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Sulik M, Antoszczak M, Huczyński A, Steverding D. Antiparasitic activity of ivermectin: Four decades of research into a "wonder drug". Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115838. [PMID: 37793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still pose a serious threat to human and animal health, particularly for millions of people and their livelihoods in low-income countries. Therefore, research into the development of effective antiparasitic drugs remains a priority. Ivermectin, a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone, exhibits a broad spectrum of antiparasitic activities, which, combined with its low toxicity, has allowed the drug to be widely used in the treatment of parasitic diseases affecting humans and animals. In addition to its licensed use against river blindness and strongyloidiasis in humans, and against roundworm and arthropod infestations in animals, ivermectin is also used "off-label" to treat many other worm-related parasitic diseases, particularly in domestic animals. In addition, several experimental studies indicate that ivermectin displays also potent activity against viruses, bacteria, protozoans, trematodes, and insects. This review article summarizes the last 40 years of research on the antiparasitic effects of ivermectin, and the use of the drug in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sulik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Lebene C, Tora E. Mange: Epidemiology and ivermectin efficacy in goats and application of zero-inflated negative binomial regression in Uba Debre Tsehay, southern Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100814. [PMID: 36623896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mites are one of the most common and widely distributed ectoparasites of goats in Ethiopia, contributing to major burdens in livestock productivity in the country. Between February 2021 and July 2021, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of mange mites, assess the potential risk factors, identify the species infesting goats, and evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infested goats in the Uba Debere Tsehay district of Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study, longitudinal field efficacy, and questionnaire survey were conducted. A total of 384 goats suspected of having mange were scraped for mite prevalence and count. The mite count data were analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models with explanatory variables. The ZINB models indicated that a substantial proportion of the observed zero mite count reflected a failure to detect mites in suspected goats, meaning that the estimated true prevalence was much higher than the apparent prevalence as calculated using a simple proportion of nonzero mite counts. Overall prevalence of mange was 21.87% (84/384) in the study areas. Sarcoptes species (21.09%) and Demodex species (0.78%) were the mite genera identified in this study. Among goats with poor, medium, and good body conditions, mite prevalence was 36.3%, 12.3%, and 10.9%, respectively. Both the prevalence and intensity of infestation were significantly associated with body condition scores, but other risk factors were not. The questionnaire survey indicated that 85.94% of the participants preferred to use modern treatment options (ivermectin 1%, injection) and 76.56% (98/128) respondents replied that ivermectin treatment is effective. Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis shows that there was significantly (P < 0.05) fewer mites counted on goats treated with ivermectin than on untreated goats at each count up to day 56 after treatment. No live mites were found on any treated animal on days 28 and 56. Mixed ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference within treatment groups. This study showed that mites are one of the constraints to goat production in the study area and ivermectin was highly effective against Demodex and Sarcoptes mites in goats. Hence, there is a need to create awareness about the impact of mange on goat production, and appropriate ivermectin treatment against mites should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chernet Lebene
- Gofa Zone Livestock and Fishery Resource Department, Sawla, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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van Mol W, Claerebout E, Casaert S, Geldhof P, Levecke B. New insights into the use of a mite count reduction test for the detection of therapeutic acaricide efficacy in Psoroptes ovis in cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:62-72. [PMID: 32979706 PMCID: PMC7519215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
When used for the evaluation of drug efficacy against Psoroptes ovis, the diagnostic performance of different sampling strategies for a mite count reduction test (MCRT) remains unclear. In the present study, a novel simulation framework was constructed that accounted for relevant biological features of P. ovis infestations in cattle and that was parameterized with field data from 16 farms (154 animals). Second, this framework was applied to explore the impact of study specific factors (number of animals, number of sampled lesions, and number of scrapings per lesion) and biological factors (mite infestation intensity and size of lesions) on the diagnostic performance of MCRT. Its outcome provided a basis to determine the diagnostic performance of MCRT when it was applied according to the World Association for the Advancement in Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) guidelines, and to formulate recommendations to ensure a good diagnostic performance of the MCRT. For both guidelines, the MCRT allowed to correctly detect (power 80%) reduced and normal efficacy when the therapeutic efficacy was <70%, and ≥95%, respectively. The results highlighted a reliable diagnostic performance of the MCRT when performed as recommended by WAAVP and EMA for the detection of normal drug efficacy. When used for the detection of reduced efficacy, therapeutic efficacies between 70% and 90% could not be detected with sufficient reliability. The diagnostic performance can be improved by increasing the total number of skin scrapings (increasing the number of animals, number of sampled lesions and/or number of samples per lesion). In order to help researchers and veterinarians to optimize the design of the MCRT to their field settings, the findings were translated into a simple tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Mol
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Gotardo AT, Fonseca RL, Barreto F, Tomaszewski CA, Barnet LS, Castilho T, Górniak SL. The effect of breed, sex, and drug concentration on the pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:477-484. [PMID: 32270537 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is one of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs worldwide and has become the drug of choice for anthelmintic and tick treatment in beef cattle production. It is known that pharmacokinetic parameters are fundamental to the rational use of a drug and food safety and these parameters are influenced by different factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of IVM in Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and crossbreed cattle (B. indicus × B. taurus) kept under same field conditions and the possible impacts of sex and IVM formulation (1% and 3.15%). It was observed that IVM concentration was significantly affected by breed. The plasma concentrations of IVM, AUC, Cmax , and t1/2β were significantly higher in B. indicus compared to B. taurus. Crossbreed animals showed an intermediate profile between European and Indian cattle. No alteration in pharmacokinetics parameters was detected when comparing different gender. Concerning the pharmacokinetic data of IVM formulation, it was verified that Tmax , AUC, and t1/2β were higher in 3.15% IVM animals than those from 1% IVM formulation. The results clearly indicated that the IVM plasma concentrations in B. indicus were higher than that in B. taurus.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tadeu Gotardo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanzelloti Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Andrade Tomaszewski
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Suchecki Barnet
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tamara Castilho
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária (LFDA-RS), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Lima Górniak
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Centre for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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van Mol W, De Wilde N, Casaert S, Chen Z, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Resistance against macrocyclic lactones in Psoroptes ovis in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:127. [PMID: 32169109 PMCID: PMC7071684 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psoroptic mange is an important disease in Belgian Blue cattle. Treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones against Psoroptes ovis has been reported, but clear evidence of in vivo resistance is lacking. This study assessed the efficacy of macrocyclic lactone products on 16 beef farms in Belgium and the Netherlands in vivo and in vitro. Methods On each farm a group of animals (n = 7–14) with psoroptic mange was treated with two subcutaneous injections of a macrocyclic lactone product with 7–10 days interval (15 farms) or a single injection with a long-acting macrocyclic lactone (1 farm). In vivo efficacy was assessed by the reduction in mite counts, clinical index (proportion of the body surface affected by lesions), the proportion of the animals with negative mite counts after the first treatment round and the number of treatment rounds needed to obtain zero mites counts in all animals. A mite population was categorized as sensitive when the mite count reduction after the first treatment round > 95% and the lower limit of the uncertainty interval > 90%. Resistance was detected when both parameters were below their threshold and suspected when one parameter was too low. In vitro knockdown and mortality were evaluated in a contact test. Results The proportion of the animals with negative mite counts after the first treatment round varied from 0 to 80%. All farms needed two or more treatments rounds to obtain zero mite counts on all animals. Clinical index only started to reduce after the second treatment round. Mite populations from three farms were categorized as sensitive, one as suspected resistant and 12 as resistant. No correlation was found between in vitro lethal dose 50 and knockdown dose 50 values and in vivo efficacy parameters. Conclusions Unambiguous treatment failure was detected on 12 out of 16 farms, confirming the presence of macrocyclic lactone resistance on Belgian Blue beef farms. In vitro parameters could not discriminate the farms based on their in vivo sensitivity. The mean reduction in mite counts and the lower limit of the confidence interval are proposed as parameters to identify acaricide resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Mol
