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Stear A, Ali AOA, Brujeni GN, Buitkamp J, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Fairlie-Clarke K, Groth D, Isa NMM, Stear MJ. Identification of the amino acids in the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II region of Scottish Blackface sheep that are associated with resistance to nematode infection. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:797-804. [PMID: 31306661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lambs with the Major Histocompatibility Complex DRB1*1101 allele have been shown to produce fewer nematode eggs following natural and deliberate infection. These sheep also possess fewer adult Teladorsagia circumcincta than sheep with alternative alleles at the DRB1 locus. However, it is unclear if this allele is responsible for the reduced egg counts or merely acts as a marker for a linked gene. This study defined the MHC haplotypes in a population of naturally infected Scottish Blackface sheep by PCR amplification and sequencing, and examined the associations between MHC haplotypes and faecal egg counts by generalised linear mixed modelling. The DRB1*1101 allele occurred predominately on one haplotype and a comparison of haplotypes indicated that the causal mutation or mutations occurred in or around this locus. Additional comparisons with another resistant haplotype indicated that mutations in or around the DQB2*GU191460 allele were also responsible for resistance to nematode infections. Further analyses identified six amino acid substitutions in the antigen binding site of DRB1*1101 that were significantly associated with reductions in the numbers of adult T. circumcincta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alsagher O A Ali
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johannes Buitkamp
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute of Animal Breeding, 85586 Grub, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Donskow-Łysoniewska
- Laboratory of Parasitology, General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karen Fairlie-Clarke
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Groth
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - N Mahiza Md Isa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Michael J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Ceï W, Salah N, Alexandre G, Bambou J, Archimède H. Impact of energy and protein on the gastro-intestinal parasitism of small ruminants: A meta-analysis. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pooling sheep faecal samples for the assessment of anthelmintic drug efficacy using McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC in gastrointestinal strongyle and Nematodirus infection. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:53-60. [PMID: 27369575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In small ruminants, faecal egg counts (FECs) and reduction in FECs (FECR) are the most common methods for the assessment of intensity of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes infections and anthelmintic drug efficacy, respectively. The main limitation of these methods is the time and cost to conduct FECs on a representative number of individual animals. A cost-saving alternative would be to examine pooled faecal samples, however little is known regarding whether pooling can give representative results. In the present study, we compared the FECR results obtained by both an individual and a pooled examination strategy across different pool sizes and analytical sensitivity of the FEC techniques. A survey was conducted on 5 sheep farms in Scotland, where anthelmintic resistance is known to be widespread. Lambs were treated with fenbendazole (4 groups), levamisole (3 groups), ivermectin (3 groups) or moxidectin (1 group). For each group, individual faecal samples were collected from 20 animals, at baseline (D0) and 14 days after (D14) anthelmintic administration. Faecal samples were analyzed as pools of 3-5, 6-10, and 14-20 individual samples. Both individual and pooled samples were screened for GI strongyle and Nematodirus eggs using two FEC techniques with three different levels of analytical sensitivity, including Mini-FLOTAC (analytical sensitivity of 10 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG)) and McMaster (analytical sensitivity of 15 or 50 EPG).For both Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster (analytical sensitivity of 15 EPG), there was a perfect agreement in classifying the efficacy of the anthelmintic as 'normal', 'doubtful' or 'reduced' regardless of pool size. When using the McMaster method (analytical sensitivity of 50 EPG) anthelmintic efficacy was often falsely classified as 'normal' or assessment was not possible due to zero FECs at D0, and this became more pronounced when the pool size increased. In conclusion, pooling ovine faecal samples holds promise as a cost-saving and efficient strategy for assessing GI nematode FECR. However, for the assessment FECR one will need to consider the baseline FEC, pool size and analytical sensitivity of the method.
