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Huang FL, Zou GJ, Wang LF, He X, Zhang BC, Yang ZH. Open-field exploration immediately before the retention test impairs retrieval and spaced fear extinction of contextual fear memory. Behav Brain Res 2024; 476:115260. [PMID: 39303990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
According to the behavioral tagging theory, various stages of fear memory, such as contextual fear conditioning, memory retrieval, and fear extinction, can be facilitated by the exploration of a novel open field (OF). A critical time window of efficacy exists for this process. Novel exploration closely adjacent to weak learning may interfere with the setting of the learning tag, leading to a negative effect. In this mouse study, we consistently showed that exposure to a novel or familiar OF immediately prior to the retention test impaired the retrieval of long-term contextual fear memory. However, OF exposure had no effect on the retrieval of recent or remote cued fear memory or short-term contextual fear memory or the reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. In addition, OF exposure impaired spaced but not massed extinction of contextual fear memory. These results suggest that interfering stimulus may result in the transient forgetting of fear memory; however, temporary loss of fear may lead to retention failure of fear extinction. The results of this study are an important complement to the behavioral tagging theory and may provide new guidance for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lian Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China.
| | - Guang-Jing Zou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lai-Fa Wang
- Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Xu He
- School of Basic Medicine, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China
| | - Bi-Chao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China
| | - Ze-Hua Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yiyang Medical College, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China.
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2
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Riboldi JG, Correa J, Renfijes MM, Tintorelli R, Viola H. Arc and BDNF mediated effects of hippocampal astrocytic glutamate uptake blockade on spatial memory stages. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1032. [PMID: 39174690 PMCID: PMC11341830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in fundamental functions, including neuronal plasticity and memory. Astrocytes are integral elements involved in synaptic function, and the GLT-1 transporter possesses a critical role in glutamate uptake. Here, we study the role of GLT-1, specifically located in astrocytes, in the consolidation, expression, reconsolidation and persistence of spatial object recognition memory in rats. Administration of dihydrokainic acid (DHK), a selective GLT-1 inhibitor, into the dorsal hippocampus around a weak training which only induces short-term memory, promotes long-term memory formation. This promotion is prevented by hippocampal administration of protein-synthesis translation inhibitor, blockade of Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) translation or Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) action, which are plasticity related proteins necessary for memory consolidation. However, DHK around a strong training, which induces long-term memory, does not affect memory consolidation. Administration of DHK before the test session impairs the expression of long-term memory, and this effect is dependent of Arc translation. Furthermore, DHK impairs reconsolidation if applied before a reactivation session, and this effect is independent of Arc translation. These findings reveal specific consequences on spatial memory stages developed under hippocampal GLT-1 blockade, shedding light on the intricate molecular mechanisms, governed in part for the action of glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gabriel Riboldi
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías M Renfijes
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haydee Viola
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Profesor Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Narvaes RF, Nachtigall EG, Marcondes LA, Izquierdo I, Myskiw JDC, Furini CR. Involvement of medial prefrontal cortex canonical Wnt/β-catenin and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways in contextual fear memory in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Correa J, Tintorelli R, Budriesi P, Viola H. Persistence of spatial memory induced by spaced training involves a behavioral-tagging process. Neuroscience 2022; 497:215-227. [PMID: 35276307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spaced training, which involves long inter-trial intervals, has positive effects on memories. One of the main attributes of long-term memories (LTM) is persistence. Here, to identify the process that promotes LTM persistence by spaced learning, we used the spatial object recognition (SOR) task. The protocol consisted of a first strong training session that induced LTM formation (tested 1 day after training), but not LTM persistence (tested 7 or 14 days after training); and a second weak training session that promoted memory persistence when applied 1 day, but not 7 days, after the first training. We propose that the promotion of memory persistence is based on the Behavioral Tagging (BT) mechanism operating when the memory trace is retrieved. BT involves the setting of a tag induced by learning which gives rise to input selectivity, and the use of plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to establish the mnemonic trace. We postulate that retraining will mainly retag the sites initially activated by the original learning, where the PRPs needed for memory expression and/or induced by retrieval would be used to maintain a persistent mnemonic trace. Our results suggest that the mechanism of memory expression, but not those of memory reinforcement or reconsolidation, is necessary to promote memory persistence after retraining. The molecular mechanisms involve ERKs1/2 activity to set the SOR learning tag, and the availability of GluA2-containing AMPA receptor. In conclusion, both the synthesis of PRPs and the setting of a learning tag are key processes triggered by retraining that allow SOR memory persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Correa
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Tintorelli
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Budriesi
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Viola
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Schaan Fernandes H, Popik B, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effects of hippocampal IP 3R inhibition on contextual fear memory consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation and extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 188:107587. [PMID: 35051621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium stores (ICS) play a dynamic role in neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis both by buffering Ca2+ excess in the cytoplasm or providing an additional source of Ca2+ when concentration increase is needed. However, in spite of the large body of evidence showing Ca2+ as an essential second messenger in many signaling cascades underlying synaptic plasticity, the direct involvement of the intracellular Ca2+-release channels (ICRCs) in memory processing has been highly overlooked. Here we investigated the role of the ICRC inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity during different memory phases using pharmacological inhibition in the dorsal hippocampus during contextual fear conditioning. We first found that post-training administration of the IP3R antagonist 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) impaired memory consolidation in a dose and time-dependent manner. Inhibiting IP3Rs also disrupted memory retrieval. Contextual fear memory reconsolidation or extinction, however, were not sensitive to IP3R blockade. Taken together, our results indicate that hippocampal IP3Rs play an important role in contextual fear memory consolidation and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Schaan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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6
