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INDICATORS CELL CYCLE AND DNA FRAGMENTATION OF SPLEEN CELLS IN EARLY TERMS AFTER THERMAL BURNS OF SKIN AT THE BACKGROUND OF INTRODUCTION 0.9% NaCl SOLUTION. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2018-1-63-116-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Effect of parenteral glutamine supplementation combined with enteral nutrition on Hsp90 expression and lymphoid organ apoptosis in severely burned rats. Burns 2016; 42:1494-1506. [PMID: 27613477 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of parenteral glutamine(GLN) supplementation combined with enteral nutrition (EN) on heat shock protein 90(Hsp90) expression, apoptosis of lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes, immunological function and survival in severely burned rats. METHODS Male SD rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: a sham burn+EN+GLN-free amino acid (AA) group (n=10), a sham burn+EN+GLN group (n=10), a burn+EN+AA group (n=10), and a burn +EN +GLN group (n=10). Two hours after a 30% total body surface area (TBSA), full-thickness scald burn injury on the back was made, the burned rats in two experimental groups (the burn+EN+AA group and the burn+EN +GLN group) were fed with a conventional enteral nutrition solution by oral gavage for 7 days. Simultaneously, the rats in the burn+EN+GLN group were given 0.35g GLN/kg body weight/day once via a tail vein injection for 7 days, whereas those in the burn+EN+AA group were administered isocaloric/isonitrogenous GLN-free amino acid solution (Tyrosine) for comparison. The rats in two sham burn control groups (the sham burn+EN+AA group and the sham burn+EN +GLN group) were treated in the same procedure as above, except for burn injury. All rats in each of the four groups were given 175kcal/kg body wt/day. There was isonitrogenous, isovolumic and isocaloric intake among four groups. At the end of the 7th day after nutritional programme were finished, all rats were anesthetized and samples were collected for further analysis. Serum immunoglobulin quantification was conducted by ELISA. Circulating lymphocyte numbers were counted by Coulter LH-750 Analyzer. The percentages and apoptotic ratio of CD4 and CD8T lymphocytes in circulation were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). The neutrophil phagocytosis index (NPI) was examined. The GLN concentrations in plasma, thymus, spleen and skeletal muscle were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The organ index evaluation and TUNEL analysis of thymus and spleen were carried out. The expression of Hsp90 in thymus and spleen was analyzed by western blotting. Moreover, the survival in burned rats was observed. RESULTS The results revealed that parenteral GLN supplementation combined with EN significantly increased the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues, the serum immunoglobulin content, the circulating lymphocyte number, the CD4/CD8 ratio, the indexes of thymus and spleen, NPI and survival as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). The expression of Hsp90 in thymus and spleen in the burn+EN+GLN group was significantly up-regulated as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). The apoptosis in circulating CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, thymus and spleen in the burn+EN+GLN group was significantly decreased as compared with the burn+EN+AA group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that parenteral GLN supplementation combined with EN may increase the GLN concentrations of plasma and tissues, up-regulate the expression of Hsp90, attenuate apoptosis in lymphoid organ and circulating lymphocyte, enhance the immunological function and improve survival in severely burned rats. Clinically, therapeutic efforts at the modulation of the immune dysfunction may contribute to a favorable outcome in severely burned patients.
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Immune responses in relation to the type and time of thermal injury: an experimental study. Injury 2015; 46:227-32. [PMID: 25467712 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal injuries are followed by a complex immune response, but the relationship between the severity of burn injury and the time exposure to the thermal injury on the extent of the immune response is still not known. OBJECTIVE This study focuses on characterising the effect of temperature and time exposure on the post-burn immune response. METHODS We used 120 C57BL/6 male mice divided equally in 5 burn groups and one sham operated group (groups A-E and sham). Ten mice per group were sacrificed at 24 and 48 h after burn injury and whole blood was collected; specimens of liver, lung, spleen, kidney and bowel were excised. Apoptosis and TREM-1 expression on circulating blood cells were measured. Splenocytes were isolated and stimulated for cytokine production; the rate of apoptosis of splenocytes was also measured. RESULTS Production of IL-17 from splenocytes of mice group D was enhanced. Considerable effects were shown on the apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes and of spleen cells. The apoptotic rates varied between groups and also evolved after 24 and 48 h. To examine the origin of this differential response, quantitative bacterial cultures of liver, lung and kidney were made but no differences were observed compared with sham-operated animals. LIMITATIONS This study was based on an experimental murine model. CONCLUSION There is a unique response for each type of injury depending on the temperature of the thermal source and the exposure time.
