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Pradhan S, Gao R, Bush K, Zhang N, Wairkar YP, Sarkar PS. Polyglutamine Expansion in Huntingtin and Mechanism of DNA Damage Repair Defects in Huntington’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837576. [PMID: 35444517 PMCID: PMC9013776 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that DNA repair deficiency and genome instability may be the impending signs of many neurological diseases. Genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have established a strong correlation between genes that play a role in DNA damage repair and many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD), and several other trinucleotides repeat expansion-related hereditary ataxias. Recently, many reports have documented a significant role played by the DNA repair processes in aging and in modifying many neurodegenerative diseases, early during their progression. Studies from our lab and others have now begun to understand the mechanisms that cause defective DNA repair in HD and surprisingly, many proteins that have a strong link to known neurodegenerative diseases seem to be important players in these cellular pathways. Mutations in huntingtin (HTT) gene that lead to polyglutamine repeat expansion at the N-terminal of HTT protein has been shown to disrupt transcription-coupled DNA repair process, a specialized DNA repair process associated with transcription. Due to the recent progress made in understanding the mechanisms of DNA repair in relation to HD, in this review, we will mainly focus on the mechanisms by which the wild-type huntingtin (HTT) protein helps in DNA repair during transcription, and the how polyglutamine expansions in HTT impedes this process in HD. Further studies that identify new players in DNA repair will help in our understanding of this process in neurons. Furthermore, it should help us understand how various DNA repair mechanism(s) coordinate to maintain the normal physiology of neurons, and provide insights for the development of novel drugs at prodromal stages of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Keegan Bush
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yogesh P. Wairkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Partha S. Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Partha S. Sarkar,
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Werner MH, Olanow CW. Parkinson's Disease Modification through Abl Kinase Inhibition: An Opportunity. Mov Disord 2021; 37:6-15. [PMID: 34816484 PMCID: PMC8770606 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, with an estimated 5 000 000 cases worldwide. Historically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, PD pathology is now known to be widespread and to affect serotonin, cholinergic and norepinephrine neurons as well as nerve cells in the olfactory system, cerebral hemisphere, brain stem, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic nervous system. PD pathology is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein, which is thought to play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Animal models of PD suggest that activation of the Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of α-synuclein pathology and neurodegeneration. These studies demonstrate that internalization of misfolded α-synuclein activates c-Abl, which phosphorylates α-synuclein and promotes α-synuclein pathology within the affected neurons. Additionally, c-Abl inactivates parkin, disrupting mitochondrial quality control and biogenesis, promoting neurodegeneration. Post-mortem studies of PD patients demonstrate increased levels of tyrosine phosphorylated α-synuclein, consistent with the activation of c-Abl in human disease. Although the c-Abl inhibitor nilotinib failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in two double-blind trials, novel c-Abl inhibitors have been developed that accumulate in the brain and may inhibit c-Abl at saturating levels. These novel inhibitors have demonstrated benefits in animal models of PD and have now entered clinical development. Here, we review the role of c-Abl in the neurodegenerative disease process and consider the translational potential of c-Abl inhibitors from model studies to disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease. © 2021 Inhibikase Therapeutics, Inc. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Warren Olanow
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Clintrex Research Corporation, Sarasota, Florida, USA
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3
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Burger K, Schlackow M, Gullerova M. Tyrosine kinase c-Abl couples RNA polymerase II transcription to DNA double-strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3467-3484. [PMID: 30668775 PMCID: PMC6468493 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA is constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous damage. Various types of DNA repair counteract highly toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to maintain genome stability. Recent findings suggest that the human DNA damage response (DDR) utilizes small RNA species, which are produced as long non-coding (nc)RNA precursors and promote recognition of DSBs. However, regulatory principles that control production of such transcripts remain largely elusive. Here we show that the Abelson tyrosine kinase c-Abl/ABL1 causes formation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) foci, predominantly phosphorylated at carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) residue Tyr1, at DSBs. CTD Tyr1-phosphorylated RNAPII (CTD Y1P) synthetizes strand-specific, damage-responsive transcripts (DARTs), which trigger formation of double-stranded (ds)RNA intermediates via DNA-RNA hybrid intermediates to promote recruitment of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) and Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) to endogenous DSBs. Interference with transcription, c-Abl activity, DNA-RNA hybrid formation or dsRNA processing impairs CTD Y1P foci formation, attenuates DART synthesis and delays recruitment of DDR factors and DSB signalling. Collectively, our data provide novel insight in RNA-dependent DDR by coupling DSB-induced c-Abl activity on RNAPII to generate DARTs for consequent DSB recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Burger
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Margarita Schlackow
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Monika Gullerova
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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4
