Fear of MRSA--potential for future disaster

Outbreak of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a regional burns unit: Management and implications

Colonization of burn patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is not uncommon, however an outbreak that necessitates closure of a burns unit is relatively rare. The objective of this study was to present the experience of a regional adult burns unit where an outbreak of epidemic MRSA-15 (EMRSA-15) took place. During the studied period, 176 patients were admitted to the unit, 52 with burns, 48 for elective plastic surgery procedures while the remainder belonged to other specialties. Patients admitted under burns and plastic surgery were investigated together with 46 staff members to control the outbreak. MRSA was isolated in 18 patients out of which 12 had EMRSA-15. Among the staff members, MRSA was isolated in nine of which five had EMRSA-15. The burns unit was closed to all admissions to terminate this outbreak. The MRSA positive staff members were sent on "special leave" and underwent treatment with nasal mupirocin and triclosan body wash. All staff members were able to return to work after one week's treatment. The burns unit underwent re-furbishment and decontamination while it was closed. In conclusion, the study shows that an outbreak of EMRSA was controlled successfully, however, it highlights the implications of such an event for a regional burn service with regard to staff, patients and guidelines for management.

Fatores de risco da sepse em pacientes queimados

OBJETIVO: Os avanços no tratamento de queimados têm reduzido as taxas de mortalidade e melhorado a qualidade de vida das vítimas de queimaduras. Entretanto, a sepse continua sendo um desafio e umas das principais causas de óbito no queimado. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar, através de um estudo caso-controle, os fatores de risco da sepse em pacientes queimados. MÉTODO: O estudo caso-controle foi conduzido durante 12 meses, compreendendo os pacientes que foram tratados em regime de internação hospitalar na Unidade de Queimados do Hospital Regional da Asa Norte (HRAN), Brasília-DF. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e nove (19,4%) pacientes tiveram sepse, de um total de 252 queimados internados na Unidade de Queimados durante o periodo do estudo. Eles tiveram um ou no maximo tres episodios de sepse durante a internacao, totalizando 62 episodios. Vinte e seis (53,1%) eram homens e a media de idade foi de 21,9 ± 18,9 anos (variacao de um a 89 anos). A superficie corporal queimada dos pacientes que tiveram sepse variou de sete a 84%, com uma media de 37,7 ± 18,4%, sendo significativamente superior aos controles. As principais bacterias causadoras de sepse foram Staphylococcus aureus (46,5%), Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (20,7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (12,1%) e Enterobacter cloacae (12,1%). Trinta (61,2%) pacientes tiveram seu primeiro episodio de sepse na primeira semana de internacao. Quanto aos fatores de risco para a ocorrencia de sepse, destacam-se os seguintes, conforme seu poder de associacao "odds ratio": o uso de tres ou mais cateteres, a presenca de duas ou mais complicacoes, a superficie corporal queimada > 30%, o agente chama aberta e o sexo feminino. No geral, a taxa de letalidade por sepse foi de 24,5%. CONCLUSÃO: Um melhor conhecimento dos fatores de risco da sepse no paciente queimado permite o tratamento precoce dessa complicação, com antibioticoterapia sistêmica adequada, contribuindo para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade desses pacientes.

MRSA-retrospective analysis of an outbreak in the burn centre Aachen

The growing interest in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been caused by its increased appearance in hospital and community populations. In our burn centre, an outbreak of MRSA was noticed during an 8-month period. We were able to isolate MRSA in eight patients. DNA analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated the development of five different strains during this period. Only two patients developed an infection caused by MRSA colonisation. The infections were proven by positive blood culture or catheter colonisation. One patient developed a clinical vancomycin-resistant sepsis which was treated successfully with the additional application of Quinupristin/Dalfopristin. THIS ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT: (1) the development of MRSA in a burn unit is often created in a single patient by long-term antibiotic therapy and not a result of cross-infection, (2) manifest MRSA infection seldom occurs even in colonised burn patients, and (3) a clinically vancomycin-resistant MRSA infection in burn patients can be treated sufficiently with Quinupristin/Dalfopristin.

An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment

OBJECTIVE

To report a multi-institution outbreak caused by a single strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

OUTBREAK

Between September 19 and November 20, 1996 an index case and five secondary cases of nosocomial MRSA occurred on a 26 bed adult plastic surgery/burn unit (PSBU) at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Between November 11 and December 23, 1996, six additional cases were identified at a community hospital. One of the community hospital cases was transferred from the PSBU. All strains were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. MRSA may have contributed to skin graft breakdown in one case, and delayed wound healing in others. Patients required 2 to 226 isolation days.

CONTROL MEASURES

A hand held shower and stretcher for showering in the hydrotherapy room of the PSBU were culture positive for the outbreak strain, and the presumed means of transmission. Replacement of stretcher showering with bedside sterile burn wound compresses terminated the outbreak. The PSBU was closed to new admissions and transfers out for 11 days during the investigation. Seven of 12 patients had effective decolonization therapy.

CONCLUSION

Environmental contamination is a potential source of nosocomial MRSA transmission on a burn unit. Notification among institutions and community care providers of shared patients infected or colonized with an antimicrobial resistant microorganism is necessary.

Efficacy of locally delivered polyclonal immunoglobulin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a murine burn wound model

The leading cause of morbidity and mortality in severe burn wound patients is infection. Treatment of burn wound infection is complicated by the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms. A potential therapeutic alternative to antibiotic drugs is the local administration of polyclonal antibodies, termed passive local immunotherapy (PLI), directly to the burned tissue. A mouse burn wound infection model to simulate full thickness burn wound infection was used to evaluate the efficacy of passive local immunotherapy as a viable prophylactic or therapeutic agent. Pooled human immunoglobulins (IgG), delivered locally to the site of infection, are shown to be more effective at preventing fatal burn wound sepsis than treatment by intravenous infusion of IgG. A single 10 mg dose of human IgG administered locally to the burned, infected tissue site, either 24 hours prior to bacterial challenge, or within 3 hours after bacterial challenge, enhanced animal survival significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively) compared to control animals. In addition, reduced levels of bacteria were found in local and systemic tissues of IgG-treated mice compared to control mice (P < 0.05). These data support the local use of polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations as an efficacious and cost effective means to prevent and treat burn wound infections.