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Guo Z, Pang L, Jia X, Wang X, Su X, Li P, Mi W, Hao J. Intraoperative target-controlled infusion anesthesia application using remifentanil hydrochloride with etomidate in patients with severe burn as monitored using Narcotrend. Burns 2014; 41:100-5. [PMID: 24931823 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative composite target-controlled infusion (TCI) anesthesia application using remifentanil hydrochloride with etomidate in patients with severe burns, as monitored by Narcotrend. METHODS A total of 40 patients with severe burns with eschar excisions and skin grafts were randomly and equally grouped into the etomidate (E) and the propofol groups (P). Anesthesia was induced and maintained by a remifentanil hydrochloride TCI combined with etomidate or propofol. The depth of anesthesia and other relevant indicators were recorded through intraoperative electroencephalogram monitoring using a Narcotrend monitor. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were observed between the drug withdrawal times, eye opening requirements, or orientation recoveries of the two groups (P>0.05). The cortisol and aldosterone levels in group E were significantly lower than those in group P 24h post operation (P<0.05). No significant differences between the number of operations, hospitalization duration, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and postoperative adverse reaction incidence of the two groups were observed at each time point (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The application of a composite remifentanil hydrochloride combined with etomidate TCI is feasible for the early eschar excision in patients with severe burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Liwei Pang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China.
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Abstract
The continued development of nuclear weapons and the potential for thermonuclear injury necessitates the further understanding of the immune consequences after radiation combined with injury (RCI). We hypothesized that sublethal ionization radiation exposure combined with a full-thickness thermal injury would result in the production of immature myeloid cells. Mice underwent either a full-thickness contact burn of 20% total body surface area or sham procedure followed by a single whole-body dose of 5-Gy radiation. Serum, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes were harvested at 3 and 14 days after injury. Flow cytometry was performed to identify and characterize adaptive and innate cell compartments. Elevated proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory serum cytokines and profound leukopenia were observed after RCI. A population of cells with dual expression of the cell surface markers Gr-1 and CD11b were identified in all experimental groups, but were significantly elevated after burn alone and RCI at 14 days after injury. In contrast to the T-cell-suppressive nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells found after trauma and sepsis, myeloid cells after RCI augmented T-cell proliferation and were associated with a weak but significant increase in interferon γ and a decrease in interleukin 10. This is consistent with previous work in burn injury indicating that a myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like population increases innate immunity. Radiation combined injury results in the increase in distinct populations of Gr-1CD11b cells within the secondary lymphoid organs, and we propose these immature inflammatory myeloid cells provide innate immunity to the severely injured and immunocompromised host.
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Th17 (IFNγ- IL17+) CD4+ T cells generated after burn injury may be a novel cellular mechanism for postburn immunosuppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:681-90. [PMID: 21610359 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31820d18a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism responsible for initiating and controlling the immunosuppressive response after burn injury remains unknown. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) secreting Th17 (interferon [IFN]γ IL17) cells are a novel subset of CD4 T cells associated with a weak, proinflammatory response that antagonizes the proinflammatory Th1 (IFNγ IL17) response. Given that transforming growth factor-β and IL6 mediate Th17 cell development, we hypothesized that burn injury may generate Th17 cells that could mediate postburn immunosuppression. METHODS After a 20% total body surface area burn in female C57BL/6 mice, wound-draining lymph nodes were harvested 3 days, 7 days, or 14 days after injury. CD4 T cells were enriched by magnetic selection, and flow cytometry was used to identify intracellular IL17 and IFNγ in CD3CD4 T cells. Additional purified CD3CD4 T cells were cultured with Th17 polarizing IL6 and transforming growth factor-β for 4 days, and flow cytometry was again used to identify intracellular IL17 and IFNγ in CD4 T cells. RESULTS The number and percentage of preformed Th17 cells was significantly greater in burn mice compared with sham at all time points. In addition, the ratio of Th17 cells to Th1 cells was always significantly higher in burn mice compared with sham. These differences were eliminated in Th17 polarizing conditions in vitro. CD4 T cells never generated both IL17 and IFNγ. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate for the first time that Th17 cells (IFNγ IL17) are spontaneously generated after burn injury. Given that Th17 cells (IFNγ IL17) are antagonistic to Th1 (IFNγ IL17) cells, these results suggest a novel mechanism for initiating and controlling postburn immunosuppression that deserves further investigation.
