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Rabie MA, Ghoneim AT, Fahmy MI, El-Yamany MF, Sayed RH. Activation of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by tropisetron mitigates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease in rats: Role of PI3K/Akt and JAK2/NF-κB signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110957. [PMID: 38513929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inheritable autosomal-dominant disorder that targets mainly the striatum. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induces obvious deleterious behavioral, neurochemical, and histological effects similar to the symptoms of HD. Our study aimed to examine the neuroprotective activity of tropisetron, an alpha-7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α-7nAChR) agonist, against neurotoxic events associated with 3-NP-induced HD in rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Group I received normal saline, while Groups II, III and IV received 3-NP for 2 weeks. In addition, Group III and IV were treated with tropisetron 1 h after 3-NP administration. Meanwhile, Group IV received methyllycaconitine (MLA), an α-7nAChR antagonist, 30 min before tropisetron administration. Treatment with tropisetron improved motor deficits as confirmed by the behavioral tests and restored normal histopathological features of the striatum. Moreover, tropisetron showed an anti-oxidant activity via increasing the activities of SDH and HO-1 as well as Nrf2 expression along with reducing MDA level. Tropisetron also markedly upregulated the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt which in turn hampered JAK2/NF-κB inflammatory cascade. In addition, tropisetron showed an anti-apoptotic activity through boosting the expression of Bcl-2 and reducing Bax expression and caspase-3 level. Interestingly, all the aforementioned effects of tropisetron were blocked by pre-administration of MLA, which confirms that such neuroprotective effects are mediated via activating of α-7nAChR. In conclusion, tropisetron showed a neuroprotective activity against 3-NP-induced HD via activating PI3K/Akt signaling and suppressing JAK2/NF-κB inflammatory axis. Thus, repositioning of tropisetron could represent a promising therapeutic strategy in management of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed T Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical sciences and drug manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 12585, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Thomsen M, Lange LM, Zech M, Lohmann K. Genetics and Pathogenesis of Dystonia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:99-131. [PMID: 37738511 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Thomsen
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Lara M Lange
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany;
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Gill JS, Nguyen MX, Hull M, van der Heijden ME, Nguyen K, Thomas SP, Sillitoe RV. Function and dysfunction of the dystonia network: an exploration of neural circuits that underlie the acquired and isolated dystonias. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:11805. [PMID: 38273865 PMCID: PMC10810232 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Dystonia is a highly prevalent movement disorder that can manifest at any time across the lifespan. An increasing number of investigations have tied this disorder to dysfunction of a broad "dystonia network" encompassing the cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cortex. However, pinpointing how dysfunction of the various anatomic components of the network produces the wide variety of dystonia presentations across etiologies remains a difficult problem. In this review, a discussion of functional network findings in non-mendelian etiologies of dystonia is undertaken. Initially acquired etiologies of dystonia and how lesion location leads to alterations in network function are explored, first through an examination of cerebral palsy, in which early brain injury may lead to dystonic/dyskinetic forms of the movement disorder. The discussion of acquired etiologies then continues with an evaluation of the literature covering dystonia resulting from focal lesions followed by the isolated focal dystonias, both idiopathic and task dependent. Next, how the dystonia network responds to therapeutic interventions, from the "geste antagoniste" or "sensory trick" to botulinum toxin and deep brain stimulation, is covered with an eye towards finding similarities in network responses with effective treatment. Finally, an examination of how focal network disruptions in mouse models has informed our understanding of the circuits involved in dystonia is provided. Together, this article aims to offer a synthesis of the literature examining dystonia from the perspective of brain networks and it provides grounding for the perspective of dystonia as disorder of network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Gill
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan X. Nguyen
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mariam Hull
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meike E. van der Heijden
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
| | - Ken Nguyen
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
| | - Sruthi P. Thomas
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United State
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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4
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Indrigo M, Morella I, Orellana D, d'Isa R, Papale A, Parra R, Gurgone A, Lecca D, Cavaccini A, Tigaret CM, Cagnotto A, Jones K, Brooks S, Ratto GM, Allen ND, Lelos MJ, Middei S, Giustetto M, Carta AR, Tonini R, Salmona M, Hall J, Thomas K, Brambilla R, Fasano S. Nuclear ERK1/2 signaling potentiation enhances neuroprotection and cognition via Importinα1/KPNA2. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e15984. [PMID: 37792911 PMCID: PMC10630888 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling is central to neuronal activity and its dysregulation may lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Here, we show that selective genetic potentiation of neuronal ERK signaling prevents cell death in vitro and in vivo in the mouse brain, while attenuation of ERK signaling does the opposite. This neuroprotective effect mediated by an enhanced nuclear ERK activity can also be induced by the novel cell penetrating peptide RB5. In vitro administration of RB5 disrupts the preferential interaction of ERK1 MAP kinase with importinα1/KPNA2 over ERK2, facilitates ERK1/2 nuclear translocation, and enhances global ERK activity. Importantly, RB5 treatment in vivo promotes neuroprotection in mouse models of Huntington's (HD), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD) disease, and enhances ERK signaling in a human cellular model of HD. Additionally, RB5-mediated potentiation of ERK nuclear signaling facilitates synaptic plasticity, enhances cognition in healthy rodents, and rescues cognitive impairments in AD and HD models. The reported molecular mechanism shared across multiple neurodegenerative disorders reveals a potential new therapeutic target approach based on the modulation of KPNA2-ERK1/2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Indrigo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Ilaria Morella
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Daniel Orellana
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Raffaele d'Isa
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanoItaly
| | - Alessandro Papale
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Riccardo Parra
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR, and Scuola Normale SuperiorePisaItaly
| | | | - Daniela Lecca
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Anna Cavaccini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits LaboratoryFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Cezar M Tigaret
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Farmacologia MolecolareIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri‐IRCCSMilanoItaly