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Pereyra M, Medina JH. AMPA Receptors: A Key Piece in the Puzzle of Memory Retrieval. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:729051. [PMID: 34621161 PMCID: PMC8490764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.729051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieval constitutes a highly regulated and dynamic phase in memory processing. Its rapid temporal scales require a coordinated molecular chain of events at the synaptic level that support transient memory trace reactivation. AMPA receptors (AMPAR) drive the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain and its dynamic features match the singular fast timescales of memory retrieval. Here we provide a review on AMPAR contribution to memory retrieval regarding its dynamic movements along the synaptic compartments, its changes in receptor number and subunit composition that take place in activity dependent processes associated with retrieval. We highlight on the differential regulations exerted by AMPAR subunits in plasticity processes and its impact on memory recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pereyra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Khuleshwari K, Vijay P. Genistein enhances expression of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, and learning and memory of mouse. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:90-95. [PMID: 33842915 PMCID: PMC8019993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) is a well known phytoestrogen. It acts through estrogen receptor (ER) and performs plethora of functions in the brain. ERK1/2 is an activated kinase which involves in neuron differentiation, adult neurogenesis and several brain functions including learning and memory. However, GEN dependent expression of ERK1/2 and its effect in learning and memory of mice are unknown. In this study, Swiss albino male mice of 25weeks weighing 30 g were used for the experiments. Mice were placed in two groups- control (C) and genistein treated (GEN). Treated group received GEN dissolved in sesame oil (1 mg/kg/day) whereas the control group received sesame oil only. To study the effects of GEN on learning and memory, open-field (OF) test and novel object recognition (NOR) test were performed. Moreover, immunoblotting (IB) was performed to check the expression of ERK1/2 in the mouse brain of both groups. In the OF test, no significant change was observed in motor activity and anxiety in GEN treated mice as compared to control. Moreover, NOR test suggested that entry towards the dissimilar object was higher in case of GEN treated mice as compared to control. These findings suggest higher learning and memory of GEN treated mice than of control. IB showed that the expression of ERK1/2 was significantly high in GEN treated mouse brain as compared to control. Such study may be helpful to understand GEN mediated learning and memory involving ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurrey Khuleshwari
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP-484 887, India
| | - Paramanik Vijay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology & Drug Targeting Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP-484 887, India
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8
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Pereyra M, de Landeta AB, Dalto JF, Katche C, Medina JH. AMPA Receptor Expression Requirement During Long-Term Memory Retrieval and Its Association with mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1711-1722. [PMID: 33244735 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity during memory retrieval is required for normal expression of aversive and non-aversive long-term memories. Here we used inhibitory-avoidance task to evaluate the potential mechanisms by which mTORC1 signaling pathway participates in memory retrieval. First, we studied the role of GluA-subunit trafficking during memory recall and its relationship with mTORC1 pathway. We found that pretest intrahippocampal infusion of GluR23ɣ, a peptide that selectively blocks GluA2-containing AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis, prevented the amnesia induced by the inhibition of mTORC1 during retrieval. Additionally, we found that GluA1 levels decreased and GluA2 levels increased at the hippocampal postsynaptic density subcellular fraction of rapamycin-infused animals during memory retrieval. GluA2 levels remained intact while GluA1 decreased at the synaptic plasma membrane fraction. Then, we evaluated the requirement of AMPAR subunit expression during memory retrieval. Intrahippocampal infusion of GluA1 or GluA2 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) 3 h before testing impaired memory retention. The memory impairment induced by GluA2 ASO before retrieval was reverted by GluA23ɣ infusion 1 h before testing. However, AMPAR endocytosis blockade was not sufficient to compensate GluA1 synthesis inhibition. Our work indicates that de novo GluA1 and GluA2 AMPAR subunit expression is required for memory retrieval with potential different roles for each subunit and suggests that mTORC1 might regulate AMPAR trafficking during retrieval. Our present results highlight the role of mTORC1 as a key determinant of memory retrieval that impacts the recruitment of different AMPAR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pereyra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Belén de Landeta
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Fátima Dalto
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia Katche
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Albert-Gascó H, Ros-Bernal F, Castillo-Gómez E, Olucha-Bordonau FE. MAP/ERK Signaling in Developing Cognitive and Emotional Function and Its Effect on Pathological and Neurodegenerative Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4471. [PMID: 32586047 PMCID: PMC7352860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathway of the microtubule-associated protein kinase or extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is a common mechanism of extracellular information transduction from extracellular stimuli to the intracellular space. The transduction of information leads to changes in the ongoing metabolic pathways and the modification of gene expression patterns. In the central nervous system, ERK is expressed ubiquitously, both temporally and spatially. As for the temporal ubiquity, this signaling system participates in three key moments: (i) Embryonic development; (ii) the early postnatal period; and iii) adulthood. During embryonic development, the system is partly responsible for the patterning of segmentation in the encephalic vesicle through the FGF8-ERK pathway. In addition, during this period, ERK directs neurogenesis migration and the final fate of neural progenitors. During the early postnatal period, ERK participates in the maturation process of dendritic trees and synaptogenesis. During adulthood, ERK participates in social and emotional behavior and memory processes, including long-term potentiation. Alterations in mechanisms related to ERK are associated with different pathological outcomes. Genetic alterations in any component of the ERK pathway result in pathologies associated with neural crest derivatives and mental dysfunctions associated with autism spectrum disorders. The MAP-ERK pathway is a key element of the neuroinflammatory pathway triggered by glial cells during the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as prionic diseases. The process triggered by MAPK/ERK activation depends on the stage of development (mature or senescence), the type of cellular element in which the pathway is activated, and the anatomic neural structure. However, extensive gaps exist with regards to the targets of the phosphorylated ERK in many of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Albert-Gascó
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK;
| | - Francisco Ros-Bernal
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
| | - Esther Castillo-Gómez
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco E. Olucha-Bordonau
- U.P Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. de Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (F.R.-B.); (E.C.-G.)
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Hippocampal HECT E3 ligase inhibition facilitates consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation, and inhibits extinction of contextual fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 167:107135. [PMID: 31821882 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is involved in synaptic plasticity and memory, but the involvement of HECT E3 ligases in these processes has not yet been established. Here, we bilaterally infused heclin, a specific inhibitor of some of these ligases, into the dorsal hippocampus of male Wistar rats that were trained in a contextual fear conditioning. Heclin improved short-term memory, consolidation, retrieval, and reconsolidation when administered immediately post training, prior to testing, or after memory reactivation, respectively. In addition, it impaired memory extinction when administered prior to a long reactivation session. Heclin infusion was also tested for locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior in a circular arena, but no effect was seen. Taken together, these results indicate that HECT E3 ligases are involved in the modulation of fear memory.
