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Hipólito-Nájera AR, Rodríguez-Laguna N, Reyes-García LI, Gómez-Vidales V, Rojas-Hernández A, Gómez-Balderas R, Moya-Hernández R. Thermodynamics of inclusion within cyclodextrins and structural evidence of Cu(indomethacin) 2 and Zn(indomethacin) 2 complexes in aqueous solutions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cu(IMC)2 and Zn(IMC)2 inclusion within cyclodextrins is spontaneous, the former driven by entropic and the last by enthalpic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ricardo Hipólito-Nájera
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
| | - Norma Rodríguez-Laguna
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
| | - Luis I. Reyes-García
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
| | - Virginia Gómez-Vidales
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Coyoacán
| | | | - Rodolfo Gómez-Balderas
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
| | - Rosario Moya-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Analítica
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
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3
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Shamsara O, Jafari SM, Muhidinov ZK. Development of double layered emulsion droplets with pectin/β-lactoglobulin complex for bioactive delivery purposes. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic potential of zinc-ibuprofen and zinc-naproxen complexes in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:653-663. [PMID: 28536986 PMCID: PMC5671550 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of numerous indications and high availability, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly prescribed and used medicines in the world. However, long-term therapy with and improper use of NSAIDs may lead to gastrointestinal damage. Therefore, improving the therapeutic index of the existing drugs has become a priority over the past decades. Considerable attention in the field has been concentrated on metal complexes of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of complexation with zinc on the anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects of ibuprofen and naproxen after single and triple intragastric administration to rats. The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed in carrageenan-induced inflammatory edema in the hind paw of male albino Wistar rats. The mucosal lesions were inspected and evaluated for gross pathology. Single administration of both the investigated complexes, namely zinc-ibuprofen and zinc-naproxen (20 mg/kg equivalent to ibuprofen and naproxen, respectively) and their parent drugs and physical mixtures with zinc hydroaspartate (ZHA doses: 16.05 and 14.37 mg/kg), caused a significant reduction of the edema after the same time from the carrageenan injection in comparison to the control groups. However, no statistically significant differences between the investigated drugs were observed after their single administration. The mean ulceration score for the mixture of ibuprofen and ZHA was statistically lower than the mean score achieved in rats after treatment with ibuprofen alone. On the other hand, triple intragastric administration of the ZHA-ibuprofen and ZHA-naproxen combination showed substantial enhancement of the anti-inflammatory activity against control groups, as well as against the parent NSAIDs. The most potent anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated after 2 h from the carrageenan injection in animals receiving ZHA together with naproxen. The edema growth was reduced in these animals by 80.9% as compared to the control group. This result was significantly higher than the results achieved in animals receiving zinc-naproxen (50.2%) or naproxen alone (47.9%). Both NSAID complexes with zinc and mixtures with ZHA alleviated ulcerations caused by parent NSAIDs; however, the mixtures of both ibuprofen and naproxen with ZHA after triple administration were the least damaging. In view of the above results, zinc supplementation during NSAID therapy may have a beneficial effect on ulcer prevention and healing by reducing the effective dose of the parent drug and increasing its potency.
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Adebisi AO, Kaialy W, Hussain T, Al-Hamidi H, Nokhodchi A, Conway BR, Asare-Addo K. Solid-state, triboelectrostatic and dissolution characteristics of spray-dried piroxicam-glucosamine solid dispersions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:841-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Ledesma-Olvera LG, Agacino-Valdés E, Gómez-Balderas R. Stability constants of Cu(II)-piroxicam complexes in solution: a DFT study. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Otarola J, Garrido M, Correa NM, Molina PG. Square Wave Voltammetry: An Alternative Technique to Determinate Piroxicam Release Profiles from Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2322-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Otarola
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Agencia Postal # 3 C.P. X5804BYA Río Cuarto Argentina), Fax: (+54) 358-4676233
| | - Mariano Garrido
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Nacional del Sur; INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET); Avenida Alem 1253 8000 Bahia Blanca Argentina
| | - N. Mariano Correa
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Agencia Postal # 3 C.P. X5804BYA Río Cuarto Argentina), Fax: (+54) 358-4676233
| | - Patricia G. Molina
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Agencia Postal # 3 C.P. X5804BYA Río Cuarto Argentina), Fax: (+54) 358-4676233
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8
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Chemical Speciation of the System Cu(II)-Indomethacin in Ethanol and Water by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. J CHEM-NY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/9804162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the metal-drug complexes could be in fact the active agents displaying therapeutic effects of drugs. The characterization of the global formation equilibrium of complexes formed between metal ions and species with biological activity such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provides essential information to understand the mechanism of action of drugs. Since equilibrium constants determine the relative predominance of species, they provide crucial information to identify what complexes are more likely to be present in the system being responsible for the therapeutic effects of the drug. In this paper, the systems formed between copper and Indomethacin of different concentrations in ethanol or water were studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The stoichiometry of the complexes Cu(II)–Indomethacin and their formation constants were investigated. Moreover, molecular structures of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes were explored by means of the molecular modeling within the frame of the density functional theory.