| | | | - Simon Brooks
- School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Middei
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology CNRRomaItaly
| | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of TorinoTorinoItaly
- National Institute of NeuroscienceTorinoItaly
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits LaboratoryFondazione Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
| | - Mario Salmona
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Farmacologia MolecolareIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri‐IRCCSMilanoItaly
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kerrie Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”Università degli Studi di PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Corp DT, Morrison-Ham J, Jinnah HA, Joutsa J. The functional anatomy of dystonia: Recent developments. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:105-136. [PMID: 37482390 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
While dystonia has traditionally been viewed as a disorder of the basal ganglia, the involvement of other key brain structures is now accepted. However, just what these structures are remains to be defined. Neuroimaging has been an especially valuable tool in dystonia, yet traditional cross-sectional designs have not been able to separate causal from compensatory brain activity. Therefore, this chapter discusses recent studies using causal brain lesions, and animal models, to converge upon the brain regions responsible for dystonia with increasing precision. This evidence strongly implicates the basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and somatosensory cortex, yet shows that different types of dystonia involve different nodes of this brain network. Nearly all of these nodes fall within the recently identified two-way networks connecting the basal ganglia and cerebellum, suggesting dysfunction of these specific pathways. Localisation of the functional anatomy of dystonia has strong implications for targeted treatment options, such as deep brain stimulation, and non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Corp
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Jordan Morrison-Ham
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics, and Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Center for Brain Circuit Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Turku Brain and Mind Center, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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6
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Jang M, Choi JH, Jang DS, Cho IH. Micrandilactone C, a Nortriterpenoid Isolated from Roots of Schisandra chinensis, Ameliorates Huntington's Disease by Inhibiting Microglial STAT3 Pathways. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050786. [PMID: 36899922 PMCID: PMC10000367 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor control system of the brain. Its pathological mechanism and therapeutic strategies have not been fully elucidated yet. The neuroprotective value of micrandilactone C (MC), a new schiartane nortriterpenoid isolated from the roots of Schisandra chinensis, is not well-known either. Here, the neuroprotective effects of MC were demonstrated in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-treated animal and cell culture models of HD. MC mitigated neurological scores and lethality following 3-NPA treatment, which is associated with decreases in the formation of a lesion area, neuronal death/apoptosis, microglial migration/activation, and mRNA or protein expression of inflammatory mediators in the striatum. MC also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the striatum and microglia after 3-NPA treatment. As expected, decreases in inflammation and STAT3-activation were reproduced in a conditioned medium of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells pretreated with MC. The conditioned medium blocked the reduction in NeuN expression and the enhancement of mutant huntingtin expression in STHdhQ111/Q111 cells. Taken together, MC might alleviate behavioral dysfunction, striatal degeneration, and immune response by inhibiting microglial STAT3 signaling in animal and cell culture models for HD. Thus, MC may be a potential therapeutic strategy for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Jang
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (I.-H.C.)
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (D.S.J.); (I.-H.C.)
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7
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Norris SA, Tian L, Williams EL, Perlmutter JS. Transient dystonia correlates with parkinsonism after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine in nonhuman primates. DYSTONIA 2023; 2:11019. [PMID: 37711667 PMCID: PMC10501383 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2023.11019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral internal carotid artery 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) infusion in non-human primates produces transient contralateral hemi-dystonia followed by stable contralateral hemi-parkinsonism; the relationship between dystonia and parkinsonism remains unclear. We hypothesized that transient dystonia severity following MPTP correlates with parkinsonism severity. In male Macaca nemestrina (n = 3) and M. fascicularis (n = 17) we administered unilateral intra-carotid MPTP, then correlated validated blinded ratings of transient peak dystonia and delayed parkinsonism. We also correlated dystonia severity with post-mortem measures of residual striatal dopamine and nigral neuron counts obtained a mean 53 ± 15 days following MPTP, after resolution of dystonia but during stable parkinsonism. Median latency to dystonia onset was 1 day, and peak severity 2.5 days after MPTP; total dystonia duration was 13.5 days. Parkinsonism peaked a median of 19.5 days after MPTP, remaining nearly constant thereafter. Peak dystonia severity highly correlated with parkinsonism severity (r[18] = 0.82, p < 0.001). Residual cell counts in lesioned nigra correlated linearly with peak dystonia scores (r[18] = -0.68, p=<0.001). Dystonia was not observed in monkeys without striatal dopamine depletion (n = 2); dystonia severity correlated with striatal dopamine depletion when residual nigral cell loss was less than 50% ([11] r = -0.83, p < 0.001) but spanned a broad range with near complete striatal dopamine depletion, when nigral cell loss was greater than 50%. Our data indicate that residual striatal dopamine may not reflect dystonia severity. We speculate on mechanisms of transient dystonia followed by parkinsonism that may be studied using this particular NHP MPTP model to better understand relationships of transient dystonia to nigrostriatal injury and parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Norris
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - L. Tian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. L. Williams
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - J. S. Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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8
