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Gastrointestinal nematodes and mineral deficiencies in yearling cattle in Santiago del Estero, northern Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:94. [PMID: 35137322 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims were to study the epidemiology and the effect of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) on yearling cattle in a semiarid region in Argentina and to evaluate the mineral serum levels. Ten- to twelve-month-old calves were monitored between November and April 2019. Animals were divided into three groups: untreated control (CONG; n = 20); group treated with moxidectin (MXD, 200 µg/kg) every 30-40 days (MXDG; n = 20); group equally MXD treated and mineral supplementation administered in November and January (MMG; n = 20). Individual GIN egg counts (epg) and fecal cultures were made every 30-40 days. Animal live weight gain was determined. On 7-11-18, 25-1-19, and 3-4-19, serum levels of Se, Cu, Zn, Mg, and Ca were determined by atom absorption spectrophotometry. At the start of the trial, epg values were low (x̄ = 5.5), which increased only in CONG towards the end of the assay (x̄ = 229). In both GMXD and MMG, epg remained very low (x̄ = 4.1). Cooperia spp. (81%) prevailed over Haemonchus spp. (9%) and Oesophagostomum spp. (9%). Deficiency of Se ranged between marginal and important, except for MMG, although mean values were always below normal. Cu was marginally deficient in CONG and MXDG on the first two sampling dates, whereas MMG had normal values after treatment. Mg had low values in the three groups (x̄ = 1.5 mg/dl), whereas Ca and Zn exhibited normal values. Live weight gain (LWG) was higher in MMG than in MXDG, with significant differences (p < 0.05) by mid-January and then, when epg increased, dewormed groups showed higher LWG (p < 0.034) than CONG. A negative effect of GINs on LWG was observed, as well as low to marginal levels of Se, Cu, and Mg.
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Modelling the consequences of targeted selective treatment strategies on performance and emergence of anthelmintic resistance amongst grazing calves. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 6:258-271. [PMID: 27915061 PMCID: PMC5137182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of anthelmintic resistance by helminths can be slowed by maintaining refugia on pasture or in untreated hosts. Targeted selective treatments (TST) may achieve this through the treatment only of individuals that would benefit most from anthelmintic, according to certain criteria. However TST consequences on cattle are uncertain, mainly due to difficulties of comparison between alternative strategies. We developed a mathematical model to compare: 1) the most 'beneficial' indicator for treatment selection and 2) the method of selection of calves exposed to Ostertagia ostertagi, i.e. treating a fixed percentage of the population with the lowest (or highest) indicator values versus treating individuals who exceed (or are below) a given indicator threshold. The indicators evaluated were average daily gain (ADG), faecal egg counts (FEC), plasma pepsinogen, combined FEC and plasma pepsinogen, versus random selection of individuals. Treatment success was assessed in terms of benefit per R (BPR), the ratio of average benefit in weight gain to change in frequency of resistance alleles R (relative to an untreated population). The optimal indicator in terms of BPR for fixed percentages of calves treated was plasma pepsinogen and the worst ADG; in the latter case treatment was applied to some individuals who were not in need of treatment. The reverse was found when calves were treated according to threshold criteria, with ADG being the best target indicator for treatment. This was also the most beneficial strategy overall, with a significantly higher BPR value than any other strategy, but its degree of success depended on the chosen threshold of the indicator. The study shows strong support for TST, with all strategies showing improvements on calves treated selectively, compared with whole-herd treatment at 3, 8, 13 weeks post-turnout. The developed model appeared capable of assessing the consequences of other TST strategies on calf populations.
