Hologram simulation for off-axis electron holography

Phase-shifting electron holography for atomic image reconstruction

Phase-shifting electron holography was used to reconstruct the object-wave function of high-spatial-frequency specimens of HgCdTe, and the requirements for precise measurements were investigated. Fresnel fringes due to the electrostatic biprism caused serious calculation errors during the phase-shifting reconstruction. Uniform interference fringes, obtained by adjusting the biprism voltage to cancel out the Fresnel fringes, were needed to minimize these errors. High-resolution holograms of a HgCdTe single crystal were recorded with coarse interference fringes and a high visibility of 65% and then used to reconstruct the atomic-scale object wave. Although the spatial resolution (0.25 nm) of the transmission electron microscope was worse than the separation (0.16 nm) between Hg (or Cd) and Te columns, the crystal polarity was determined from the aberration-corrected object wave.

Electron holographic observation of micro-magnetic fields current-generated from single carbon coil

A carbon coil was evaluated for use as a micro-solenoid in a small magnetic device. A single carbon coil was lifted out of the aggregate using a tungsten fine probe in a focused ion beam (FIB) system and was wired to two small electrodes in the specimen holder of a transmission electron microscope (TEM). A direct current was supplied to the single carbon coil. A micro/nano-magnetic field generated from the coil was directly observed by electron holography. A computer simulation of electron holography was also done to quantitatively analyze the magnetic field. Details on the FIB technique, the electron holographic observation and the simulation are described.

Phase recovery for electron holography using Gerchberg-Papoulis iterative algorithm

The Gerchberg-Papoulis (GP) iterative algorithm is applied to electron holographic reconstruction to supplement the Fourier-transform method. The GP algorithm can recover the phase to high accuracy using simulated holograms. This method is useful when a region of known amplitude is present, such as a region of vacuum or uniform thickness. Modulations of the phase on the order of 0.1 rad can be corrected significantly using this algorithm.