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie De Wilde
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marieke Vanhecke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Blutke A, Börjes P, Herbach N, Pfister K, Hamel D, Rehbein S, Wanke R. Acaricide treatment prevents adrenocortical hyperplasia as a long-term stress reaction to psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Treatment and control of bovine sarcoptic and psoroptic mange infestation with ivermectin long-acting injectable (IVOMEC® GOLD). Parasitol Res 2014; 114:535-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rehbein S, Knaus M, Visser M, Winter R, Yoon S, Anderson A, Cramer L. Activity of ivermectin long-acting injectable (IVOMEC(®) GOLD) in first-season grazing cattle exposed to natural challenge conditions in Germany. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:47-54. [PMID: 25280515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The persistent activity of ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15% ivermectin w/v) against nematode infections of cattle was evaluated under natural challenge conditions. Seventy nematode-free Brown Swiss calves were blocked by pre-treatment bodyweight and allocated randomly to seven groups of 10 animals each: saline (control) at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight once on day 0 or IVM LAI at 1 mL/50 kg bodyweight (630 mcg IVM/kg) on either days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, or 35. After housing until day 35, calves were grazed as one herd on a naturally contaminated pasture for 42 days. Calves were then weighed and housed for 4 weeks before being necropsied for parasite counting. Treatment with IVM LAI prevented the establishment (>90%, p < 0.05) of Dictyocaulus viviparus (100%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (100 %), Haemonchus contortus (98.6%), Ostertagia ostertagi/lyrata (94.9%), and Oesophagostomum radiatum (93.3%) for at least 77 days; Ostertagia leptospicularis (99.1%) for 63 days; Cooperia punctata (97.7%), Trichostrongylus axei (96.5%), and Ostertagia spp. inhibited larvae 4 (93.3%) for 56 days; Cooperia oncophora/surnabada (96.9%), Trichuris discolor (93.6%), and Cooperia spp. inhibited larvae 4 (98.8%); and Nematodirus spp. inhibited larvae 4 (97.1%) for 42 days. Calves of groups treated with IVM LAI had significantly (p < 0.001) higher days 0 to 77 weight gains than the saline-treated controls (28.40-39.25 vs 2.60 kg); the weight gains of the IVM LAI-treated groups, however, were not different from one another (p > 0.3). This study demonstrated a very high efficacy of IVOMEC® GOLD in preventing the establishment of a wide range of bovine nematodes for extended periods of time which was associated with a significant benefit to productivity in terms of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101, Rohrdorf, Germany,
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Bernardi M, Kirsten T, Spinosa H, Manzano H. Ivermectin impairs sexual behavior in sexually naïve, but not sexually experienced male rats. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Davey RB, Pound JM, Klavons JA, Lohmeyer KH, Freeman JM, Perez de Leon AA, Miller RJ. Efficacy and blood sera analysis of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on treated cattle. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:314-321. [PMID: 21485367 DOI: 10.1603/me10154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic and persistent efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of a long-acting formulation of moxidectin at a concentration of 1 mg/kg body weight was determined against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), along with the concentration-time blood sera profile in treated cattle. The therapeutic efficacy against ticks of all parasitic stages on cattle at the time of treatment was >99.9%, and the mean tick number, index of fecundity, engorgement weight, and egg mass weight of ticks recovered from treated animals were all significantly lower than ticks from untreated animals. The index of fecundity, engorgement weight of females, and egg mass weight of ticks recovered from treated animals infested at weekly (7-d) intervals between 14 and 63 d posttreatment were significantly lower than for ticks on untreated animals, whereas the number of ticks per animal recovered from treated cattle remained lower than that of untreated cattle for up to 49 d posttreatment. The percentage control remained >99% at weekly intervals between 14 and 49 d posttreatment, which is the minimum level of efficacy considered acceptable for use in the United States Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. The serum concentration of moxidectin in treated cattle increased to 25.6 ppb (parts per billion) within 1 d after treatment, and peaked at 47.3 ppb at 8 d posttreatment. Moxidectin sera levels remained above the estimated 100% threshold level for elimination of feeding ticks (5-8 ppb) for 44-53 d after treatment. The label claim of 50 d of prevention against reinfestation for the long-acting moxidectin formulation used in the study was supported by the efficacy and sera concentration data obtained. Based on these results, cattle could be treated at 63-d intervals with minimal risk of viable ticks detaching from treated animals. This treatment interval would be 4.5-fold longer than the presently required treatment interval of 14 d, thus leading to approximately 75% reduction in gathering and handling costs of cattle incurred by producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Davey