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McGregor H, Abbott KA, Whittington RJ. Effects of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on serum biochemistry, body weight and wool growth in Merino sheep: A longitudinal study. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stear MJ, Boag B, Cattadori I, Murphy L. Genetic variation in resistance to mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta nematode infections of sheep: from heritabilities to gene identification. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:274-82. [PMID: 19388948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In cool temperate areas, such as Scotland, sheep are infected by a variety of nematodes but the dominant nematode is Teladorsagia circumcincta. Resistant animals have one or more of the following features: fewer adult nematodes, more inhibited larvae, shorter adult nematodes and decreased production of nematode eggs. In lambs at the end of the first grazing season, the heritability of adult worm length is very strong, whereas the heritability of egg production is moderate. The heritability of worm number is low while there is no detectable genetic variation in the number of inhibited larvae. The major mechanisms underlying resistance to T. circumcincta appear to be the IgA mediated suppression of worm growth and the mast cell mediated regulation of worm number. Mast cell responses are slow to develop, possibly because they are responsible for protein loss and reduced growth of the host. Two genes have been repeatedly associated with resistance to T. Circumcincta: the MHC class II DRB1 locus on chromosome 20 and the interferon-gamma locus on chromosome 3. Although the causative mutations are still unknown both genes are plausible candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stear
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Iposu S, McAnulty R, Greer A, Xie H, Green R, Stankiewicz M, Sykes A. Does suckling offer protection to the lamb against Teladorsagia circumcincta infection? Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:294-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kiel M, Josh P, Jones A, Windon R, Hunt P, Kongsuwan K. Identification of immuno-reactive proteins from a sheep gastrointestinal nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1419-29. [PMID: 17561021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock animals are prevalent and costly problems worldwide. Currently, infections are controlled by anthelmintic chemicals but increasing drug resistance has prompted research interest to shift towards alternative methods of control such as vaccine development and selection of worm-resistant animals. The present study analyses proteins from Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective L3s that are recognised by IgG of immune sheep. Following protein separation via two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot probing with plasma from sheep resistant to T. colubriformis, mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses were used to identify immuno-reactive protein spots. We were able to identify 28 immune targets, including aspartyl protease inhibitor, enolase, chaperone proteins, galectin, glycolytic enzymes, kinase, phosphatase and structural muscle proteins such as myosin, paramyosin, calponin and DIM-1. The data suggest that immune responses to T. colubriformis are dispersed over a relatively large number of parasite antigens, including several cytoplasmically expressed proteins. The results have new implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underpin host-parasite interaction during gastrointestinal nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kiel
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Stear MJ, Doligalska M, Donskow-Schmelter K. Alternatives to anthelmintics for the control of nematodes in livestock. Parasitology 2006; 134:139-51. [PMID: 17076922 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and welfare-friendly livestock production demands the control of nematode infection. Current control measures rely upon anthelmintic treatment but are threatened by the widespread evolution of drug-resistance in parasite populations. Several methods have been advocated to control nematodes without relying on effective anthelmintics. These include grazing management, biological control, nutritional supplementation, vaccination, and genetic approaches. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. There are several grazing management schemes that can reduce the severity of infection but they are insufficient on their own to control infection. Biological control includes the use of predatory fungi to control nematode populations and the use of pasture species that can reduce the intensity of infection. Fungi can control nematodes but the current requirement for daily feeding means that this approach will be most useful for animals that are handled daily. Feeding supplementary protein can control nematode infection. The method is simple but can be expensive and may not be cost-effective for some marginal enterprises. Genetic approaches include the use of resistant breeds and selective breeding. Some breeds will thrive in conditions that kill animals from other breeds but substitution of resistant breeds is not always feasible. Selective breeding is effective and inexpensive but requires a high level of expertise. The most appropriate method or set of methods to minimize the adverse consequences of nematode infection may vary among farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stear
- Veterinary Genes and Proteins Group, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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Stear MJ, Bishop SC, Henderson NG, Scott I. A key mechanism of pathogenesis in sheep infected with the nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Anim Health Res Rev 2003; 4:45-52. [PMID: 12885208 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection of sheep with the abomasal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta can cause a relative protein deficiency and reduce growth rate in growing lambs. A key event appears to be the destruction of junctions between epithelial cells. If the infection is heavy or prolonged, this leads to increased mucus production, hyperplasia, decreased acid production, gastrinemia, inappetance and pepsinogenemia. The severity of the infection depends upon the extent of concurrent infection, the nutritional status of the host and genetically controlled variation in the ability to mount protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Stear
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK.
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