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Yazwinski TA, Tucker CA, Powell J, Beck P, Wray E, Weingartz C. Current Status of Parasite Control at the Feed Yard. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2015; 31:229-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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O'Shaughnessy J, Earley B, Mee J, Doherty M, Crosson P, Barrett D, de Waal T. Controlling nematodes in dairy calves using targeted selective treatments. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Larsson A, Uggla A, Waller P, Höglund J. Performance of second-season grazing cattle following different levels of parasite control in their first grazing season. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yazwinski TA, Williams JC, Smith LL, Tucker C, Loyacano AF, Derosa A, Peterson P, Bruer DJ, Delay RL. Dose determination of the persistent activity of moxidectin long-acting injectable formulations against various nematode species in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:273-85. [PMID: 16481112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness, safety and production-enhancing benefit (improved weight gains) of moxidectin long-acting injection given subcutaneously in the ear at the rates of 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5mg/kg bw were evaluated in three studies under common protocol. The only adverse reaction to treatment was a mild (<2 tablespoons in volume), and for the most part transient (<28 days for the treatment rate of 1.0mg/kg bw) injection site swelling as noted in a minority of the animals (12.2% of the animals treated at the rate of 1.0mg/kg bw). Regardless of study site, post-treatment interval or dose rate, average daily gains were improved over control cattle by approximately 33%. Reductions in strongyle EPG counts relative to controls were > or = 90% for all dose rates of moxidectin for a post-treatment period of 42 days (Wisconsin), 84 days (Arkansas) and 140 days (Louisiana). In Arkansas and Louisiana, the majority (>80%) of post-treatment strongyle eggs, as determined by coproculture, were Cooperia spp. As determined by sequential necropsies, periods of continuous, post-treatment protection (> or = 90% efficacy in at least two out of three studies) for moxidectin long-acting injection given at the rate of 1.0 mg/kg bw were 90 days (adult Haemonchus spp.), 120 days (Dictyocaulus viviparus and adult Ostertagia and Oesophagostomum) and 150 days (Ostertagia spp. EL4).
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Dimander SO, Höglund J, Uggla A, Spörndly E, Waller PJ. Evaluation of gastro-intestinal nematode parasite control strategies for first-season grazing cattle in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:193-209. [PMID: 12531294 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-year grazing experiment (1998-2000) was conducted with first-season grazing cattle (FSGC) on improved pastures in central-eastern Sweden. Comparison was made between five groups with 10 calves in each group where four of these were set stocked and either (1) untreated, (2) ivermectin bolus treated, (3) subjected to biological control with the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, or (4) treated with a copper wire particle bolus. The fifth treatment was an evasive grazing strategy, whereby untreated calves were turned out onto pasture used by older cattle the previous year and then these calves were moved to silage aftermath in mid-July. To introduce low-levels of parasite infection to the experiment, each animal received a 'priming dose' of approximately 5,000 Ostertagia ostertagi and 5,000 Cooperia oncophora infective third stage larvae immediately prior to the start of the first grazing year of the trial. Results showed that efficient and sustainable parasite control of FSGC was possible to achieve without the use of anthelmintics by using turnout pastures that the previous year had been grazed by older cattle, in combination with a mid-July move to aftermath leys. Biological control also proved beneficial but the efficacy was impaired if high faecal egg counts coincided with rapid dung pat degradation due to heavy rainfall. No indication of parasite control was observed with the copper wire particle bolus. It was also demonstrated that the impact of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism varied between years and that the level of overwintering contamination is important but likewise, is unpredictable. Although faecal egg counts in 1999 were low, due both to a delayed turnout and drought for the major part of the grazing season, deposited eggs successfully developed to infective larvae and overwintered in large numbers. The population of overwintered infective larvae at the time of turnout in early May played an important role in the course of infection in 2000 and resulted in an average 65 kg advantage of the ivermectin treated calves compared with the untreated calves.Thus, this three-year grazing experiment has emphasised the importance of subclinical gastrointestinal nematode infections in FSGC in Sweden. In addition, the study has shown that adequate parasite control may be achievable without the use of anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten-Olof Dimander