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Stefanova N. A Mouse Model of Multiple System Atrophy: Bench to Bedside. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:117-126. [PMID: 35995919 PMCID: PMC10119356 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with unclear etiology, currently difficult and delayed diagnosis, and rapid progression, leading to disability and lethality within 6 to 9 years after symptom onset. The neuropathology of MSA classifies the disease in the group of a-synucleinopathies together with Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body disorders, but features specific oligodendroglial inclusions, which are pathognomonic for MSA. MSA has no efficient therapy to date. Development of experimental models is crucial to elucidate the disease mechanisms in progression and to provide a tool for preclinical screening of putative therapies for MSA. In vitro and in vivo models, based on selective neurotoxicity, a-synuclein oligodendroglial overexpression, and strain-specific propagation of a-synuclein fibrils, have been developed, reflecting various facets of MSA pathology. Over the years, the continuous exchange from bench to bedside and backward has been crucial for the advancing of MSA modelling, elucidating MSA pathogenic pathways, and understanding the existing translational gap to successful clinical trials in MSA. The review discusses specifically advantages and limitations of the PLP-a-syn mouse model of MSA, which recapitulates motor and non-motor features of the human disease with underlying striatonigral degeneration, degeneration of autonomic centers, and sensitized olivopontocerebellar system, strikingly mirroring human MSA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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9
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Bertin E, Martinez A, Fayoux A, Carvalho K, Carracedo S, Fernagut PO, Koch-Nolte F, Blum D, Bertrand SS, Boué-Grabot E. Increased surface P2X4 receptors by mutant SOD1 proteins contribute to ALS pathogenesis in SOD1-G93A mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:431. [PMID: 35852606 PMCID: PMC9296432 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron (MN) disease characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation leading to cellular degeneration. So far neither biomarker, nor effective treatment has been found. ATP signaling and P2X4 receptors (P2X4) are upregulated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that several ALS-related misfolded proteins including mutants of SOD1 or TDP-43 lead to a significant increase in surface P2X4 receptor density and function in vitro. In addition, we demonstrate in the spinal the cord of SOD1-G93A (SOD1) mice that misfolded SOD1-G93A proteins directly interact with endocytic adaptor protein-2 (AP2); thus, acting as negative competitors for the interaction between AP2 and P2X4, impairing constitutive P2X4 endocytosis. The higher P2X4 surface density was particularly observed in peripheral macrophages of SOD1 mice before the onset and during the progression of ALS symptoms positioning P2X4 as a potential early biomarker for ALS. P2X4 expression was also upregulated in spinal microglia of SOD1 mice during ALS and affect microglial inflammatory responses. Importantly, we report using double transgenic SOD1 mice expressing internalization-defective P2X4mCherryIN knock-in gene or invalidated for the P2X4 gene that P2X4 is instrumental for motor symptoms, ALS progression and survival. This study highlights the role of P2X4 in the pathophysiology of ALS and thus its potential for the development of biomarkers and treatments. We also decipher the molecular mechanism by which misfolded proteins related to ALS impact P2X4 trafficking at early pathological stage in cells expressing-P2X4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Bertin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Martinez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Fayoux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, INCIA, UMR 5287, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNCog, Lille, France.,"Alzheimer & Tauopathies", LabEx DISTALZ, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sara Carracedo
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172, LilNCog, Lille, France.,"Alzheimer & Tauopathies", LabEx DISTALZ, 59000, Lille, France
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10
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Liu Y, Xing H, Ernst AF, Liu C, Maugee C, Yokoi F, Lakshmana M, Li Y. Hyperactivity of Purkinje cell and motor deficits in C9orf72 knockout mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 121:103756. [PMID: 35843530 PMCID: PMC10369482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9ORF72 gene is the most frequently reported genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The cerebellum has not traditionally been thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of C9ORF72-associated ALS/FTD, but recent evidence suggested a potential role. C9ORF72 is highly expressed in the cerebellum. Decreased C9ORF72 transcript and protein levels were detected in the postmortem cerebellum, suggesting a loss-of-function effect of C9ORF72 mutation. This study investigated the role of loss of C9ORF72 function using a C9orf72 knockout mouse line. C9orf72 deficiency led to motor impairment in rotarod, beam-walking, paw-print, open-field, and grip-strength tests. Purkinje cells are the sole output neurons in the cerebellum, and we next determined their involvement in the motor phenotypes. We found hyperactivity of Purkinje cells in the C9orf72 knockout mouse accompanied by a significant increase of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BK) protein in the cerebellum. The link between BK and Purkinje cell firing was demonstrated by the acute application of the BK activator that increased the firing frequency of the Purkinje cells ex vivo. In vivo chemogenetic activation of Purkinje cells in wild-type mice led to similar motor deficits in rotarod and beam-walking tests. Our results highlight that C9ORF72 loss alters the activity of the Purkinje cell and potentially the pathogenesis of the disease. Manipulating the Purkinje cell firing or cerebellar output may contribute to C9ORF72-associated ALS/FTD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis F Ernst
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Canna Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christian Maugee
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Madepalli Lakshmana
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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11
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St-Cyr S, Smith AR, Davidson BL. Temporal Phenotypic Changes in Huntington's Disease Models for Preclinical Studies. J Huntingtons Dis 2022; 11:35-57. [PMID: 35213386 PMCID: PMC9028736 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-210515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mouse models bearing genetic disease mutations are instrumental in the development of therapies for genetic disorders. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a late-onset lethal dominant genetic disorder due to a CAG repeat within exon 1 of the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. Several mice were developed to model HD through the expression of a transgenic fragment (exon 1 of the human HTT), the knock-in mutation of the CAG repeat in the context of the mouse Htt gene, or the full-length HTT human gene. The different mouse models present distinct onset, symptoms, and progression of the disease. Objective: The objective of this study is to advise on the best behavioral tests to assess disease progression in three HD mouse models. Methods: We tested N171-82Q transgenic mice, zQ175 knock-in mice, and BACHD full-length mice in a comprehensive behavior test battery in early, mid-, and late disease stages. Results: We contrast and compare the models and the emerging phenotypes with the available literature. These results suggest the most effective behavioral tests and appropriate sample sizes to detect treatment efficacy in each model at the different ages. We provide options for early detection of motor deficits while minimizing testing time and training. Conclusion: This information will inform researchers in the HD field as to which mouse model, tests and sample sizes can accurately and sensitively detect treatment efficacy in preclinical HD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie St-Cyr
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alicia R Smith