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Mahajan K, Mahajan NP. Cross talk of tyrosine kinases with the DNA damage signaling pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10588-601. [PMID: 26546517 PMCID: PMC4678820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases respond to extracellular and intracellular cues by activating specific cellular signaling cascades to regulate cell cycle, growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival. Likewise, DNA damage response proteins (DDR) activated by DNA lesions or chromatin alterations recruit the DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint machinery to restore genome integrity and cellular homeostasis. Several new examples have been uncovered in recent studies which reveal novel epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms by which tyrosine kinases interact with DDR proteins to dictate cell fate, i.e. survival or apoptosis, following DNA damage. These studies reveal the ability of tyrosine kinases to directly regulate the activity of DNA repair and cell cycle check point proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, tyrosine kinases epigenetically regulate DNA damage signaling pathways by modifying the core histones as well as chromatin modifiers at critical tyrosine residues. Thus, deregulated tyrosine kinase driven epigenomic alterations have profound implications in cancer, aging and genetic disorders. Consequently, targeting oncogenic tyrosine kinase induced epigenetic alterations has gained significant traction in overcoming cancer cell resistance to various therapies. This review discusses mechanisms by which tyrosine kinases interact with DDR pathways to regulate processes critical for maintaining genome integrity as well as clinical strategies for targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Mahajan
- Tumor Biology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Nupam P Mahajan
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Cottini F, Anderson KC, Tonon G. Awakening the Hippo co-activator YAP1, a mercurial cancer gene, in hematologic cancers. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e970055. [PMID: 27308358 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unrestrained oncogene activity triggers DNA damage. Cancer cells exploit various stratagems to deal with this potentially lethal event. We found that hematologic cancer cells inactivate the Hippo co-activator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). A synthetic lethal approach is proposed whereby inhibition of the serine/threonine kinase 4 (STK4) could be exploited to restore YAP1 levels in hematologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cottini
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center; Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA; Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit; Division of Molecular Oncology; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS); San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center; Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School ; Boston, MA USA
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit; Division of Molecular Oncology; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS); San Raffaele Scientific Institute ; Milan, Italy
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Alpay K, Farshchian M, Tuomela J, Sandholm J, Aittokallio K, Siljamäki E, Kallio M, Kähäri VM, Hietanen S. Inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity renders cancer cells highly sensitive to mitoxantrone. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105526. [PMID: 25148385 PMCID: PMC4141754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although c-Abl has increasingly emerged as a key player in the DNA damage response, its role in this context is far from clear. We studied the effect of inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity by imatinib with chemotherapy drugs and found a striking difference in cell survival after combined mitoxantrone (MX) and imatinib treatment compared to a panel of other chemotherapy drugs. The combinatory treatment induced apoptosis in HeLa cells and other cancer cell lines but not in primary fibroblasts. The difference in MX and doxorubicin was related to significant augmentation of DNA damage. Transcriptionally active p53 accumulated in cells in which human papillomavirus E6 normally degrades p53. The combination treatment resulted in caspase activation and apoptosis, but this effect did not depend on either p53 or p73 activity. Despite increased p53 activity, the cells arrested in G2 phase became defective in this checkpoint, allowing cell cycle progression. The effect after MX treatment depended partially on c-Abl: Short interfering RNA knockdown of c-Abl rendered HeLa cells less sensitive to MX. The effect of imatinib was decreased by c-Abl siRNA suggesting a role for catalytically inactive c-Abl in the death cascade. These findings indicate that MX has a unique cytotoxic effect when the kinase activity of c-Abl is inhibited. The treatment results in increased DNA damage and c-Abl–dependent apoptosis, which may offer new possibilities for potentiation of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Alpay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Cell Imaging Core, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaappo Aittokallio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Siljamäki
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Kallio
- VTT Health, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Joint Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of Turku University Hospital, Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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7
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Schlatterer SD, Acker CM, Davies P. c-Abl in neurodegenerative disease. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:445-52. [PMID: 21728062 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Abl tyrosine kinase participates in a variety of cellular functions, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, regulation of the cell cycle, and the apoptotic/cell cycle arrest response to stress, and the Abl family of kinases has been shown to play a crucial role in development of the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown c-Abl activation in human Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and c-Abl activation in mouse models and neuronal culture in response to amyloid beta fibrils and oxidative stress. Overexpression of active c-Abl in adult mouse neurons results in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Based on this evidence, a potential role for c-Abl in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease is discussed, and we attempt to place activation of c-Abl in context with other known contributors to neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Schlatterer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Leonberg AK, Chai YC. The functional role of cysteine residues for c-Abl kinase activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:207-12. [PMID: 17588140 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the formation of mixed disulfides of glutathione with cysteine residues of proteins, is a broadly observed physiological modification that occurs in response to oxidative stress. Since cysteine residues are particularly susceptible to oxidative modification by reactive oxygen species, S-glutathionylation can protect proteins from irreversible oxidation. In this study, we show that the kinase activity of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is inhibited by in vitro thiol modification; specifically, the cysteine residues of c-Abl are modified by S-glutathionylation and by thiol alkylating agents such as 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidylstilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and N-ethylmaleimide. Modification of cysteine residues of c-Abl tyrosine kinase using glutathione disulfide and thiol alkylating agents corresponds to a concomitant loss of kinase activity. We also demonstrate that S-glutathionylation of c-Abl can be reversed using a physiological system involving glutaredoxin and this reversal restores c-Abl kinase activity. To our knowledge, these are the first data to show S-glutathionylation of c-Abl, and this modification may represent a mechanism of regulation of c-Abl kinase activity in cells under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kae Leonberg
