesis in adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vega-García
- Programa de Doctorado del Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, UAM-I, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Campus Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C E Santana-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - L Rocha
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V M Magdaleno-Madrigal
- División de Investigación en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría "Ramón de la Fuente Muñis", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Morales-Otal
- Área de Neurociencias. Departamento de Neurohistología y Conducta. Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V Buzoianu-Anguiano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - I Feria-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S Orozco-Suárez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Chen HH, Chang PC, Wey SP, Chen PM, Chen C, Chan MH. Therapeutic effects of honokiol on motor impairment in hemiparkinsonian mice are associated with reversing neurodegeneration and targeting PPARγ regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:254-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Rosas-Arellano A, Tejeda-Guzmán C, Lorca-Ponce E, Palma-Tirado L, Mantellero CA, Rojas P, Missirlis F, Castro MA. Huntington's disease leads to decrease of GABA-A tonic subunits in the D2 neostriatal pathway and their relocalization into the synaptic cleft. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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5
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Baù L, Selvestrel F, Arduini M, Zamparo I, Lodovichi C, Mancin F. A cell-penetrating ratiometric nanoprobe for intracellular chloride. Org Lett 2012; 14:2984-7. [PMID: 22630166 DOI: 10.1021/ol300086w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NanoChlor, a nanoparticle-based fluorescent probe for chloride that is both ratiometric and capable of spontaneously penetrating neuronal cells at submillimolar concentrations, was designed and studied. NanoChlor is built on silica nanoparticles grafted with 6-methoxyquinolinium as the chloride-sensitive component and fluorescein as the reference dye. A Stern-Volmer constant of 50 M(-1) was measured in Ringer's buffer at pH 7.2, and the response to chemically induced chloride currents was recorded in real time in hippocampal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Baù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Alexeev M, Grosenbaugh DK, Mott DD, Fisher JL. The natural products magnolol and honokiol are positive allosteric modulators of both synaptic and extra-synaptic GABA(A) receptors. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2507-14. [PMID: 22445602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) estimates that nearly 40% of adults in the United States use alternative medicines, often in the form of an herbal supplement. Extracts from the tree bark of magnolia species have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines to treat a variety of neurological diseases, including anxiety, depression, and seizures. The active ingredients in the extracts have been identified as the bi-phenolic isomers magnolol and honokiol. These compounds were shown to enhance the activity of GABA(A) receptors, consistent with their biological effects. The GABA(A) receptors exhibit substantial subunit heterogeneity, which influences both their functional and pharmacological properties. We examined the activity of magnolol and honokiol at different populations of both neuronal and recombinant GABA(A) receptors to characterize their mechanism of action and to determine whether sensitivity to modulation was dependent upon the receptor's subunit composition. We found that magnolol and honokiol enhanced both phasic and tonic GABAergic neurotransmission in hippocampal dentate granule neurons. In addition, all recombinant receptors examined were sensitive to modulation, regardless of the identity of the α, β, or γ subunit subtype, although the compounds showed particularly high efficacy at δ-containing receptors. This direct positive modulation of both synaptic and extra-synaptic populations of GABA(A) receptors suggests that supplements containing magnolol and/or honokiol would be effective anxiolytics, sedatives, and anti-convulsants. However, significant side-effects and risk of drug interactions would also be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Alexeev
- Honors College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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7
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Honokiol suppresses the development of post-ischemic glucose intolerance and neuronal damage in mice. J Nat Med 2012; 66:591-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Martínez-Delgado G, Estrada-Mondragón A, Miledi R, Martínez-Torres A. An Update on GABAρ Receptors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:422-33. [PMID: 21629448 PMCID: PMC3080597 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the functional and molecular diversity of GABAρ receptors. These receptors were originally described in the mammalian retina, and their functional role in the visual pathway has been recently elucidated; however new studies on their distribution in the brain and spinal cord have revealed that they are more spread than originally thought, and thus it will be important to determine their physiological contribution to the GABAergic transmission in other areas of the central nervous system. In addition, molecular modeling has revealed peculiar traits of these receptors that have impacted on the interpretations of the latest pharmacolgical and biophysical findings. Finally, sequencing of several vertebrate genomes has permitted a comparative analysis of the organization of the GABAρ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Martínez-Delgado
- Instituto de Neurbiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio D15, Campus UNAM Juriquilla. Querétaro 76230, México