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Medina JH, Viola H. ERK1/2: A Key Cellular Component for the Formation, Retrieval, Reconsolidation and Persistence of Memory. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:361. [PMID: 30344477 PMCID: PMC6182090 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) has been strongly implicated in several cellular processes. In the brain ERK1/2 activity has been primarily involved in long-term memory (LTM) formation and expression. Here, we review earlier evidence and describe recent developments of ERK1/2 signaling in memory processing focusing the attention on the role of ERK1/2 in memory retrieval and reconsolidation, and in the maintenance of the memory trace including mechanisms involving the protection of labile memories. In addition, relearning requires ERK1/2 activity in selected brain regions. Its involvement in distinct memory stages points at ERK1/2 as a core element in memory processing and as one likely target to treat memory impairments associated with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Medina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) "Dr Eduardo De Robertis", CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) "Dr Eduardo De Robertis", CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Abstract
Understanding how stored information emerges is a main question in the neurobiology of memory that is now increasingly gaining attention. However, molecular events underlying this memory stage, including involvement of protein synthesis, are not well defined. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a central regulator of protein synthesis, has been implicated in synaptic plasticity and is required for memory formation. Using inhibitory avoidance (IA), we evaluated the role of mTORC1 in memory retrieval. Infusion of a selective mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, into the dorsal hippocampus 15 or 40 min but not 3 h before testing at 24 h reversibly disrupted memory expression even in animals that had already expressed IA memory. Emetine, a general protein synthesis inhibitor, provoked a similar impairment. mTORC1 inhibition did not interfere with short-term memory retrieval. When infused before test at 7 or 14 but not at 28 days after training, rapamycin impaired memory expression. mTORC1 blockade in retrosplenial cortex, another structure required for IA memory, also impaired memory retention. In addition, pretest intrahippocampal rapamycin infusion impaired object location memory retrieval. Our results support the idea that ongoing protein synthesis mediated by activation of mTORC1 pathway is necessary for long but not for short term memory.
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Clocking In Time to Gate Memory Processes: The Circadian Clock Is Part of the Ins and Outs of Memory. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:6238989. [PMID: 29849561 PMCID: PMC5925033 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6238989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning, memory consolidation, and retrieval are processes known to be modulated by the circadian (circa: about; dies: day) system. The circadian regulation of memory performance is evolutionarily conserved, independent of the type and complexity of the learning paradigm tested, and not specific to crepuscular, nocturnal, or diurnal organisms. In mammals, long-term memory (LTM) formation is tightly coupled to de novo gene expression of plasticity-related proteins and posttranslational modifications and relies on intact cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling. These memory-essential signaling components cycle rhythmically in the hippocampus across the day and night and are clearly molded by an intricate interplay between the circadian system and memory. Important components of the circadian timing mechanism and its plasticity are members of the Period clock gene family (Per1, Per2). Interestingly, Per1 is rhythmically expressed in mouse hippocampus. Observations suggest important and largely unexplored roles of the clock gene protein PER1 in synaptic plasticity and in the daytime-dependent modulation of learning and memory. Here, we review the latest findings on the role of the clock gene Period 1 (Per1) as a candidate molecular and mechanistic blueprint for gating the daytime dependency of memory processing.
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14
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Prelimbic cortex extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation is required for memory retrieval of long-term inhibitory avoidance. Brain Res 2017; 1661:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Jurkus R, Day HLL, Guimarães FS, Lee JLC, Bertoglio LJ, Stevenson CW. Cannabidiol Regulation of Learned Fear: Implications for Treating Anxiety-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:454. [PMID: 27932983 PMCID: PMC5121237 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and trauma-related disorders are psychiatric diseases with a lifetime prevalence of up to 25%. Phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are characterized by abnormal and persistent memories of fear-related contexts and cues. The effects of psychological treatments such as exposure therapy are often only temporary and medications can be ineffective and have adverse side effects. Growing evidence from human and animal studies indicates that cannabidiol, the main non-psychotomimetic phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa, alleviates anxiety in paradigms assessing innate fear. More recently, the effects of cannabidiol on learned fear have been investigated in preclinical studies with translational relevance for phobias and PTSD. Here we review the findings from these studies, with an emphasis on cannabidiol regulation of contextual fear. The evidence indicates that cannabidiol reduces learned fear in different ways: (1) cannabidiol decreases fear expression acutely, (2) cannabidiol disrupts memory reconsolidation, leading to sustained fear attenuation upon memory retrieval, and (3) cannabidiol enhances extinction, the psychological process by which exposure therapy inhibits learned fear. We also present novel data on cannabidiol regulation of learned fear related to explicit cues, which indicates that auditory fear expression is also reduced acutely by cannabidiol. We conclude by outlining future directions for research to elucidate the neural circuit, psychological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of fear memory processing by cannabidiol. This line of investigation may lead to the development of cannabidiol as a novel therapeutic approach for treating anxiety and trauma-related disorders such as phobias and PTSD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regimantas Jurkus
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Harriet L L Day
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Loughborough, UK
| | | | | | - Leandro J Bertoglio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Carl W Stevenson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Loughborough, UK
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16
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The effect of AMPA receptor blockade on spatial information acquisition, consolidation and expression in juvenile rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:145-156. [PMID: 27353718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Improvement on spatial tasks in rats is observed during a late, postnatal developmental period (post-natal day (PND) 18 - PND 20). The developmental emergence of this spatial function occurs in conjunction with hippocampal connectivity changes and enhanced hippocampal-AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. The current work investigated the effect of AMPAr blockade on the emergence and long-term storage of spatial information in juvenile rats and associated neural activity patterns in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 region. Male, Long Evans rats between the ages of PND 18 and PND 20 were systemically (i.p.) administered the AMPAr antagonist, NBQX, (0, 5 or 10mg/kg) every day prior to hidden platform water maze training (PND 18, 19 and 20), every day immediately post-training or immediately before the probe test (PND 41). NBQX administration prior to training prolonged latencies, pathlength and increased thigmotaxis during the acquisition phase. Administration of NBQX immediately posttraining had no effect on the day-to-day performance. When given a probe test 3weeks later, the saline group across all conditions spent more time in the target quadrant. Rats treated with pretraining 5mg NBQX dose showed a preference for the target quadrant while the posttraining and pretesting 5mg NBQX doses impaired the target quadrant preference. Groups injected with 10mg of NBQX pretraining, posttraining or pretesting did not show a preference for the target quadrant. c-Fos labeling in the CA1 reflected these differences in probe performance in that groups showing greater than chance dwell time in the target quadrant showed more c-Fos labeling in the CA1 region than groups that did not show a target quadrant preference. These findings provide support for the critical role of AMPA receptor-mediated function in the organization and long-term storage of spatial memories acquired during the juvenile period.