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Building 6419, 22675 N. Moorefield Road, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
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Lifschitz A, Virkel G, Ballent M, Sallovitz J, Imperiale F, Pis A, Lanusse C. Ivermectin (3.15%) long-acting formulations in cattle: absorption pattern and pharmacokinetic considerations. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:303-10. [PMID: 17524559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug extensively used in veterinary medicine. The composition of the pharmaceutical preparation affects IVM absorption and its systemic availability. After the introduction of the first approved IVM formulation (propylene glycol/glycerol formal 60:40) used at 200 microg/kg, different pharmaceutical modifications have been assayed to extend IVM persistent endectocide activity. Recently, IVM 3.15% long-acting (IVM-LA) preparations to be administered at 630 microg/kg to cattle were introduced into the veterinary pharmaceutical market. The work reported here was designed to evaluate the comparative IVM absorption pattern and plasma concentration profiles obtained after subcutaneous administration of the classic pioneer IVM formulation (1%) and two different commercially available IVM-LA preparations (3.15%) to cattle. Twenty-eight Holstein heifers were divided in four experimental groups (n=7) and treated subcutaneously as follows--Group A: IVM 1% given at 200 microg/kg, Group B: IVM 1% administered at 630 microg/kg, Group C: IVM-LA (A) injected at 630 microg/kg and Group D: IVM-LA (B) given at 630 microg/kg. Blood samples were taken between 0.5 and 90 days post-treatment and IVM plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. There were no differences in the persistence of IVM plasma concentrations after the administration of IVM 1% formulation at the two used dose levels (200 and 630 microg/kg). Higher peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and shorter mean residence time (MRT) were obtained for IVM 1% given at 630 microg/kg (Group B) compared to the treatments with both IVM-LA preparations. The IVM-LA (A) formulation showed a more extended absorption process than IVM-LA (B) preparation, which accounted for a longer persistence of detectable IVM plasma concentrations. The parasitological implications of the observed differences in peak plasma concentrations (C(max) values) and in the IVM concentration levels measured from day 20, and afterwards until day 90 post-treatment, between the different preparations assayed need to be elucidated. The characterization of the absorption patterns and kinetic behaviour obtained after injection of these novel long-acting formulations used at three times the therapeutic dose recommended for the classic IVM preparation in cattle is a further contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Lifschitz A, Sallovitz J, Imperiale F, Pis A, Jauregui Lorda J, Lanusse C. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of four ivermectin generic formulations in calves. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119:247-57. [PMID: 14746983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasma concentration profiles of four randomly chosen ivermectin (IVM) generic formulations (IVM G1-G4) were compared after their subcutaneous (SC) administration to healthy calves. The disposition of other avermectin-type endectocide compounds, doramectin (DRM) and abamectin (ABM), was also assessed in the same pharmacokinetic trial. Forty-two parasite-free Aberdeen Angus male calves were randomly allocated into six treatment groups. Animals in each group (n = 7) received SC treatment (200 microg/kg) with one of the commercially available endectocide formulation used in the trial. Blood samples were taken into heparinised vacutainer tubes from the jugular vein prior to and up to 35 days post-treatment. The recovered plasma was analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Large kinetic differences were observed among the DRM, ABM and IVM formulations under evaluation. The DRM plasma concentration profiles were higher than those measured for ABM and all the IVM generic formulations. The higher and sustained plasma concentrations of DRM accounted for greater area under concentration-time curve (AUC) and longer mean residence time (MRT) values compared to those obtained for both ABM and the IVM generic preparations. The pattern of IVM absorption from the site of subcutaneous administration showed differences among the generic formulations under evaluation. The IVM G2 preparation showed higher peak plasma concentration and AUC values (P < 0.05) compared to those obtained after the administration of the IVM G1 formulation. Longer (P < 0.05) MRT values were obtained after the administration of the IVM G3 compared to other IVM generic preparations. The kinetic behaviour of ABM did not show significant differences with that described for most of the IVM formulations. This study demonstrates that major differences on drug kinetic behaviour may be observed when using different endectocide injectable formulations in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Flamini G. Acaricides of Natural Origin, Personal Experiences and Review of Literature (1990-2001)**Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Serena Catalano. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART I) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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