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Manjari S, Maity S, Poornima R, Yau SY, Vaishali K, Stellwagen D, Komal P. Restorative action of vitamin D3 on motor dysfunction through enhancement of neurotrophins and antioxidant expression in the striatum. Neuroscience 2022; 492:67-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Yokoi F, Chen HX, Oleas J, Dang MT, Xing H, Dexter KM, Li Y. Characterization of the direct pathway in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice and dopamine receptor 1-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113381. [PMID: 34038798 PMCID: PMC8323984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a movement disorder mainly caused by a trinucleotide deletion (ΔGAG) in DYT1 (TOR1A), coding for torsinA. DYT1 dystonia patients show trends of decreased striatal ligand-binding activities to dopamine receptors 1 (D1R) and 2 (D2R). Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice, which have the corresponding ΔGAG deletion, similarly exhibit reduced striatal D1R and D2R-binding activities and their expression levels. While the consequences of D2R reduction have been well characterized, relatively little is known about the effect of D1R reduction. Here, locomotor responses to D1R and D2R antagonists were examined in Dyt1 KI mice. Dyt1 KI mice showed significantly less responsiveness to both D1R antagonist SCH 23390 and D2R antagonist raclopride. The electrophysiological recording indicated that Dyt1 KI mice showed a significantly increased paired-pulse ratio of the striatal D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons and altered miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. To analyze the in vivo torsinA function in the D1R-expressing neurons further, Dyt1 conditional knockout (Dyt1 d1KO) mice in these neurons were generated. Dyt1 d1KO mice had decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced numbers of slips in the beam-walking test. Dyt1 d1KO male mice showed abnormal gait. Dyt1 d1KO mice showed defective striatal D1R maturation. Moreover, the mutant striatal D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons had increased capacitance, decreased sEPSC frequency, and reduced intrinsic excitability. The results suggest that torsinA in the D1R-expressing cells plays an important role in the electrophysiological function and motor performance. Medical interventions to the direct pathway may affect the onset and symptoms of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA.
| | - Huan-Xin Chen
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Janneth Oleas
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Mai Tu Dang
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Kelly M Dexter
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA.
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14
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Prados ME, Correa-Sáez A, Unciti-Broceta JD, Garrido-Rodríguez M, Jimenez-Jimenez C, Mazzone M, Minassi A, Appendino G, Calzado MA, Muñoz E. Betulinic Acid Hydroxamate is Neuroprotective and Induces Protein Phosphatase 2A-Dependent HIF-1α Stabilization and Post-transcriptional Dephosphorylation of Prolyl Hydrolase 2. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1849-1861. [PMID: 34339019 PMCID: PMC8608974 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances, and dementia. The activation of the hypoxic response pathway through the pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs) is a promising approach for neurodegenerative diseases, including HD. Herein, we have studied the mechanism of action of the compound Betulinic acid hydroxamate (BAH), a hypoximimetic derivative of betulinic acid, and its efficacy against striatal neurodegeneration using complementary approaches. Firstly, we showed the molecular mechanisms through which BAH modifies the activity of the PHD2 prolyl hydroxylase, thus directly affecting HIF-1α stability. BAH treatment reduces PHD2 phosphorylation on Ser-125 residue, responsible for the control of its hydrolase activity. HIF activation by BAH is inhibited by okadaic acid and LB-100 indicating that a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is implicated in the mechanism of action of BAH. Furthermore, in striatal cells bearing a mutated form of the huntingtin protein, BAH stabilized HIF-1α protein, induced Vegf and Bnip3 gene expression and protected against mitochondrial toxin-induced cytotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that BAH has a good brain penetrability and experiments performed in a mouse model of striatal neurodegeneration induced by 3-nitropropionic acid showed that BAH improved the clinical symptoms. In addition, BAH also prevented neuronal loss, decreased reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation, inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory markers, and improved antioxidant defenses in the brain. Taken together, our results show BAH's ability to activate the PP2A/PHD2/HIF pathway, which may have important implications in the treatment of HD and perhaps other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Correa-Sáez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Martín Garrido-Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carla Jimenez-Jimenez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KULeuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- Hospital Universitario Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
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15
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Belmonte-Reche E, Peñalver P, Caro-Moreno M, Mateos-Martín ML, Adán N, Delgado M, González-Rey E, Morales JC. Silyl resveratrol derivatives as potential therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113655. [PMID: 34175536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural phenolic compounds found in food have demonstrated interesting preventive and therapeutic effects on a large variety of pathologies. Indeed, some of them, such as resveratrol (RES), have been examined in clinical trials. Nevertheless, their success has been scarce mainly due to their low bioavailability. In this study, we found serendipitously that O-silyl RES derivatives exerted a better neuroprotective activity than resveratrol itself and decided to explore them as potential drugs for neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. We have also designed and prepared a series of O-silyl RES prodrugs to improve their bioavailability. We found that di-triethylsilyl and di-triisopropylsilyl RES derivatives were better in vitro neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents than RES. Among these derivatives and their corresponding acyl-, glycosyl- and carbamoyl-prodrugs, 3,5-triethylsilyl-4'-(6″-octanoylglucopyranosyl) resveratrol 26 showed the best profile on toxicity and neuroprotective activity in zebra fish embryo. Compound 26 was also capable of reducing the loss of motor coordination in a 3-nitropropionic acid mice model of Huntington's disease, in a similar way to RES. However, 26 diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 to a higher extent than RES and improved the latency to fall in the rotarod test by 10% with respect to RES. Finally, we investigated 26 and RES as potential treatments on an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) multiple sclerosis mice model. We observed that, in a therapeutic regimen, 26 significantly diminished the progression of EAE severity and reduced the percentage of animals with moderate to severe clinical score, whereas RES showed no improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efres Belmonte-Reche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Peñalver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - María Luisa Mateos-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Norma Adán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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16