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Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of death worldwide and remains the subject of much research and debate within the critical care community. Despite advances in burn prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, sepsis remains a common cause of death in patients who have sustained a severe burn injury. The unique physical, metabolic, and physiologic changes seen after major thermal injury mean that the management of sepsis in burns poses a particular challenge and differs in many respects to the management of sepsis in the general critical care population. This article describes current issues in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sepsis in burns with a review of the associated literature. In addition, we discuss possible future therapies for managing this condition.
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Abstract
Burn injury is a complex traumatic event with various local and systemic effects, affecting several organ systems beyond the skin. The pathophysiology of the burn patient shows the full spectrum of the complexity of inflammatory response reactions. In the acute phase, inflammation mechanism may have negative effects because of capillary leak, the propagation of inhalation injury and the development of multiple organ failure. Attempts to mediate these processes remain a central subject of burn care research. Conversely, inflammation is a necessary prologue and component in the later-stage processes of wound healing. In this review, we are attempting to present the current science of burn wound pathophysiology and wound healing. We also describe the evolution of innovative strategies for burn management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Evers
- Department of Plastic, Hand, Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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Lucin KM, Sanders VM, Popovich PG. Stress hormones collaborate to induce lymphocyte apoptosis after high level spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1409-21. [PMID: 19545280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic immune suppression renders individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) susceptible to infection. Normally, proper immune function is regulated by collaboration between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and involves the controlled release of glucocorticoids (GCs) and norepinephrine (NE). Recently, we showed that after high thoracic (T3) SCI, aberrant levels of GCs and NE accumulate in the blood and spleen, respectively. These changes are associated with splenic atrophy, splenic leucopenia, increased intrasplenic caspase 3 levels, and suppressed B lymphocyte function. As GCs boost SNS function, in part by increasing the expression and affinity of beta2 adrenergic receptors (beta2ARs) while simultaneously preventing beta2AR down-regulation, we predicted that surges in stress hormones (i.e., GCs and NE) in the blood and spleen of mice with high-level SCI would act concurrently to adversely affect lymphocyte function and survival. Here, we show that post-SCI concentrations of GCs enhance the sensitivity of lymphocytes to beta2AR stimulation causing an increase in intracellular Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) and subsequent apoptosis. In vivo, the combined antagonism of GC receptors and beta2ARs significantly diminished lymphocyte Bim levels and SCI-induced splenic lymphopenia. Together, these data suggest that pharmacological antagonists of the HPA/SNS axes should be considered as adjunct therapies for ameliorating post-traumatic immune suppression in quadriplegics and high paraplegics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M Lucin
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Noel G, Guo X, Wang Q, Schwemberger S, Byrum D, Ogle C. Postburn monocytes are the major producers of TNF-alpha in the heterogeneous splenic macrophage population. Shock 2007; 27:312-9. [PMID: 17304113 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000239753.75088.5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by postburn splenic macrophages is well documented. Splenic macrophages are a heterogeneous population, and the effect of thermal injury on these subpopulations has not been documented. We examined the effects of scald injury on myeloid cells with the phenotype of red pulp, white pulp, and marginal zone monocyte/macrophages. We found that thermal injury greatly increased the number of splenocytes with the phenotype of white pulp monocytes. These cells were the major producers of TNF-alpha in the postburn spleen. Cells with the red pulp macrophage phenotype had an increased ability to make TNF-alpha after burn injury, but had only half the capacity to make TNF-alpha as did postburn monocytes. The postburn changes in TNF-alpha production correlated with an increased in vivo susceptibility to endotoxin. The increase in monocytes in the spleen from postburn days 1 to 10 correlated with an increasing ability of splenocytes to produce granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha. These data suggest that the monocyte is a major source of inflammatory cytokines in the postburn spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Noel
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Abstract
The systemic pathophysiologic changes following thermal injuries affect multiple organs and body systems leading to clinical manifestations including shock, intestinal alterations, respiratory and renal failure, immunosuppression and others. Recent advances in the comprehension of mechanisms underlying systemic complications of thermal injuries have contributed to uncover part of the cellular and molecular basis that underlie such changes. Recently, programmed cell death (apoptosis) has been considered playing an important role in the development of such pathological events. Therefore, investigators utilizing animal models and clinical studies involving human primates have produced a large body of information suggesting that apoptosis is associated with most of the tissue damages triggered by severe thermal injuries. In order to draw the attention on the important role of apoptosis on systemic complications of thermal injuries, in this review we describe most of these studies, discuss possible cellular and molecular mechanisms and indicate ways to utilize them for the development of therapeutic strategies by which apoptosis may be prevented or counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gravante
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via U Maddalena 40/a 00043, Ciampino, Rome, Italy.