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Fabbri R, Furini CRG, Passani MB, Provensi G, Baldi E, Bucherelli C, Izquierdo I, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Blandina P. Memory retrieval of inhibitory avoidance requires histamine H1 receptor activation in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2714-20. [PMID: 27118833 PMCID: PMC4868453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604841113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieval represents a dynamic process that may require neuromodulatory signaling. Here, we report that the integrity of the brain histaminergic system is necessary for retrieval of inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory, because rats depleted of histamine through lateral ventricle injections of α-fluoromethylhistidine (a-FMHis), a suicide inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, displayed impaired IA memory when tested 2 d after training. a-FMHis was administered 24 h after training, when IA memory trace was already formed. Infusion of histamine in hippocampal CA1 of brain histamine-depleted rats (hence, amnesic) 10 min before the retention test restored IA memory but was ineffective when given in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Intra-CA1 injections of selective H1 and H2 receptor agonists showed that histamine exerted its effect by activating the H1 receptor. Noteworthy, the H1 receptor antagonist pyrilamine disrupted IA memory retrieval in rats, thus strongly supporting an active involvement of endogenous histamine; 90 min after the retention test, c-Fos-positive neurons were significantly fewer in the CA1s of a-FMHis-treated rats that displayed amnesia compared with in the control group. We also found reduced levels of phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element binding protein (pCREB) in the CA1s of a-FMHis-treated animals compared with in controls. Increases in pCREB levels are associated with retrieval of associated memories. Targeting the histaminergic system may modify the retrieval of emotional memory; hence, histaminergic ligands might reduce dysfunctional aversive memories and improve the efficacy of exposure psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Sezione di Farmacologia e Chemioterapia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Corrado Bucherelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Florence, Italy;
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18
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Thomas SA. Neuromodulatory signaling in hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2015; 25:415-31. [PMID: 25475876 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made toward understanding the molecular signaling events that underlie memory acquisition and consolidation. In contrast, less is known about memory retrieval, despite its necessity for utilizing learned information. This review focuses on neuromodulatory and intracellular signaling events that underlie memory retrieval mediated by the hippocampus, for which the most information is currently available. Among neuromodulators, adrenergic signaling is required for the retrieval of various types of hippocampus-dependent memory. Although they contribute to acquisition and/or consolidation, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling are generally not required for retrieval. Interestingly, while not required for retrieval, serotonergic and opioid signaling may actually constrain memory retrieval. Roles for histamine and non-opioid neuropeptides are currently unclear but possible. A critical effector of adrenergic signaling in retrieval is reduction of the slow afterhyperpolarization mediated by β1 receptors, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, Epac, and possibly ERK. In contrast, stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval by decreasing cyclic AMP, mediated in part by the activation of β2 -adrenergic receptors. Clinically, alterations in neuromodulatory signaling and in memory retrieval occur in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent evidence has begun to link changes in neuromodulatory signaling with effects on memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Memory retrieval requires ongoing protein synthesis and NMDA receptor activity-mediated AMPA receptor trafficking. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2465-75. [PMID: 25673841 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0735-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas consolidation and reconsolidation are considered dynamic processes requiring protein synthesis, memory retrieval has long been considered a passive readout of previously established plasticity. However, previous findings suggest that memory retrieval may be more dynamic than previously thought. This study therefore aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying memory retrieval in the rat. Infusion of protein synthesis inhibitors (rapamycin or anisomycin) in the amygdala 10 min before memory retrieval transiently impaired auditory fear memory expression, suggesting ongoing protein synthesis is required to enable memory retrieval. We then investigated the role of protein synthesis in NMDA receptor activity-mediated AMPA receptor trafficking. Coinfusion of an NMDA receptor antagonist (ifenprodil) or infusion of an AMPA receptor endocytosis inhibitor (GluA23Y) before rapamycin prevented this memory impairment. Furthermore, rapamycin transiently decreased GluA1 levels at the postsynaptic density (PSD), but did not affect extrasynaptic sites. This effect at the PSD was prevented by an infusion of GluA23Y before rapamycin. Together, these data show that ongoing protein synthesis is required before memory retrieval is engaged, and suggest that this protein synthesis may be involved in the NMDAR activity-mediated trafficking of AMPA receptors that takes place during memory retrieval.