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Alteration of the cholinergic system and motor deficits in cholinergic neuron-specific Dyt1 knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105342. [PMID: 33757902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, repetitive movement, and sometimes abnormal postures. DYT1 dystonia is one of the most common genetic dystonias, and most patients carry heterozygous DYT1 ∆GAG mutations causing a loss of a glutamic acid of the protein torsinA. Patients can be treated with anticholinergics, such as trihexyphenidyl, suggesting an abnormal cholinergic state. Early work on the cell-autonomous effects of Dyt1 deletion with ChI-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice (Dyt1 Ch1KO) revealed abnormal electrophysiological responses of striatal ChIs to muscarine and quinpirole, motor deficits, and no changes in the number or size of the ChIs. However, the Chat-cre line that was used to derive Dyt1 Ch1KO mice contained a neomycin cassette and was reported to have ectopic cre-mediated recombination. In this study, we generated a Dyt1 Ch2KO mouse line by removing the neomycin cassette in Dyt1 Ch1KO mice. The Dyt1 Ch2KO mice showed abnormal paw clenching behavior, motor coordination and balance deficits, impaired motor learning, reduced striatal choline acetyltransferase protein level, and a reduced number of striatal ChIs. Furthermore, the mutant striatal ChIs had a normal muscarinic inhibitory function, impaired quinpirole-mediated inhibition, and altered current density. Our findings demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of Dyt1 deletion on the striatal ChIs and a critical role for the striatal ChIs and corticostriatal pathway in the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia.
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17
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Liu Y, Xing H, Yokoi F, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. Investigating the role of striatal dopamine receptor 2 in motor coordination and balance: Insights into the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113137. [PMID: 33476687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A dystonia is early-onset, generalized dystonia. Most DYT1 dystonia patients have a heterozygous trinucleotide GAG deletion in DYT1 or TOR1A gene, with a loss of a glutamic acid residue of the protein torsinA. DYT1 dystonia patients show reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) binding activity. We previously reported reduced striatal D2R proteins and impaired corticostriatal plasticity in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (Dyt1 KI) mice. It remains unclear how the D2R reduction contributes to the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Recent knockout studies indicate that D2R on cholinergic interneurons (Chls) has a significant role in corticostriatal plasticity, while D2R on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) plays a minor role. To determine how reduced D2Rs on ChIs and MSNs affect motor performance, we generated ChI- or MSN-specific D2R conditional knockout mice (Drd2 ChKO or Drd2 sKO). The striatal ChIs in the Drd2 ChKO mice showed an increased firing frequency and impaired quinpirole-induced inhibition, suggesting a reduced D2R function on the ChIs. Drd2 ChKO mice had an age-dependent deficient performance on the beam-walking test similar to the Dyt1 KI mice. The Drd2 sKO mice, conversely, had a deficit on the rotarod but not the beam-walking test. Our findings suggest that D2Rs on Chls and MSNs have critical roles in motor control and balance. The similarity of the beam-walking deficit between the Drd2 ChKO and Dyt1 KI mice supports our earlier notion that D2R reduction on striatal ChIs contributes to the pathophysiology and the motor symptoms of DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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18
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Darby S, Sanchez LC, Mallicote MF, House AM, Plummer CE, Nadruz V, Benmoha RH, Roberts SM, Derendorf H, Silva-Sanchez C, Claire J, MacKay RJ. Plasma l-indospicine and 3-nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. Equine Vet J 2020; 54:145-152. [PMID: 33369767 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states. OBJECTIVES To quantify the putative toxins l-indospicine (IND) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation. METHODS Air-dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA. RESULTS IND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4-3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was <0.01 to 0.03 mg/g. During creeping indigo feeding, clinical and laboratory signs were unchanged except for significant weight loss (median 6%, range 2%-9%; p = .04) and significant increase from baseline plasma protein concentration (median 16 g/L, range 8-25 g/L; p < .001). These changes could not definitively be ascribed to creeping indigo ingestion. Plasma IND rose to 3.9 ± 0.52 mg/L on day 6. Pharmacokinetic modelling indicated an elimination half-life of 25 days and a steady state plasma concentration of 22 mg/L. Plasma IND concentration in sick horses during an incident of creeping indigo toxicosis was approximately twice that of clinically normal pasture mates. Plasma NPA was <0.05 mg/L in all samples. MAIN LIMITATIONS Creeping indigo used in the feeding trial may not be representative of plants involved in creeping indigo toxicosis. There was no control group without creeping indigo in the feeding trial. CONCLUSIONS Indospicine can be detected in blood of horses consuming creeping indigo and the toxin accumulates in tissues and clears slowly. The role of NPA in the neurological signs of this syndrome is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Darby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martha F Mallicote
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amanda M House
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Departments of Small and Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veridiana Nadruz
- Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Rachel H Benmoha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cecilia Silva-Sanchez
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jami Claire
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert J MacKay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Sexually dimorphic and brain region-specific transporter adaptations in system x c- null mice. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104888. [PMID: 33199267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
System xc- is a heterodimeric amino acid antiporter that, in the central nervous system, is best known for linking the import of L-cystine (CySS) with the export of L-glutamate for the production and maintenance of cellular glutathione (GSH) and extracellular glutamate levels, respectively. Yet, mice that are null for system xc- are healthy, fertile, and, morphologically, their brains are grossly normal. This suggests other glutamate and/or cyst(e)ine transport mechanisms may be upregulated in compensation. To test this, we measured the plasma membrane expression of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) 1-3, the Alanine-Serine-Cysteine-Transporter (ASCT) 1, the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) 3 and the L Amino Acid Transporter (LAT) 2 in striatum, hippocampus and cortex of male and female mice using Western Blot analysis. Present results demonstrate brain region and transporter-specific changes occurs in female system xc- null mice with increased expression of EAAT1 and ASCT1 occurring in the striatum and cortex, respectively, and decreased SNAT 3 expression in cortex. In male system xc- null brain, only SNAT3 was altered significantly - increasing in the cortex, but decreasing in the striatum. Total levels of GSH and CyS were similar to that found in age and sex-matched littermate control mice, however, reductions in the ratio of reduced to oxidized GSH (GSH/GSSG) - a hallmark of oxidative stress - were found in all three brain regions in female system xc- null mice, whereas this occurred exclusively in the striatum of males. Protein levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 were reduced, whereas SOD2 was enhanced in the hippocampus of male xc- null mice only. Finally, striatal vulnerability to 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-mediated oxidative stress in either sex showed no genotype difference, although 3-NP was more toxic to female mice of either genotype, as evidenced by an increase in moribundity as compared to males.