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Kim BJ. Transient receptor potential melastatin type 7 channels are involved in zinc-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2011.577558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Manzano M, Colilla M, Vallet-Regí M. Drug delivery from ordered mesoporous matrices. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1383-400. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903304024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Manzano
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, E-28040-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain ;
| | - Montserrat Colilla
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, E-28040-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain ;
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, E-28040-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Spain ;
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Javadzadeh Y, Shariati H, Movahhed-Danesh E, Nokhodchi A. Effect of Some Commercial Grades of Microcrystalline Cellulose on Flowability, Compressibility, and Dissolution Profile of Piroxicam Liquisolid Compacts. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:243-51. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040802277672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Alsarra IA. Evaluation of proniosomes as an alternative strategy to optimize piroxicam transdermal delivery. J Microencapsul 2008; 26:272-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02652040802305618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Piao MG, Kim JH, Kim JO, Lyoo WS, Lee MH, Yong CS, Choi HG. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Piroxicam in Rats by Hyaluronate Microspheres. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:485-91. [PMID: 17523012 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600865223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble piroxicam, the piroxicam-loaded hyaluronic microspheres were prepared with various ratios of piroxicam, sodium hyaluronate and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) using a spray dryer, and their physicochemical properties such as shape, size, drug-loading efficiency and dissolution were investigated. The pharmacokinetic study of piroxicam-loaded hyaluronic micropheres in rats was then performed compared to piroxicam powder. The piroxicam-loaded hyaluronic microspheres, spherical in shape, had the geometric mean diameters of about 1.5 microm and drug loading efficiency of about 90%, irrespective of ratio of piroxicam/sodium hyaluronate/PEG. The hyaluronic microspheres containing PEG gave significantly higher dissolution rates of drug than did piroxicam powder, PEG-based solid dispersion system and hyaluronic microspheres without PEG, suggesting that the hyaluronic microsphere with sodium hyaluronate and PEG was more useful for improving the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble piroxicam. The piroxicam-loaded hyaluronic microcapsule composed of (piroxicam/sodium hyaluronate/PEG; 2: 20: 1) gave about threefold improved dissolution of drug in water for 4 h compared to piroxicam powder. It showed higher plasma concentrations of drug compared to piroxicam powder. It gave significantly higher AUC and faster Tmax of piroxicam than did piroxicam powder. In particular, the AUC of piroxicam from hyaluronic microsphere was about twofold higher than that from piroxicam powder, suggesting that it could enhance the oral bioavailability of piroxicam. Thus, the hyaluronic microsphere developed using spray-drying technique with sodium hyaluronate and PEG was a more effective oral dosage form for poorly water soluble piroxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan, South Korea
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14
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The CO2-SFE crude lipid extract and the free fatty acid extract from Perna canaliculus have anti-inflammatory effects on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Piao MG, Yang CW, Li DX, Kim JO, Jang KY, Yoo BK, Kim JA, Woo JS, Lyoo WS, Han SS, Lee YB, Kim DD, Yong CS, Choi HG. Preparation and in Vivo Evaluation of Piroxicam-Loaded Gelatin Microcapsule by Spray Drying Technique. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1284-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University
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Ambrogi V, Perioli L, Marmottini F, Giovagnoli S, Esposito M, Rossi C. Improvement of dissolution rate of piroxicam by inclusion into MCM-41 mesoporous silicate. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 32:216-22. [PMID: 17826966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was the use of mesoporous silicate MCM-41 to increase the dissolution rate of piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-class II of the Biopharmaceutic Classification System. The inclusion/adsorption compound of piroxicam in MCM-41 was obtained with a drug loading of about 14%. X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the presence of piroxicam not arranged in crystalline form and FT-IR spectroscopy showed the presence of light interactions (hydrogen bonds) between the silicate silanols and the drug. The decrease of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) specific surface area and pore volume between free MCM-41 and the inclusion/adsorption compound was a prove of the presence of piroxicam inside the mesopores. The inclusion compound was submitted to in vitro dissolution tests and a remarkable dissolution rate improvement was observed in comparison to the crystalline drug in all tested conditions. The dissolution profile at pH 1.2 was comparable to that of the marketed product Brexin, a formulation with rapid analgesic effect onset. The improvement of dissolution rate is due to both the lack of drug in the crystalline form and to the extremely large surface area of the siliceous support. Physical stability tests of the free drug and the inclusion/adsorption complex were conducted as well over one month storage at 40 degrees C at different relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ambrogi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via del liceo 1, Perugia, Italy.