- Department of Parasitology (SWEPAR), National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Treatment vs non-treatment of helminth infections in cattle: defining the threshold. Vet Parasitol 2001; 98:195-214. [PMID: 11516586 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are an important cause of lost productivity in livestock world-wide, often necessitating anthelmintic treatment. However, a large part of the anthelmintics are used indiscriminately because the parasite levels are too low to justify treatment or because the treatments are not correctly programmed, resulting in undertreatment or overtreatment. The objective of this paper is to discuss possible thresholds for anthelmintic treatment of some of the more important helminth infections in livestock, i.e. gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms and liver fluke, to promote a more appropriate use of anthelmintics. When possible, a distinction is made between therapeutic thresholds, production-based thresholds and preventive thresholds. A "therapeutic threshold" is intended to identify (an) animal(s) with parasite levels that necessitate immediate treatment. The therapeutic threshold is basically the diagnosis of clinical disease, and can be determined relatively easily for the parasites discussed in this paper. A "production-based threshold" is intended to measure the effects of sub-clinical parasitism on productivity parameters, such as weight gain and milk yield, before clinical disease occurs. Finally, a "preventive threshold" is meant to predict future infection levels, to enable the application of appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Suarez VH, Busetti MR, Babinec FJ. Effects of previous suppressive anthelmintic treatments on subsequent nematode infection in fattening cattle in Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2001; 96:221-31. [PMID: 11240096 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of previous suppressive anthelmintic treatments after weaning on parasitological parameters and weight gain of cattle was studied in the Pampeana region of Argentina. The study was carried out at two grazing fattening periods: April 1995/July 1996 and April 1997/July 1998. During both periods, 60 weaned calves that grazed contaminated pastures, were divided into three groups during the first part of the periods: GY1 group was treated every 2 weeks with doramectin while GY2 and GY3 groups remained untreated. During the second part of the periods, from October onwards GY1 and GY2 remained untreated and GY3 was treated every 2 weeks. In this second period two new groups of 20 weaning young calves were added: TG (treated every 2 weeks) and UG (untreated). Egg counts (EPG), larval cultures, pasture larval counts, serum pepsinogen (Pep) and live weight gain (LWG) were recorded monthly. Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Haemonchus were the predominant genera. Despite low levels of previous infection during the first part of the period, slight differences of EPG between GY1 (P<0.09) or UG (P<0.05) and GY2 were detected in the second part of the fattening period in 1995/1996. In 1997/1998 moderate infection levels during the first part of the period were observed. During the second part of this period, GY1 and UG showed higher (P<0.001) EPG than GY2, and only GY3 and TG had (P<0.05) lower Pep levels. Also, during the second part of 1997/1998, LWG responses of GY3 were higher (P<0.001) than those of GY1 and GY2. Live weight gain of GY2 exceeded GY1 by 10.7kg (P<0.006). Higher EPG and lower LWG of GY1 suggest that suppressive treatments negatively affected the level of resistance to infection of yearlings, but these effects were influenced by previous levels of nematode infection. The lack of differences between yearling (GY1) and calves (UG) groups suggest that, under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence that resistance to infection and the related parameters are influenced by the age.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Suarez
- Unidad Regional en Sanidad Animal, INTA-Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Anguil, CC 11, 6326, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina.
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Borgsteede FH, Tibben J, Cornelissen JB, Agneessens J, Gaasenbeek CP. Nematode parasites of adult dairy cattle in the Netherlands. Vet Parasitol 2000; 89:287-96. [PMID: 10799842 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abomasa, blood samples and faecal samples for examination of nematode infections were collected from 125 dairy cows during the period November 1997-October 1998. Of these, 12 had no grazing history and were, therefore, excluded from this study. From the remaining 113, 88.5% had nematode eggs in the faeces. Larval identification of the positive cultures showed that Ostertagia spp. larvae were most frequent (97%), followed by Trichostrongylus spp. (29%), Oesophagostomum spp. (23%), Cooperia punctata (20%), Cooperia oncophora (4%), Haemonchus contortus (2%) and Bunostomum phlebotomum (1%). The geometric mean EPG was 2.4. Two cows excreted larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus (0.1 and 0.6 LPG resp.). Worms were found in the abomasa of 108 cows (96%). In all these abomasa Ostertagia spp. was present (100%). Trichostrongylus axei was found in 47 abomasa (43.5%) and two cows (2%) were infected with Capillaria bovis. The geometric mean of the total abomasal worm counts was 1743 and of Ostertagia spp. alone 1615. Almost all male worms were Ostertagia ostertagi, only occasionally Skrjabinagia lyrata10,000) total worm burden. Ostertagia specific antibodies were highest in late summer and autumn and lowest in spring and early summer. The same pattern, although not so pronounced, was observed for the serum pepsinogen values. No clear seasonal pattern was found for the Cooperia specific antibodies. Antibodies against D. viviparus were detected in seven cows (6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Borgsteede
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, Netherlands.
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