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20
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Lee J, Kong E, Hong S, Moon J, Kim P. In vivo longitudinal visualization of the brain neuroinflammatory response at the cellular level in LysM-GFP mice induced by 3-nitropropionic acid. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4835-4847. [PMID: 32923081 PMCID: PMC7449715 DOI: 10.1364/boe.393690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is related to the development of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroinflammation has been implicated as one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Despite its importance, the impacts and underlying cellular mechanisms of chronic BBB impairment in neurodegenerative diseases are poorly understood. In this work, we performed a longitudinal intravital brain imaging of mouse model with neuroinflammation induced by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). For this, we obtained a transgenic LysM-GFP mouse expressing the green fluorescence protein (GFP) in a subset of leukocytes. By using intravenously injected fluorescence blood tracers, we longitudinally observed in vivo dynamic cellular behaviors and the BBB integrity through a 30-day neuroinflammatory state. Vascular leakages in the cerebral cortex reflecting BBB impairment were observed at two weeks, which persisted to the third week, followed by a severe inflammatory response with massive leukocytes infiltration at day 30. These descriptions can help in the development of novel approaches to treat neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingu Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sujung Hong
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jieun Moon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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21
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Wiprich MT, Zanandrea R, Altenhofen S, Bonan CD. Influence of 3-nitropropionic acid on physiological and behavioral responses in zebrafish larvae and adults. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 234:108772. [PMID: 32353558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), a toxin derived from plants and fungi, may reproduce symptoms and biochemical characteristics of Huntington's disease (HD). Our study evaluated the effects of 3-NPA on the physiological and behavioral responses in zebrafish larvae and adults. Larvae exposed to 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 mM 3-NPA exhibited an increase in heart rate at 2- and 5-days post-fertilization (dpf). There was a decrease in the ocular distance at 5 dpf with 0.05 mM 3-NPA treatment. However, 3-NPA did not alter larval locomotor parameters. Adult zebrafish received 3-NPA intraperitoneal injections (a total of seven injections at doses 10, 20, or 60 mg/kg every 96 h) and showed a decrease in body weight , locomotion and aggressive behavior. No changes were observed in anxiety-like behavior and social interaction between 3-NPA-exposed animals and control groups. However, 3-NPA-treated animals (at 60 mg/kg) demonstrated impaired long-term aversive memory. Overall, 3-NPA exposure induced morphological and heart rate alterations in zebrafish larvae. Additionally, our study showed behavioral changes in zebrafish that were submitted to long-term 3-NPA treatment, which could be related to HD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Talita Wiprich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Zanandrea
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Banerjee C, Roy M, Mondal R, Chakraborty J. USP14 as a Therapeutic Target Against Neurodegeneration: A Rat Brain Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:727. [PMID: 32850842 PMCID: PMC7411183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, many of the deubiquitinases (DUB) were found to modulate mitochondrial clearance or mitophagy and thus they are currently projected as therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration. Among these DUBs, USP14 stands at a distinctive juncture, since it can influence both proteasome complex activity and autophagy process. USP14 interference can enhance mitochondrial clearance and thus can protect Parkinsonian phenotypes in Drosophila model. However, in higher animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, evaluation of the protective role of USP14 is yet to be done. In this perspective, we pointed out a few of the major considerations that should be classified before designing experiments to evaluate the therapeutic potential of this DUB in rodent models of neurodegeneration. These are mainly: level of USP14 in the concerned brain region and how the level alters in the model system. Because USP14 mediated mitophagy is Prohibitin2 dependent, the anticipated impact of this protein in this aspect is also discussed. To illustrate our view, we show that USP14 levels increases in adult rat brain substantia nigra (SN) and cerebellum compared to the young ones. We also depict that rotenone treatment can immediately lead to increased SN specific USP14 levels. Our perception thus portrays USP14 as a therapeutic target, especially for addressing SN specific neurodegeneration in adult rat brain, but may vary with the disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rupsha Mondal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology-TRUE, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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23
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Imbriani P, Ponterio G, Tassone A, Sciamanna G, El Atiallah I, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Models of dystonia: an update. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108728. [PMID: 32289333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although dystonia represents the third most common movement disorder, its pathophysiology remains still poorly understood. In the past two decades, multiple models have been generated, improving our knowledge on the molecular and cellular bases of this heterogeneous group of movement disorders. In this short survey, we will focus on recently generated novel models of DYT1 dystonia, the most common form of genetic, "isolated" dystonia. These models clearly indicate the existence of multiple signaling pathways affected by the protein mutation causative of DYT1 dystonia, torsinA, paving the way for potentially multiple, novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Imbriani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ponterio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Tassone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sciamanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - I El Atiallah