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Prabhu S, Ortega M, Ma C. Novel lipid-based formulations enhancing the in vitro dissolution and permeability characteristics of a poorly water-soluble model drug, piroxicam. Int J Pharm 2006; 301:209-16. [PMID: 16046087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based delivery systems are becoming increasingly popular as carriers of drugs due to their ability to overcome barriers to oral absorption. The purpose of this study was to prepare novel lipid-based formulations of a model drug, piroxicam (PXCM), a poorly water-soluble non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) using 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) phospholipid alone, and in combination with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4600). Lipid-based drug delivery systems were prepared using conventional methods of preparation and the following aspects were evaluated (1) in vitro dissolution behavior, (2) absorption via Caco-2 cell monolayers and (3) stability of formulations over a 12-month period. In addition, physical characterization studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were also performed. Formulations of PXCM were prepared using DMPC in the following combinations (A) 1:1 and (B) 2:1 and a mixture of DMPC and PEG 4600 (C) 2:1:1, respectively. Dissolution studies conducted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 37+/-0.5 degrees C) using the USP type II (paddle) dissolution apparatus showed an increase in dissolution rate and extent of the PXCM from all solid dispersion formulations when compared to the control. As such, the rate of drug release was observed to be fastest with formulation (C) showing the greatest increase of over two-fold compared to the control. Release of PXCM from formulations (A) and (B) was intermediate with the latter showing superior dissolution behavior despite containing lower amounts of the carrier lipid than the former. This observation indicates a possible existence of threshold levels for phospholipids carriers beyond which dissolution could be adversely affected. DSC studies further confirmed the dissolution behavior of these formulations demonstrating different levels of amorphous to crystalline nature. Results of HPLC analysis from Caco-2 cell culture studies showed increase in transport of PXCM from all formulations, with formulation (C) showing the maximum increase followed by formulations (B) and (A), when compared to control. The apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated to be 7.92x10(-6), 9.48x10(-6), 9.2x10(-6) and 5.6x10(-6)cm/s for formulations (A)-(C) and control, respectively. Overall, permeation appeared to improve for all formulations over the control. Stability studies at various temperatures showed all formulations to have good stability for the first 6 months; then a decline in dissolution rates was observed, especially for PEG-based lipid carrier systems, attributed to the increase in crystalline content of the solid dispersions upon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Prabhu
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Yüksel N, Karataş A, Ozkan Y, Savaşer A, Ozkan SA, Baykara T. Enhanced bioavailability of piroxicam using Gelucire 44/14 and Labrasol: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 56:453-9. [PMID: 14602190 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility and high permeability. The purpose of the study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo performance of the semi-solid dispersion prepared with Gelucire 44/14 and Labrasol into hard gelatin capsules (GL) for enhancing the dissolution rate of the drug. The results were evaluated by comparing with pure piroxicam filled into hard gelatin capsules (PP) and a commercially available tablet dosage form containing a piroxicam:beta-cyclodextrin complex (CD). The in vitro dissolution testing of the dosage forms was performed in different media (simulated gastric fluid, pH 1.2; phosphate buffers, pH 4.5 and 6.8; and water). Amongst the dosage forms, GL provided at least 85% piroxicam dissolution within 30 min in each of the media, behaving like a fast-dissolving immediate release drug product. Oral bioavailability of 20 mg piroxicam in GL, CD, and PP was compared after administration of a single dose to eight healthy volunteers. Three treatments were administered in crossover fashion, separated by a washout period of 2 weeks. Piroxicam was monitored in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. The apparent rate of absorption of piroxicam from GL (Cmax=2.64 micrograms/ml, tmax=82.5 min) was significantly higher than that of the PP (Cmax=0.999 micrograms/ml, tmax=144 min) (P<0.05) and similar to that of CD (Cmax=2.44 micrograms/ml, tmax=120 min) (P>0.05). The relative bioavailability values as the ratios of mean total AUC for GL relative to PP and CD, were 221 and 98.6%. Piroxicam is characterized by a slow and gradual absorption via the oral route and this causes a delayed onset of therapeutic effect. Thus, plain piroxicam preparations are not indicated for analgesia. The results of the in vivo study revealed that the GL dosage form would be advantageous with regards to rapid onset of action, especially in various painful conditions where an acute analgesic effect is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Yüksel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University, School of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nascimento JWL, Santos LH, Nothenberg MS, Coelho MM, Oga S, Tagliati CA. Anti-inflammatory activity and gastric lesions induced by zinc-tenoxicam. Pharmacology 2003; 68:64-9. [PMID: 12711832 DOI: 10.1159/000069531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2002] [Accepted: 09/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of tenoxicam or zinc-tenoxicam complex inhibited to a similar extent carrageenin-induced paw oedema and granulomatous tissue formation in rats as well as the acetic acid induced writhing response in mice. Gastric lesions induced by oral administration of zinc-tenoxicam were reduced in number and severity when compared with those induced by tenoxicam or the co-administration of tenoxicam and zinc acetate. However, after intraperitoneal administration, both zinc-tenoxicam and tenoxicam plus zinc acetate induced a reduced number of gastric lesions as compared with tenoxicam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Willian L Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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