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20
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Han S, Hong S, Mo J, Lee D, Choi E, Choi JS, Sun W, Lee HW, Kim H. Impaired extinction of learned contextual fear memory in early growth response 1 knockout mice. Mol Cells 2014; 37:24-30. [PMID: 24552706 PMCID: PMC3907009 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inductive expression of early growth response 1 (Egr-1) in neurons is associated with many forms of neuronal activity. However, only a few Egr-1 target genes are known in the brain. The results of this study demonstrate that Egr-1 knockout (KO) mice display impaired contextual extinction learning and normal fear acquisition relative to wild-type (WT) control animals. Genome-wide microarray experiments revealed 368 differentially expressed genes in the hippocampus of Egr-1 WT exposed to different phases of a fear conditioning paradigm compared to gene expression profiles in the hippocampus of KO mice. Some of genes, such as serotonin receptor 2C (Htr2c), neuropeptide B (Npb), neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), NPY receptor Y1 (Npy1r), fatty acid binding protein 7 (Fabp7), and neuropeptide Y (Npy) are known to regulate processing of fearful memories, and promoter analyses demonstrated that several of these genes contained Egr-1 binding sites. This study provides a useful list of potential Egr-1 target genes which may be regulated during fear memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungrie Han
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Soontaek Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Jiwon Mo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | | | | | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
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21
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D'Amico AG, Scuderi S, Leggio GM, Castorina A, Drago F, D'Agata V. Increased hippocampal CREB phosphorylation in dopamine D3 receptor knockout mice following passive avoidance conditioning. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2516-23. [PMID: 24100927 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) are implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory processes. Previously we have shown that D3Rs mediate inhibitory effects on learning, since D3R knockout (D 3 (-/-) ) mice display enhanced performance in the passive avoidance task (PA). Formation of new memories is known to require de novo synthesis of proteins related to synaptic function through the activation of signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and activation of the nuclear transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). However, there are no clear indications regarding the specific involvement of D3Rs in the activation of these signaling cascades after acquisition of PA. Therefore, in this study we assessed whether phosphorylation levels of several MAPKs, Akt and CREB were differentially affected by PA in both wild-type (WT) and D 3 (-/-) mice hippocampi. Animals were divided in Naïve, unconditioned stimulus trained, conditioned stimulus trained and conditioned animals. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, as well as of Akt and CREB were determined. Acquisition of PA significantly increased pCREB levels both in WT and D 3 (-/-) mice. The extent of PA-driven increase in pCREB levels was significantly higher in mice lacking D3Rs. Similarly, pERK 1/2 was further augmented in trained D 3 (-/-) mice as compared to trained WTs, whereas JNK and p38 phosphorylation was not affected neither by PA nor by genetic background. Finally, Akt activation was observed in D 3 (-/-) mice, but not in response to PA. In conclusion, these data supports the notion that D3Rs might modulate CREB phosphorylation after acquisition of PA, probably via activation of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
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22
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Cestari V, Rossi-Arnaud C, Saraulli D, Costanzi M. The MAP(K) of fear: from memory consolidation to memory extinction. Brain Res Bull 2013; 105:8-16. [PMID: 24080449 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling cascade is involved in several intracellular processes ranging from cell differentiation to proliferation, as well as in synaptic plasticity. In the last two decades, the role of MAPK/ERK in long-term memory formation in mammals, particularly in fear-related memories, has been extensively investigated. In this review we describe knowledge advancement on the role of MAPK/ERK in orchestrating the intracellular processes that lead to the consolidation, reconsolidation and extinction of fear memories. In doing so, we report studies in which the specific role of MAP/ERK in switching from memory formation to memory erasure has been suggested. The possibility to target MAPK/ERK in developing and/or refining pharmacological approaches to treat psychiatric disorders in which fear regulation is defective has also been envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cestari
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council and Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council and Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council and Fondazione Santa Lucia, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, p.zza delle Vaschette 101, 00193 Rome, Italy
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23
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Mechanisms of hippocampal long-term depression are required for memory enhancement by novelty exploration. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11980-90. [PMID: 22933783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0984-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that novel environments can enhance learning and memory. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that, in freely moving rats, novelty exploration facilitates the production of hippocampal CA1 long-term depression (LTD), a well characterized form of synaptic plasticity believed to be a cellular substrate of spatial learning, and thereby converts short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM) in an inhibitory avoidance learning procedure. Blocking the induction or the expression of CA1 LTD with two mechanistically and structurally distinct inhibitors prevents not only novelty acquisition but also the novelty exploration-promoted conversion of STM into LTM. Moreover, production of LTD with a strong electrical stimulation induction protocol or facilitation of hippocampal LTD by pharmacological inhibition of glutamate transporter activity mimics the behavioral effects of novelty exploration, sufficiently promoting the conversion of STM into LTM. Together, our findings suggest that induction of LTD may play an essential role not only in novelty acquisition but also in novelty-mediated memory enhancement.
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24
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Hong JG, Kim DH, Lee CH, Park SJ, Kim JM, Cai M, Jang DS, Ryu JH. GSK-3β activity in the hippocampus is required for memory retrieval. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:122-9. [PMID: 22800848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several molecules were recently found to be important for the memory retrieval process in the hippocampus; however, the mechanisms underlying the memory retrieval remain poorly understood. GSK-3β has been implicated in the control of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal GSK-3β activity and memory retrieval using behavioral and Western blotting methods. We found that GSK-3β was activated in the hippocampus after a retention session in the passive avoidance task. An intrahippocampal injection of the GSK-3β inhibitor, SB 216763, before the retention session blocked memory retrieval (but not reconsolidation) without affecting locomotor activity. These results suggest that GSK-3β activation would be essential for memory retrieval in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyu Hong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling has a role in passive avoidance memory retrieval induced by GABAA Receptor modulation in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1234-44. [PMID: 22169949 PMCID: PMC3306885 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence strongly suggests that the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor has a crucial role in memory retrieval. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying the role of GABA(A) receptor modulation in memory retrieval are unclear. We conducted one-trial passive avoidance task with pre-retention trial drug administration in the hippocampus to test the effects of GABA(A) receptor modulation on memory retrieval. We further tested the co-involvement of signaling molecules: extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). First, we observed that the phosphorylation of hippocampal ERK was required for memory retrieval during the task. Accordingly, to investigate whether GABA(A) receptor activation or inhibition induces ERK phosphorylation during memory retrieval, drugs that target the GABA(A) receptor were administered into the hippocampus before the retention trial. Muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, and diazepam, an agonist to benzodiazepine-binding site of GABA(A) receptor, blocked retention trial-induced ERK phosphorylation and impaired memory retrieval. Furthermore, co-treatment with sub-effective dose of U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, blocked the upregulation of ERK phosphorylation and impaired memory retrieval, and bicuculline methiodide (BMI), a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, increased ERK phosphorylation induced by the retention trial and facilitated memory retrieval. Finally, the effects of BMI were blocked by the co-application of a sub-effective dose of U0126. These results suggest that GABA(A) receptor-mediated memory retrieval is closely related to ERK activity.
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26
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The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1667-707. [PMID: 22484475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory allows organisms to predict future events based on prior experiences. This requires encoded information to persist once important predictors are extracted, while also being modifiable in response to changes within the environment. Memory reconsolidation may allow stored information to be modified in response to related experience. However, there are many boundary conditions beyond which reconsolidation may not occur. One interpretation of these findings is that the event triggering memory retrieval must contain new information about a familiar stimulus in order to induce reconsolidation. Presently, the mechanisms that affect the likelihood of reconsolidation occurring under these conditions are not well understood. Here we speculate on a number of systems that may play a role in protecting memory from being destabilized during retrieval. We conclude that few memories may enter a state in which they cannot be modified. Rather, metaplasticity mechanisms may serve to alter the specific reactivation cues necessary to destabilize a memory. This might imply that destabilization mechanisms can differ depending on learning conditions.