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - P Bonsi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Yokoi F, Oleas J, Xing H, Liu Y, Dexter KM, Misztal C, Gerard M, Efimenko I, Lynch P, Villanueva M, Alsina R, Krishnaswamy S, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. Decreased number of striatal cholinergic interneurons and motor deficits in dopamine receptor 2-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104638. [PMID: 31618684 PMCID: PMC7323754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 early-onset generalized torsion dystonia is a hereditary movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and repeated movements. It is caused mainly by a heterozygous trinucleotide deletion in DYT1/TOR1A, coding for torsinA. The mutation may lead to a partial loss of torsinA function. Functional alterations of the basal ganglia circuits have been implicated in this disease. Striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) levels are significantly decreased in DYT1 dystonia patients and in the animal models of DYT1 dystonia. D2R-expressing cells, such as the medium spiny neurons in the indirect pathway, striatal cholinergic interneurons, and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia circuits, contribute to motor performance. However, the function of torsinA in these neurons and its contribution to the motor symptoms is not clear. Here, D2R-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout (d2KO) mice were generated and in vivo effects of torsinA loss in the corresponding cells were examined. The Dyt1 d2KO mice showed significant reductions of striatal torsinA, acetylcholine metabolic enzymes, Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), and cholinergic interneurons. The Dyt1 d2KO mice also showed significant reductions of striatal D2R dimers and tyrosine hydroxylase without significant alteration in striatal monoamine contents or the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The Dyt1 d2KO male mice showed motor deficits in the accelerated rotarod and beam-walking tests without overt dystonic symptoms. Moreover, the Dyt1 d2KO male mice showed significant correlations between striatal monoamines and locomotion. The results suggest that torsinA in the D2R-expressing cells play a critical role in the development or survival of the striatal cholinergic interneurons, expression of striatal D2R mature form, and motor performance. Medical interventions to compensate for the loss of torsinA function in these neurons may affect the onset and symptoms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States.
| | - Janneth Oleas
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Kelly M Dexter
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Carly Misztal
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Melinda Gerard
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Iakov Efimenko
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Patrick Lynch
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Matthew Villanueva
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Raul Alsina
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Shiv Krishnaswamy
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States; Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States.
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25
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Lee HJ, Ricarte D, Ortiz D, Lee SJ. Models of multiple system atrophy. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31740682 PMCID: PMC6861264 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease with diverse clinical manifestations, including parkinsonism, cerebellar syndrome, and autonomic failure. Pathologically, MSA is characterized by glial cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes, which contain fibrillary forms of α-synuclein. MSA is categorized as one of the α-synucleinopathy, and α-synuclein aggregation is thought to be the culprit of the disease pathogenesis. Studies on MSA pathogenesis are scarce relative to studies on the pathogenesis of other synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. However, recent developments in cellular and animal models of MSA, especially α-synuclein transgenic models, have driven advancements in research on this disease. Here, we review the currently available models of MSA, which include toxicant-induced animal models, α-synuclein-overexpressing cellular models, and mouse models that express α-synuclein specifically in oligodendrocytes through cell type-specific promoters. We will also discuss the results of studies in recently developed transmission mouse models, into which MSA brain extracts were intracerebrally injected. By reviewing the findings obtained from these model systems, we will discuss what we have learned about the disease and describe the strengths and limitations of the models, thereby ultimately providing direction for the design of better models and future research. A review of the models available for studying multiple system atrophy (MSA), a Parkinson’s-like disease, may help identify new treatment options. MSA is difficult to diagnose and unresponsive to drugs. Similar to Parkinson’s disease, it involves accumulation of protein aggregates in brain and spinal cord cells, but the causes are poorly understood. He-Jin Lee at Konkuk University, and Seung-Jae Lee at Seoul National University College of Medicine in South Korea and coworkers have reviewed the models available to study the disease, including toxin-induced and transgenic animal models, and recent evidence that transferring the protein aggregates into cells causes MSA symptoms. Each model mimics some aspects of the disease, but none captures the full range of symptoms. This review helps highlight research pathways that may illuminate treatments for this complex and debilitating adult-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea. .,IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Diadem Ricarte
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Darlene Ortiz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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26
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Gintonin, a ginseng-derived ingredient, as a novel therapeutic strategy for Huntington's disease: Activation of the Nrf2 pathway through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:146-162. [PMID: 30853569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gintonin (GT), a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, regulates various cellular effects and represses inflammation. However, little is known about the potential value of GT regarding inflammation in the neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In this study, we investigated whether GT could ameliorate the neurological impairment and striatal toxicity in cellular or animal model of HD. Pre-, co-, and onset-treatment with GT (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) alleviated the severity of neurological impairment and lethality following 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). Pretreatment with GT also attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction i.e. succinate dehydrogenase and MitoSOX activities, apoptosis, microglial activation, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in the striatum after 3-NPA-intoxication. Its action mechanism was associated with lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway activations and the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. These beneficial effects of GT were neutralized by pre-inhibiting LPARs with Ki16425 (a LPAR1/3 antagonist). Interestingly, GT reduced cell death and mutant huntingtin (HTT) aggregates in STHdh cells. It also mitigated neurological impairment in mice with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector serotype DJ-mediated overexpression of N171-82Q-mutant HTT in the striatum. Taken together, our findings firstly suggested that GT has beneficial effects with a wide therapeutic time-window in 3-NPA-induced striatal toxicity by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities through LPA. In addition, GT exerts neuroprotective effects in STHdh cells and AAV vector-infected model of HD. Thus GT might be an innovative therapeutic candidate to treat HD-like syndromes.