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Lee YJ, Lee YM, Lee CK, Jung JK, Han SB, Hong JT. Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:157-76. [PMID: 21277893 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bark and/or seed cones of the Magnolia tree have been used in traditional herbal medicines in Korea, China and Japan. Bioactive ingredients such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol and obovatol have received great attention, judging by the large number of investigators who have studied their pharmacological effects for the treatment of various diseases. Recently, many investigators reported the anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects as well as toxicities and pharmacokinetics data, however, the mechanisms underlying these pharmacological activities are not clear. The aim of this study was to review a variety of experimental and clinical reports and, describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of Magnolia and/or its constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Chen HH, Lin SC, Chan MH. Protective and Restorative Effects of Magnolol on Neurotoxicity in Mice with 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Hemiparkinsonism. NEURODEGENER DIS 2011; 8:364-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000323872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chen CM, Liu SH, Lin-Shiau SY. Honokiol, a Neuroprotectant against Mouse Cerebral Ischaemia, Mediated by Preserving Na+, K+-ATPase Activity and Mitochondrial Functions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:108-16. [PMID: 17651312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol, a component of the herb Magnolia officinalis, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties, increases seizure threshold, and promotes neurite outgrowth. Because stroke has become the second leading cause of death in industrialized countries, an effective neuroprotectant is urgently required. In this study, we attempted to elucidate in a mouse cerebral ischaemia model whether honokiol could be a neuroprotectant. Adult male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 45 min. Honokiol (10 microg/kg in 0.2 ml of saline) or control vehicle was intraperitoneally administered twice, 15 min. before and 60 min. after the induction of ischaemia. Cerebral ischaemia induced by this method was associated with an increase in synaptosomal production of reactive oxygen species, with decreases in synaptosomal mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and synaptosomal mitochondrial metabolic function, and with reductions in Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities of tissues isolated from selected brain regions. Administration of honokiol resulted in significant reductions in brain infarct volume and in synaptosomal production of reactive oxygen species. The decreases in synaptosomal mitochondrial membrane potential, synaptosomal mitochondrial metabolic function and tissue Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities observed in the ischaemic brains were also attenuated by honokiol treatments. It is concluded that honokiol can protect brain against ischaemic reperfusion injury and preserve mitochondrial function from oxidative stress. Regarding therapeutic application, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of honokiol in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, and Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alakuijala A, Alakuijala J, Pasternack M. Evidence for a functional role of GABAC receptors in the rat mature hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:514-20. [PMID: 16420458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(C) receptor subunit mRNA and protein are expressed in the stratum pyramidale in the CA1 area of the adult rat hippocampus, but so far no conclusive evidence about functional hippocampal GABA(C) receptors has been presented. Here, the contribution of GABA(C) receptors to stimulus-evoked postsynaptic potentials was studied in the hippocampal CA1 area with extracellular and intracellular recordings at the age range of 21-47 postnatal days. Activation of GABA(C) receptors with the specific agonist cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA) suppressed postsynaptic excitability and increased the membrane conductance. The GABA(C) receptor antagonist 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-ylmethylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), but not the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline, inhibited the effects of CACA. GABA-mediated long-lasting depolarizing responses evoked by high-frequency stimulation of local inhibitory interneurons in the CA1 area in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor and GABA(B) receptor blockers were prolonged by TPMPA, indicating that GABA(C) receptors are activated under these conditions. For weaker stimulation, the effect of TPMPA was enhanced after GABA uptake was inhibited. Our data demonstrate that GABA(C) receptors can be activated by endogenous synaptic transmitter release following strong stimulation or under conditions of reduced GABA uptake. The lack of GABA(C) receptor activation by less intensive stimulation under control conditions suggests that these receptors are extrasynaptic and activated via spillover of synaptically released GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Alakuijala
- Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Johnston GAR, Hanrahan JR, Chebib M, Duke RK, Mewett KN. Modulation of Ionotropic GABA Receptors by Natural Products of Plant Origin. GABA 2006; 54:285-316. [PMID: 17175819 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(06)54012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Liu B, Hattori N, Zhang NY, Wu B, Yang L, Kitagawa K, Xiong ZM, Irie T, Inagaki C. Anxiolytic agent, dihydrohonokiol-B, recovers amyloid β protein-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005; 384:44-7. [PMID: 15899548 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of anxiolytic honokiol derivative, dihydrohonokiol-B (DHH-B), on amyloid beta protein (Abeta(25-35), 10 nM)-induced changes in Cl(-)-ATPase activity, intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) and glutamate neurotoxicity were examined in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. DHH-B (10 ng/ml) recovered Abeta-induced decrease in neuronal Cl(-)-ATPase activity without any changes in the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and anion-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase. A GABA(C) receptor antagonist (1,2,5,6,-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl) methyl-phosphinic acid (TPMPA, 15 microM), inhibited the protective effects of DHH-B on Cl(-)-ATPase activity. DHH-B reduced Abeta-induced elevation of [Cl-]i as assayed using a Cl(-)-sensitive fluorescent dye, and prevented Abeta-induced aggravation of glutamate neurotoxicity. These data suggest that DHH-B exerts the neuroprotective action against Abeta through GABA(C) receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Zhang ZJ. Therapeutic effects of herbal extracts and constituents in animal models of psychiatric disorders. Life Sci 2004; 75:1659-99. [PMID: 15268969 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has progressed significantly in the past decade. This is reflected in the large number of herbal preparations for which psychotherapeutic potential has been evaluated in a variety of animal models. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of herbal extracts and constituents that have significant therapeutic effects in animal models of psychiatric illnesses. Eighty five individual herbs reviewed were classified as anxiolytic, antidepressant, neuroleptic, antidementia, or anti-substance abuse herbs. The full scientific name of each herb, herbal part used, active constituent, extract, dose range and route, animal model, possible mechanisms of action, and pertinent references are presented via synoptic tables. The herbal mixtures were also mentioned. A considerable number of herbal constituents whose behavioral effects and pharmacological actions have been well characterized may be good candidates for further investigations that may ultimately result in clinical use. The investigation of a large portion of the herbal extracts and herbal mixtures is in its infancy. Herbal remedies that have demonstrable psychotherapeutic activities have provided a potential to psychiatric pharmaceuticals and deserve increased attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Jin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Liu B, Hattori N, Jiang B, Nakayama Y, Zhang NY, Wu B, Kitagawa K, Taketo M, Matsuda H, Inagaki C. Single cell RT-PCR demonstrates differential expression of GABAC receptor rho subunits in rat hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 123:1-6. [PMID: 15046860 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)C receptor rho1, rho2 and rho3 subunits are reportedly expressed in pyramidal and granule cells in the hippocampus at various developmental stages, it is not clear whether these three rho subunits are coexpressed in a single neuron. To attempt to answer this question, we performed single-cell RT-PCR for rho subunits from neurons of rat brain hippocampus. In hippocampal cultures, pyramidal cells were positive for rho1 mRNA expression in 89%, rho2 in 94% and rho3 in 94%, while granule cells were positive for rho1 mRNA in only 6%, rho2 in 36% and rho3 in 91%. Intensive amplification of the RT-PCR products by the second PCR revealed that all the three rho subunits were coexpressed in a single pyramidal and granule cells from both of the cultures and the slices. These results suggest that all the three GABAC receptor rho1, rho2 and rho3 subunits are present probably in different compositions in pyramidal and granule cells in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Wang X, Wang Y, Geng Y, Li F, Zheng C. Isolation and purification of honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae officinalis by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1036:171-5. [PMID: 15146918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-speed counter-current chromatography was used to isolate and purify honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.), a plant used in the traditional Chinese medicine. A crude sample, 150 mg, was successfully separated with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:0.4:1:0.4, v/v), and the fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The separation produced 80 and 45 mg of honokiol and magnolol with purities of 99.2 and 98.2%, respectively, in 2.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 18 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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Yang L, Omori K, Omori K, Otani H, Suzukawa J, Inagaki C. GABAC receptor agonist suppressed ammonia-induced apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by restoring phosphorylated BAD level. J Neurochem 2003; 87:791-800. [PMID: 14535961 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia-induced apoptosis and its prevention by GABAC receptor stimulation were examined using primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Ammonia (0.5-5 mm NH4Cl) dose-dependently induced apoptosis in pyramidal cell-like neurons as assayed by double staining with Hoechst 33258 and anti-neurofilament antibody. A GABAC receptor agonist, cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA, 200 microm), but not GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists, muscimol (10 micro m) and baclofen (50 microm), respectively, inhibited the ammonia (2 mm)-induced apoptosis, and this inhibition was abolished by a GABAC receptor antagonist (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA, 15 microm). Expression of all three GABAC receptor subunits was demonstrated in the cultured neurons by RT-PCR. The ammonia-treatment also activated caspases-3 and -9 as observed in immunocytochemistry for PARP p85 and western blot. Such activation of the caspases was again inhibited by CACA in a TPMPA-sensitive manner. The anti-apoptotic effect of CACA was blocked by inhibitors for MAP kinase kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PD98059 (20 microm) and KT5720 (1 microm), suggesting possible involvement of an upstream pro-apoptotic protein, BAD. Levels of phospho-BAD (Ser112 and Ser155) were decreased by the ammonia-treatment and restored by coadministration of CACA. These findings suggest that GABAC receptor stimulation protects hippocampal pyramidal neurons from ammonia-induced apoptosis by restoring Ser112- and Ser155-phospho-BAD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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Zhai H, Nakade K, Mitsumoto Y, Fukuyama Y. Honokiol and magnolol induce Ca2+ mobilization in rat cortical neurons and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 474:199-204. [PMID: 12921862 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the intracellular Ca(2+) response in primary cultured rat cortical neurons and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by Fluo 3 fluorescence imaging analysis. In these two kinds of neuronal cells, honokiol and magnolol increased cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) with a characteristic lag phase. The cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) increase was independent of extracellular Ca(2+), but dependent on activation of phospholipase C and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP(3)) receptors. These results suggest that honokiol and magnolol increase cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) through a phospholipase C-mediated pathway, and that the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores mainly contributes to the increase in cytoplasmic free Ca(2+). Thus, honokiol and magnolol may be involved in a new activation mechanism closely associated with intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-Cho, 770-8514 Tokushima, Japan
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