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27
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Myskiw JC, Izquierdo I. Posterior parietal cortex and long-term memory: some data from laboratory animals. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:8. [PMID: 22375107 PMCID: PMC3287050 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) was long viewed as just involved in the perception of spatial relationships between the body and its surroundings and of movements related to them. In recent years the PPC has been shown to participate in many other cognitive processes, among which working memory and the consolidation and retrieval of episodic memory. The neurotransmitter and other molecular processes involved have been determined to a degree in rodents. More research will no doubt determine the extent to which these findings can be extrapolated to primates, including humans. In these there appears to be a paradox: imaging studies strongly suggest an important participation of the PPC in episodic memory, whereas lesion studies are much less suggestive, let alone conclusive. The data on the participation of the PPC in episodic memory so far do not permit any conclusion as to what aspect of consolidation and retrieval it handles in addition to those dealt with by the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala, if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jociane C Myskiw
- Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
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28
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Gieros K, Sobczuk A, Salinska E. Differential involvement of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in memory reconsolidation and retrieval in a passive avoidance task in 1-day old chicks. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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29
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Ostroveanu A, van der Zee EA, Eisel ULM, Schmidt M, Nijholt IM. Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP 2 (Epac2) plays a specific and time-limited role in memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2011; 20:1018-26. [PMID: 19739231 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in memory retrieval is limited due to the lack of tools to study this stage of the memory process. Here we report that exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) play a surprisingly specific role in memory retrieval. Intrahippocampal injection of the Epac activator 8-pCPT-2'O-Me-cAMP was shown to improve fear memory retrieval in contextual fear conditioning whereas acquisition and consolidation were not affected. The retrieval enhancing effect of the Epac activator was even more prominent in the passive avoidance paradigm. Down-regulation of Epac2 expression in the hippocampal CA1 area impaired fear memory retrieval when the memory test was performed 72 h after training, but not when tested after 17 days. Our data thus identify an important time-limited role for hippocampal Epac2 signaling in cognition and opens new avenues to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anghelus Ostroveanu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Hou J. Therapeutic promise and principles: metabotropic glutamate receptors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 1:1-14. [PMID: 19750024 PMCID: PMC2740993 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For a number of disease entities, oxidative stress becomes a significant factor in the etiology and progression of cell dysfunction and injury. Therapeutic strategies that can identify novel signal transduction pathways to ameliorate the toxic effects of oxidative stress may lead to new avenues of treatment for a spectrum of disorders that include diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and immune system dysfunction. In this respect, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) may offer exciting prospects for several disorders since these receptors can limit or prevent apoptotic cell injury as well as impact upon cellular development and function. Yet the role of mGluRs is complex in nature and may require specific mGluR modulation for a particular disease entity to maximize clinical efficacy and limit potential disability. Here we discuss the potential clinical translation of mGluRs and highlight the role of novel signal transduction pathways in the metabotropic glutamate system that may be vital for the clinical utility of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Bi AL, Wang Y, Li BQ, Wang QQ, Ma L, Yu H, Zhao L, Chen ZY. Region-specific involvement of actin rearrangement-related synaptic structure alterations in conditioned taste aversion memory. Learn Mem 2010; 17:420-7. [PMID: 20729290 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1772310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Actin rearrangement plays an essential role in learning and memory; however, the spatial and temporal regulation of actin dynamics in different phases of associative memory has not been fully understood. Here, using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, we investigated the region-specific involvement of actin rearrangement-related synaptic structure alterations in different memory processes. We found that CTA training could induce increased postsynaptic density (PSD) length in insular cortex (IC), but not in basolateral amygdala (BLA) and prelimbic cortex (PrL) during short-term memory (STM) formation, whereas it led to increased PSD length and synapse density in both IC and PrL during long-term memory (LTM) formation. Inhibition of actin rearrangement in the IC, but not in the BLA and PrL, impaired memory acquisition. Furthermore, actin dynamics in the IC or PrL is necessary for memory consolidation. On the contrary, inhibition of actin dynamics in the IC, BLA, or PrL had no effect on CTA memory retrieval. Our results suggest temporal and regional-specific regulation of actin rearrangement-related synaptic structure in different phases of CTA memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Bi
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Myskiw JC, Fiorenza NG, Izquierdo LA, Izquierdo I. Molecular mechanisms in hippocampus and basolateral amygdala but not in parietal or cingulate cortex are involved in extinction of one-trial avoidance learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:285-91. [PMID: 20601026 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of extinction of one-trial avoidance involves the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), two areas that participate in its original consolidation. The posterior parietal (PARIE) and posterior cingulate (CING) cortices also participate in consolidation of this task but their role in extinction has not been explored. Here we study the effect on the extinction of one-trial avoidance in rats of three different drugs infused bilaterally into DH, BLA, PARIE or CING 5min before the first of four daily unreinforced test sessions: The glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist, AP5 (5.0microg/side),and the inhibitors of calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), KN-93 (0.3microg/side), or of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Rp-cAMPs (0.5microg/side) hindered extinction when given into DH or BLA. Levels of pPKA and pCaMKII increased in DH after the first extinction trial; in BLA only the CaMKII increase was seen. Thus, this pathway appears to participate in extinction in BLA at the "basal" levels, and at enhanced levels in DH. None of the treatments affected extinction when given into PARIE or CING. The present findings indicate that: (1) the DH and BLA are important for the initiation of extinction at the time of the first unreinforced retrieval session; (2) both the CaMKII and the PKA signaling pathway are necessary for the development of extinction in the two regions; (3) PARIE and CING are probably unrelated to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jociane C Myskiw
- Centro de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2nd floor, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ahn SM, Choe ES. Alterations in GluR2 AMPA receptor phosphorylation at serine 880 following group I metabotropic glutamate receptor stimulation in the rat dorsal striatum. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:992-9. [PMID: 19908285 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the brain plays a crucial role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. In this study, we investigated the regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation by the stimulation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the dorsal striatum in vivo. The results showed that intrastriatal infusion of the group I mGluR agonist, (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG, 250 nmol), enhanced the sensitivity of GluR2 subunit in its phosphorylation at serine 880 (S880) in the dorsal striatum. This enhancement of the sensitivity of GluR2-S880 phosphorylation was reduced by blocking group I mGluRs and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Similar reduction of the enhancement was also induced by inhibiting phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibition of protein phosphatase (PP) 1/2A and calcineurin (PP2B) alone enhanced GluR2-S880 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum, whereas inhibition of these phosphatases did not further enhance the S880 phosphorylation by DHPG stimulation. In addition, inhibition of PP1/2A or PP2B also enhanced the phosphorylation of CaMKII, JNK and PKC. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit at S880 is subject to the upregulation by the stimulation of group I mGluRs. Interactions among glutamate receptors, protein kinases, and PPs participate in this upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