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Fujimi S, MacConmara MP, Maung AA, Zang Y, Mannick JA, Lederer JA, Lapchak PH. Platelet depletion in mice increases mortality after thermal injury. Blood 2006; 107:4399-406. [PMID: 16467203 PMCID: PMC1895793 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a fundamental role in maintaining hemostasis and have been shown to participate in innate and adaptive immunity. However, the role of platelets in the immune response to injury remains undefined. We tested the importance of platelets in the host response to serious injury in a newly developed platelet-deficient mouse model. Wild-type and platelet-depleted C57BL/6J mice underwent a 25% full-thickness total body surface area thermal or sham injury. Platelet-deficient mice showed survival of 51% at 48 hours after injury compared with 94% to 100% survival in experimental control mice (P < .001). Necropsy and histology ruled out hemorrhage and hypovolemia as causes of death. Percentages of peripheral blood monocytes (P < .01) and neutrophils (P < .05) were increased between 36 and 48 hours after thermal injury in platelet-deficient mice compared with control mice. Plasma levels of TNFalpha (P < .001), IL-6 (P < .001), and MCP-1 (P < .05) were also elevated by 24 hours whereas levels of TGFbeta(1) were reduced between 24 and 36 hours following injury in platelet-depleted mice (P < .001) compared with control mice. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that platelets play a critical protective role during the host response to injury. Moreover, our findings suggest that platelets and, more importantly, platelet-derived TGFbeta(1) modulate the systemic inflammatory response occurring after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujimi
- Julian and Eunice Cohen Laboratory for Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Noel JG, Guo X, Wells-Byrum D, Schwemberger S, Caldwell CC, Ogle CK. EFFECT OF THERMAL INJURY ON SPLENIC MYELOPOIESIS. Shock 2005; 23:115-22. [PMID: 15665725 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000154239.00887.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermal injury increases the number of macrophage progenitors in the bone marrow but leads to a decrease in the number of granulocyte progenitors. In the spleen, thermal injury increases the numbers of myeloid progenitors, but the lineage commitment of these cells is unknown. In this study mice were given a scald burn, and the number of splenic myeloid progenitors as well as their progeny was determined. BrdU uptake was used to monitor the de novo production of splenocytes for 8 days after the burn. Burn injury increased the numbers of splenic granulocyte-macrophage (GM), granulocyte (G), and macrophage (M) progenitors at postburn day 8 by 12-, 11-, and 18-fold, respectively. Scald injury increased the number of mature PMN (CD11b GR1(bright)) in the spleen and increased the number of white pulp monocyte/macrophages. Increased numbers of BrdU-positive PMN and monocyte/macrophages were seen after injury. Burn macrophages produced increased levels of the anti-inflammatory hematopoietic cytokine G-CSF. Our work clearly shows that the increased myelopoiesis observed postinjury leads to the production of mature myeloid cells. However, the effects of thermal injury on progenitors in the spleen and marrow are not equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Noel
- Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, 3229 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Patenaude J, D'Elia M, Hamelin C, Garrel D, Bernier J. Burn injury induces a change in T cell homeostasis affecting preferentially CD4+T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:141-50. [PMID: 15542542 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0703314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injuries are known to be associated with altered immune functions, resulting in decreased resistance to subsequent infection. In the present study, we determined the in vivo changes in T cell homeostasis following burn injury. Two groups of mice were used: a sham-burn group receiving buprenorphine as an analgesic and a burn group receiving buprenorphine and subjected to burn injury on 20% of the total body surface area. Results showed an important decrease in splenocytes following burn injury. This decrease persisted for 5 days and was followed, at day 10, by a 63% increase in number of cells. In vivo cell proliferation, as determined by the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-dexoxyuridine, showed a significant increase of cycling splenocytes between days 2 and 10 after burn injury. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen was altered for 10 days after thermal injury. Analysis of naive (CD62Lhigh CD44low) and effector/memory (CD62Llow CD44high) T cells showed a percent decrease, independent of the expression of CD4 or CD8 molecules. However, early activation markers, such as CD69+, were expressed only on CD4+ T cells after a number of days following injury. Even with an activated phenotype, 10 days post-burn injury, CD4+ naive T cells significantly increased spontaneous apoptosis, detected by using a fluorescent DNA-binding agent 7-amino-actinomycin D. CD8+ T lymphocytes did not express early activation markers and were more resistant to apoptosis. Using purified T cells, we have shown unresponsiveness at day 10. Overall, these results demonstrate that mechanisms of T cell homeostasis were perturbed following burn injury. However, after 10 days, this perturbation persisted only in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Patenaude
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada
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Cline AM, Radic MZ. Apoptosis, subcellular particles, and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:175-82. [PMID: 15240161 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Firm evidence links the process of apoptosis to the induction of autoimmune disease. However, questions remain regarding the precise interactions of dying cells with the immune system. Genetic analyses indicate that deficiencies in serum proteins or receptors that mediate clearance of apoptotic cells increase the risk of autoimmunity. Moreover, administration of apoptotic cells to naive animals elicits transient autoimmune responses. Because known autoantigens are covalently modified and redistributed to cell surface blebs during the execution stage of apoptosis, increasing attention is being directed at this stage of programmed cell death, and researchers have identified a variety of autoantigens that are sequestered within blebs. However, blebs are merely a transition stage toward the complete cellular fragmentation, as blebs quickly convert into apoptotic bodies, subcellular particles (SCPs) of heterogeneous size, surface composition, and cargo. Because certain types of subcellular particles represent packets of highly enriched autoantigens, we propose that they are relevant to our understanding of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cline
- Department of Molecular Science, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Cho K, Greenhalgh D. Injury-associated induction of two novel and replication-defective murine retroviral RNAs in the liver of mice. Virus Res 2003; 93:189-98. [PMID: 12782367 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Injury can alter the expression of numerous genes in affected tissues as well as in distant organs. The mouse genome harbors numerous copies of endogenous murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-related retroviral sequences. Mouse liver tissues harvested after burn injury were subjected to RT-PCR analysis to investigate the regulation of MuLV-related sequences using a primer set capable of amplifying the full-length transcript. A doublet of approximately 5-kb was transiently up-regulated at 3 and 6 h after injury. Sequence analyses revealed that these are novel defective endogenous retroviral sequences (MuLV(LI-8) and MuLV(LI-12)), which are predominantly characterized by major deletions in pol and env genes. The MuLV(LI-8) clone is 4.85 kb long and the deduced gag polypeptide sequence was almost identical to a previously reported replication-defective retroviral sequence associated with immunesuppression. In the MuLV(LI-12) clone of 5.06 kb, there were two truncated gag open reading frames (ORFs) and 1 pol ORF fused to the C-terminus of the env p15E. Furthermore, the ORFs for the unique gag p12 presumed to be responsible for the immunesuppression were present in both clones. These novel replication-defective MuLVs may participate in the pathogenesis of distant organs after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Cho
- Burn Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California and Department of Surgery, University of California at Davis, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Saffle
- Department of Surgery, Intermountain Burn Center, University of Utah Health Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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