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Characterization of the First Animal Toxin Acting as an Antagonist on AT1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032330. [PMID: 36768653 PMCID: PMC9916866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the main regulatory systems of cardiovascular homeostasis. It is mainly composed of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2. ACE and AT1 are targets of choice for the treatment of hypertension, whereas the AT2 receptor is still not exploited due to the lack of knowledge of its physiological properties. Peptide toxins from venoms display multiple biological functions associated with varied chemical and structural properties. If Brazilian viper toxins have been described to inhibit ACE, no animal toxin is known to act on AT1/AT2 receptors. We screened a library of toxins on angiotensin II receptors with a radioligand competition binding assay. Functional characterization of the selected toxin was conducted by measuring second messenger production, G-protein activation and β-arrestin 2 recruitment using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) based biosensors. We identified one original toxin, A-CTX-cMila, which is a 7-residues cyclic peptide from Conus miliaris with no homology sequence with known angiotensin peptides nor identified toxins, displaying a 100-fold selectivity for AT1 over AT2. This toxin shows a competitive antagonism mode of action on AT1, blocking Gαq, Gαi3, GαoA, β-arrestin 2 pathways and ERK1/2 activation. These results describe the first animal toxin active on angiotensin II receptors.
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Chen HL, Chang CT, Lin LL, Li TY, Lo HF. The dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase of Escherichia coli novablue: overproduction and molecular characterization of the recombinant enzyme. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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RIVIèRE G, Michaud A, Deloffre L, Vandenbulcke F, Levoye A, Breton C, Corvol P, Salzet M, Vieau D. Characterization of the first non-insect invertebrate functional angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE): leech TtACE resembles the N-domain of mammalian ACE. Biochem J 2005; 382:565-73. [PMID: 15175004 PMCID: PMC1133813 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that plays a major role in blood homoeostasis and reproduction in mammals. In vertebrates, both transmembrane and soluble ACE, containing one or two homologous active sites, have been characterized. So far, several ACEs from invertebrates have been cloned, but only in insects. They are soluble and display a single active site. Using biochemical procedures, an ACE-like activity was detected in our model, the leech, Theromyzon tessulatum. Annelida is the most distant phylum in which an ACE activity has been observed. To gain more insight into the leech enzyme, we have developed a PCR approach to characterize its mRNA. The approx. 2 kb cDNA has been predicted to encode a 616-amino-acid soluble enzyme containing a single active site, named TtACE (T. tessulatum ACE). Surprisingly, its primary sequence shows greater similarity to vertebrates than to invertebrates. Stable in vitro expression of TtACE in transfected Chinese-hamster ovary cells revealed that the leech enzyme is a functional metalloprotease. As in mammals, this 79 kDa glycosylated enzyme functions as a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase capable of hydrolysing angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, a weak chloride inhibitory effect and acetylated N-acetyl-SDKP (Ac SDAcKP) hydrolysis reveal that TtACE activity resembles that of the N-domain of mammalian ACE. In situ hybridization shows that its cellular distribution is restricted to epithelial midgut cells. Although the precise roles and endogenous substrates of TtACE remain to be identified, characterization of this ancestral peptidase will help to clarify its physiological roles in non-insect invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume RIVIèRE
- *Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Développement, UPRES-EA 2701, Bat SN4 2 étage, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France
| | - Annie Michaud
- †INSERM U 36, Pathologie Vasculaire et Endocrinologie Rénale, Collège de France, 11, place Marcellin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Laurence Deloffre
- ‡Centro de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- §CNRS UMR 8017, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Angélique Levoye
- ∥Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR 8104–INSERM U567, IFR Alfred Jost, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Breton
- *Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Développement, UPRES-EA 2701, Bat SN4 2 étage, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France
| | - Pierre Corvol
- †INSERM U 36, Pathologie Vasculaire et Endocrinologie Rénale, Collège de France, 11, place Marcellin Berthelot, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- §CNRS UMR 8017, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- *Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Développement, UPRES-EA 2701, Bat SN4 2 étage, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Kawamura T, Kikuno K, Oda T, Muramatsu T. Some molecular and inhibitory specifications of a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase from the polychaete Neanthes virens resembling angiotensin I converting enzyme. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:2193-200. [PMID: 11129594 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (DCP) from the polychaete Neanthes virens, resembling mammalian angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), was studied to discover some of its molecular and inhibitory properties, as the first evidence of these in a marine invertebrate. Amino acid and carbohydrate contents were analyzed. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of N. virens DCP was (NH2)D-E-E-A-G-R-Q-W-L-A-E-Y-D-L-R-N-Q-T-V-L-. Peptide maps of N. virens DCP from lysyl endopeptidase digestion were different from rabbit p-ACE. The far-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra of N. virens DCP indicated that the secondary structure of this enzyme seemed to be an alpha-helical structure and was similar to that of rabbit p-ACE, but the near-ultraviolet circular dichroic spectra of N. virens DCP indicated that the aromatic amino acid residue circumambience of this enzyme was different from rabbit p-ACE. The effects of several reagents for chemical modification of amino acids on the activity of N. virens DCP were tested. Arg, Tyr, Glu, and/or Asp, His, Trp, and Met caused loss of the activity. In addition, the IC50 and Ki values for a well-known ACE inhibitor, Val-Tyr, which was a competitive inhibitor of N. virens DCP, were 263 and 20 microM, respectively. These results suggested that N. virens DCP is different from mammalian ACE in the molecular and inhibitory properties, although the same substrate specificity was demonstrated in a previous paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawamura
- Industrial Technology Center of Nagasaki, Omura, Japan.
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