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Kim SM, Ahn SM, Go BS, Wang JQ, Choe ES. Alterations in AMPA receptor phosphorylation in the rat striatum following acute and repeated cocaine administration. Neuroscience 2009; 163:618-26. [PMID: 19559763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is an important mechanism for the posttranslational modulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors and is subject to regulation by changing synaptic inputs. In this study, we investigated the regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR1 subunit phosphorylation by cocaine exposure in the rat dorsal striatum in vivo. We found that acute cocaine challenge followed by 6 days of repeated systemic injections of cocaine (20 mg/kg once daily) enhanced the sensitivity of the GluR1 subunit in its phosphorylation at serine 831 (Ser831) in the dorsal striatum. This enhancement of the sensitivity of Ser831 phosphorylation was reduced, at the receptor and ion channel level, by blocking (1) group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), (2) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and (3) L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels. Similar reduction of the enhancement was also induced, at the protein kinase level, by inhibiting (1) protein kinase C, (2) calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, and (3) c-Jun N-terminal kinases. In addition, inhibition of protein phosphatase 1/2A or calcineurin increased GluR1-Ser831 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum of normal rats, whereas inhibition of these phosphatases did not further enhance the Ser831 phosphorylation in rats pretreated with 7 daily injections of cocaine. These data suggest that the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Ser831 is subject to upregulation by acute and repeated cocaine administration. Complex signaling integrations among glutamate receptors, Ca(2+) channels, protein kinases, and protein phosphatases participate in this upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-dong, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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Roesler R, Quevedo J. Retrieval mediated by hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for memory strengthening. Neuroscience 2009; 160:711-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ahn SM, Choe ES. Activation of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Increases Serine Phosphorylation of GluR1 α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic Acid Receptors in the Rat Dorsal Striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rotta LN, Leszczinski DN, Brusque AM, Pereira P, Brum LF, Nogueira CW, Frizzo ME, Perry ML, Souza DO. Effects of undernutrition on glutamatergic parameters in the cerebral cortex of young rats. Physiol Behav 2008; 94:580-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Masuoka T, Saito S, Kamei C. Participation of hippocampal ionotropic glutamate receptors in histamine H(1) antagonist-induced memory deficit in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:107-14. [PMID: 18066536 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pyrilamine, a selective histamine H(1) antagonist, impaired spatial memory, and decreased hippocampal theta activity during a radial maze task. OBJECTIVE We investigated the ameliorative effects of glutamatergic drugs on pyrilamine-induced spatial memory deficit and the decrease in hippocampal theta activity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Drug effects were measured using an eight-arm radial maze with four arms baited. Hippocampal theta rhythm during the radial maze task was also recorded with a polygraph system using a telemetric technique. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of pyrilamine (35 mg/kg) resulted in impaired reference and working memory in the radial maze task and a decrease in the amplitude and power of hippocampal theta waves. The working memory deficit and the decrease in hippocampal theta power were antagonized by intrahippocampal injection of D: -cycloserine (1 microg/side), spermidine (10 microg/side), spermine (10 microg/side), aniracetam (1 microg/side), and 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl) piperidine (1-BCP) (1 microg/side), but not concanavalin A. CONCLUSION These results clearly indicate that H(1) antagonist-induced working memory deficit, and the decrease in hippocampal theta activity was closely associated with hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission mediated by N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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Qi XL, Zhu B, Zhang XH, Li BM. Are beta-adrenergic receptors in the hippocampal CA1 region required for retrieval of contextual fear memory? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:186-91. [PMID: 18190786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that beta-adrenoceptors (beta-ARs) in the hippocampal CA1 region are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and are essential for acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory and contextual fear memory. Previous studies reported that beta-ARs in the CA1 region are also involved in memory retrieval. The present study re-examined the role of hippocampal beta-ARs in retrieval of conditioned contextual fear. We bilaterally infused a high dose of the beta-AR antagonist propranolol (15mug in 1mul saline) into the CA1 region 30min before retention test and found that propranolol produced no deficit in retrieval of either 1-day or 7-day contextual fear. We then examined if beta-AR stimulation would produce a beneficial effect. The beta-AR agonist isoproterenol (10mug in 1mul saline) was infused into the CA1 region 30min before retention test. Surprisingly, isoproterenol did not enhance but severely disrupted retrieval of 7-day contextual fear memory, with no impact on retrieval of 1-day contextual fear memory. The present study argues against the previous conclusion that beta-ARs in the CA1 region play a role in memory retrieval. beta-ARs in the CA1 region may be dispensable for retrieval of conditioned contextual fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Qi
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LR, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. ERK1/2 and CaMKII-mediated events in memory formation: is 5HT regulation involved? Behav Brain Res 2007; 195:120-8. [PMID: 18242725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in neuronal efficacy underlie the formation and storage of new memories. Several studies indicate that modification of the phosphorylation/activation state of different protein kinases localized in the synapses or the nucleus plays a critical role in the induction and maintenance of plastic mechanisms and in the consolidation of long-lasting memories. Here we review some of the more recent findings concerning the regulation of two of the main protein kinase groups involved in memory processes and in neuronal plasticity: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Since this issue of the journal is dedicated to serotonin (5HT) regulation of behavior, we will comment on the so far scanty, but significant, evidence for a role of 5HT in the regulation of CaMKII and MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6690, Andar 2, Porto Alegre, RS90610-000, Brasil
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Pereira P, Vinadé E, Rodrigues L, De David e Silva TL, Ardenghi P, da Silva Brum LF, Gonçalves CA, Izquierdo I. Effect of Radicicol Infusion on the Src Tyrosine Kinase Activity of Rat Hippocampus before and after Training in an Inhibitory Avoidance Task. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1150-5. [PMID: 17401665 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The participation of protein serine/threonine kinases in memory formation and retrieval is well established. In contrast, relatively little is known on the role of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). Previous work showed that intra-hippocampal infusion of the Src-PTK inhibitor radicicol inhibits memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task. In this study, we investigated the possible interaction between levels of Src-PTK activity in hippocampus and memory acquisition, formation, and retrieval of this task. Radicicol (0.5 microg/ml) was infused into the CA1 region of the hippocampus of rats trained in a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task. Radicicol infused 15 min before training decreased Src-PTK activity, as measured 0, 1.5, and 24 h after training, and impaired memory acquisition of the task. When given immediately after training, there was a decrease in Src-PTK activity 1.5 h, but not 0 or 24 h after training. This treatment depressed memory consolidation. Radicicol infused into CA1 10 min prior to retrieval testing inhibited hippocampal Src-PTK activity, as measured immediately after the test session. The results suggest that Src-PTKs participate in memory acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval processes, but the timing of the role of the enzyme is different in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pereira