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, 20700 North Park Boulevard, University Heights, OH 44118, USA
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Cong F, Tang J, Hwang BJ, Vuong BQ, Chu G, Goff SP. Interaction between UV-damaged DNA binding activity proteins and the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:34870-8. [PMID: 12107171 PMCID: PMC2894263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204416200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Abl tyrosine kinase is activated by some forms of DNA damage, including ionizing radiation, but not UV radiation. The functions of this activation in the damage response pathways remain obscure. To identify potential targets of c-Abl kinase, we utilized the yeast two-hybrid system to screen a murine cDNA library. One c-Abl binding protein of particular interest was the large subunit (DDB1) of the heterodimeric complex with UV-damaged DNA binding activity (UV-DDB). This complex binds with high specificity to DNA damaged by UV, is absent in a subset of xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells, and is required for global genomic repair of UV-induced damage. The association of c-Abl with DDB1 required the kinase domain of c-Abl and preserved the interaction between DDB1 and the small subunit (DDB2) of the UV-DDB complex. Significantly, overexpression of c-Abl increased tyrosine phosphorylation of DDB2 and suppressed UV-DDB activity. Conversely, a dominant negative, kinase-deficient allele of c-Abl decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of DDB2 and dramatically stimulated UV-DDB activity. These results suggest that one role of c-Abl may be to negatively regulate UV-DDB activity by phosphorylation of DDB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jean Tang
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Byung Joon Hwang
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Bao Q. Vuong
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Gilbert Chu
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: 269 Campus Dr., Center for Clinical Science Research 1140, Stanford, CA 94305. Tel.: 650-725-6442; Fax: 650-725-1420;
| | - Stephen P. Goff
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032
- To whom correspondence may be addressed: 701 West 168 St., Hammer Health Science Center 1310C, New York, NY 10032. Tel.: 212-305-3794; Fax: 212-305-8692;
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Nunes I, Higgins RD, Zanetta L, Shamamian P, Goff SP. c-abl is required for the development of hyperoxia-induced retinopathy. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1383-91. [PMID: 11413193 PMCID: PMC2193304 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.12.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The requirement for the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-abl in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was examined using the mouse model for ROP and c-abl-deficient mice. Hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization was observed in wild-type and heterozygous mice but animals that were homozygous null for c-abl did not develop a vasoproliferative retinopathy in response to hyperoxia. Two gene products, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ROP. The mRNA expression of ET-1 and VEGF was assessed in mice maintained in normoxia and in hyperoxia-exposed mice. ET-1 mRNA levels were unchanged in wild-type mice throughout the hyperoxia treatment, suggesting that ET-1 mRNA expression is not regulated by the increase in inspired oxygen. In wild-type mice maintained in room air, VEGF mRNA levels rose threefold from postnatal day 6 (P6) to P17. When wild-type mice were treated with the hyperoxia regimen, a fivefold decrease in VEGF mRNA expression was observed from P7 to P16. However, retinal VEGF expression in hyperoxia-treated homozygous null mice did not decrease and remained at control levels. These data suggest that c-abl is required for the hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization and hyperoxia-induced decrease in VEGF mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - Lucia Zanetta
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Peter Shamamian
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Stephen P. Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10032
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Riesbeck K, Forsgren A, Henriksson A, Bredberg A. Ciprofloxacin induces an immunomodulatory stress response in human T lymphocytes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1923-30. [PMID: 9687385 PMCID: PMC105711 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.8.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1998] [Accepted: 06/03/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of cells to adverse environmental conditions invokes a genetically programmed series of events resulting in the induction of specific genes. The fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin has recently been reported to upregulate interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction. In the present investigation, the effect of ciprofloxacin at supratherapeutic concentrations on immediate-early (<2 h) gene expression in primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied with Northern blots. In addition, transcriptional activity of IL-2 and metallothionein enhancer and promoter regions and transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappaB, and NF-AT were analyzed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, respectively. The concentration of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, junB, and fra-1 mRNAs was increased in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with ciprofloxacin compared to that in untreated controls. Ciprofloxacin increased CAT activity in stimulated lymphocytes transfected with plasmids containing either the IL-2 or metallothionein enhancer. Furthermore, among the transcription factors tested, AP-1 activity was increased in stimulated purified T helper lymphocytes incubated with ciprofloxacin compared to drug-free controls. Taken together, ciprofloxacin increased the levels of immediate-early transcripts, enhanced IL-2 and metallothionein promoter induction, and upregulated AP-1 concentrations in primary lymphocytes, reflecting a program commonly observed in mammalian stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Riesbeck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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