- Centro de Memória, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcellos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
Patient H.M. can form new memories and maintain them for a few seconds before they fade away. From a neurobiological perspective, this amnesia is usually attributed to the absence of memory consolidation, that is, memory storage. An alternative view holds that this impairment reflects that the memory is present but cannot be retrieved. This debate has been unresolved for decades. Here, we will consider some of the arguments that make it so difficult to resolve this issue. In addition, some recent work will be discussed that has gone beyond the shortcomings of previous experimental approaches to strongly suggest that amnesia can be due to a retrieval impairment that can be overcome with a reminder--an example of memories fading in. Finally, this review will suggest some strategies for resolving this debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Salinska E. The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in memory consolidation and reconsolidation in the passive avoidance task in 1-day-old chicks. Neurochem Int 2006; 48:447-52. [PMID: 16510211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although reconsolidation of memory after reminder does not seem to be the simple reiteration of the sequential stages occurring during memory consolidation, both phenomena probably employ similar mechanisms including activation of glutamate receptors and protein synthesis. It is known that group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in memory consolidation and modulation of protein synthesis. The aim of present study was to investigate the role of mGluR5 in memory consolidation and reconsolidation and to determine whether inhibition of these receptors may affect protein synthesis in these processes. The one-trial passive avoidance task on chicks was used as the experimental model of learning. Injection of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP into a specific chick brain region IMM resulted in amnesia, provided the injection was made either shortly before or after training, or approximately 4 h after training. This amnesia was permanent, resembling the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors. MPEP injection immediately after reminder resulted in only a transient amnesia revealed 1h later. Increased expression of Zif/268 and c-Fos proteins 2 h after initial training was abolished bilaterally in chicks injected with MPEP. Injection of MPEP immediately after reminder did not inhibit c-Fos and Zif/268 expression, on the contrary, their expression was increased, specifically in left IMM and was similar to that observed after initial training. These results show that at least in the chick model mGluR5 play an important role in both consolidation and reconsolidation of memory but the mechanisms triggered by their activation in these processes differ. It is suggested that Ca(2+) signal derived from mGluR5 stimulation is necessary for complete memory consolidation, whereas during reconsolidation other mGluR5 triggered mechanisms of protein synthesis activation and regulation may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Salinska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Li F. Driving cellular plasticity and survival through the signal transduction pathways of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Curr Neurovasc Res 2005; 2:425-46. [PMID: 16375723 PMCID: PMC2258008 DOI: 10.2174/156720205774962692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) share a common molecular morphology with other G protein-linked receptors, but there expression throughout the mammalian nervous system places these receptors as essential mediators not only for the initial development of an organism, but also for the vital determination of a cell's fate during many disorders in the nervous system that include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, epilepsy, trauma, and stroke. Given the ubiquitous distribution of these receptors, the mGluR system impacts upon neuronal, vascular, and glial cell function and is activated by a wide variety of stimuli that includes neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones, growth factors, ions, lipids, and light. Employing signal transduction pathways that can modulate both excitatory and inhibitory responses, the mGluR system drives a spectrum of cellular pathways that involve protein kinases, endonucleases, cellular acidity, energy metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases, and specific mitogen-activated protein kinases. Ultimately these pathways can converge to regulate genomic DNA degradation, membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) residue exposure, and inflammatory microglial activation. As we continue to push the envelope for our understanding of this complex and critical family of metabotropic receptors, we should be able to reap enormous benefits for both clinical disease as well as our understanding of basic biology in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Department of Neurology, 8C-1 UHC, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LRM, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. Retrieval and the extinction of memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:465-74. [PMID: 16075375 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-4009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Memory is assessed by measuring retrieval which is often elicited by the solely presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS). However, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. 2. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response (CR) is to stay in the safe area. Retrieval of the memory for the step-down version of this task is measured in the absence of the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). 3. Extinction of the IA response is installed at the moment of the first non-reinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. 4. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is necessary for the generation of extinction this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the non-reinforced expression of the original trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, IPB, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690-2. Andar, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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48
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Garelick MG, Storm DR. The relationship between memory retrieval and memory extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:9091-2. [PMID: 15967979 PMCID: PMC1166639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504017102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Garelick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Chen X, Garelick MG, Wang H, Lil V, Athos J, Storm DR. PI3 kinase signaling is required for retrieval and extinction of contextual memory. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:925-31. [PMID: 15937483 DOI: 10.1038/nn1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory retrieval is a dynamic aspect of memory formation that can be studied separately from other stages of memory processing. Although several signal transduction pathways including ERK/MAP kinase have been implicated in memory retrieval, the underlying signaling events are poorly defined. Here we report that re-exposure of mice to context after contextual training stimulates the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) in the hippocampus. Inhibition of PI3K activity in the hippocampus in vivo blocked contextual memory retrieval and extinction. Inhibitors of PI3K signaling also blocked increases in ERK/MAP kinase activity associated with memory retrieval. This suggests that PI3K activation in the hippocampus is critical for memory retrieval and is required for activation of ERK/MAP kinase during retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Box 357280, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA
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50
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Cammarota M, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Bevilaqua LRM, Coitinho A, Szapiro G, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. The transition from memory retrieval to extinction. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:573-82. [PMID: 15334255 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is measured by measuring retrieval. Retrieval is often triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS); however, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response is to stay in the safe area. In IA, retrieval is measured without the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). Extinction is installed at the moment of the first unreinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is behaviorally and biochemically necessary for the generation of extinction, this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the unreinforced expression of the original trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, ICS, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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