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27
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Di Fonzo A. Understanding the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: state of the art and future perspectives. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31300049 PMCID: PMC6624923 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a severe neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, dysautonomia and other motor and non-motor symptoms. Although several efforts have been dedicated to understanding the causative mechanisms of the disease, MSA pathogenesis remains widely unknown. The aim of the present review is to describe the state of the art about MSA pathogenesis, with a particular focus on alpha-synuclein accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, and to highlight future possible perspectives in this field. In particular, this review describes the most widely investigated hypotheses explaining alpha-synuclein accumulation in oligodendrocytes, including SNCA expression, neuron-oligodendrocyte protein transfer, impaired protein degradation and alpha-synuclein spread mechanisms. Afterwards, several recent achievements in MSA research involving mitochondrial biology are described, including the role of COQ2 mutations, Coenzyme Q10 reduction, respiratory chain dysfunction and altered mitochondrial mass. Some hints are provided about alternative pathogenic mechanisms, including inflammation and impaired autophagy. Finally, all these findings are discussed from a comprehensive point of view, putative explanations are provided and new research perspectives are suggested. Overall, the present review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the mechanisms underlying MSA pathogenesis.
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28
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Frisvad JC, Møller LLH, Larsen TO, Kumar R, Arnau J. Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9481-9515. [PMID: 30293194 PMCID: PMC6208954 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lars L H Møller
- Department of Product Safety, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Novozymes Inc., 1445 Drew Ave., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - José Arnau
- Department of Fungal Strain Technology and Strain Approval Support, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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29
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Monzio Compagnoni G, Kleiner G, Bordoni A, Fortunato F, Ronchi D, Salani S, Guida M, Corti C, Pichler I, Bergamini C, Fato R, Pellecchia MT, Vallelunga A, Del Sorbo F, Elia A, Reale C, Garavaglia B, Mora G, Albanese A, Cogiamanian F, Ardolino G, Bresolin N, Corti S, Comi GP, Quinzii CM, Di Fonzo A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblasts of Multiple System Atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3588-3597. [PMID: 30254015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple System Atrophy is a severe neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by a variable clinical presentation and a broad neuropathological spectrum. The pathogenic mechanisms are almost completely unknown. In the present study, we established a cellular model of MSA by using fibroblasts' primary cultures and performed several experiments to investigate the causative mechanisms of the disease, with a particular focus on mitochondrial functioning. Fibroblasts' analyses (7 MSA-P, 7 MSA-C and 6 healthy controls) displayed several anomalies in patients: an impairment of respiratory chain activity, in particular for succinate Coenzyme Q reductase (p < 0.05), and a reduction of complex II steady-state level (p < 0.01); a reduction of Coenzyme Q10 level (p < 0.001) and an up-regulation of some CoQ10 biosynthesis enzymes, namely COQ5 and COQ7; an impairment of mitophagy, demonstrated by a decreased reduction of mitochondrial markers after mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization (p < 0.05); a reduced basal autophagic activity, shown by a decreased level of LC3 II (p < 0.05); an increased mitochondrial mass in MSA-C, demonstrated by higher TOMM20 levels (p < 0.05) and suggested by a wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA content in blood of large cohorts of patients. The present study contributes to understand the causative mechanisms of Multiple System Atrophy. In particular, the observed impairment of respiratory chain activity, mitophagy and Coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, these findings will hopefully contribute to identify novel therapeutic targets for this still incurable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York 10032, NY, USA.
| | - Andreina Bordoni
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fortunato
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Ronchi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Corrado Corti
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Galvani 31, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Pellecchia
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Vallelunga
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Francesca Del Sorbo
- Neurology Unit I, Neurological Institute "C. Besta" IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Elia
- Neurology Unit I, Neurological Institute "C. Besta" IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Reale
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Foundation Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Mora
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Istituto Scientifico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alberto Albanese
- Department of Neurology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Filippo Cogiamanian
- U.O. Neurofisiopatologia, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ardolino
- U.O. Neurofisiopatologia, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Corti
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Peñalver P, Belmonte-Reche E, Adán N, Caro M, Mateos-Martín ML, Delgado M, González-Rey E, Morales JC. Alkylated resveratrol prodrugs and metabolites as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:123-138. [PMID: 29407944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene which has shown promising results as treatment for several neurodegenerative diseases. However, its application is limited due to its low efficacy and bioavailability. Here, we have designed and synthesized alkylated resveratrol prodrugs combining structural modification to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the preparation of prodrugs to extend drug bioavailability. For comparison we also studied resveratrol prodrugs and alkylated resveratrol derivatives. Methylated and butylated resveratrol derivatives showed the best in vitro neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. The glucosyl- and glucosyl-acyl- prodrugs of these derivatives showed lower toxicity on zebra fish embryo. When neuroprotection was examined on pentylenetetrazole challenged zebra fish, they were capable of reverting neuronal damage but to a lower extent than resveratrol. Nevertheless, 3-O-(6'-O-octanoyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside resveratrol (compound 8) recovered AChE activity over 100% whereas resveratrol only up to 92%. In a 3-nitropropionic acid mice model of Huntington's disease, resveratrol derivative 8 delayed the onset and reduced the severity of HD-like symptoms, by improving locomotor activity and protecting against weight loss. Its effects involved an equal antioxidant but better anti-inflammatory profile than resveratrol as shown by SOD2 expression in brain tissue and circulating levels of IL-6 (11 vs 18 pg/mL), respectively. Finally, the octanoyl chain in compound 8 could be playing a role in inflammation and neuronal development indicating it could be acting as a double-drug, instead of as a prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Peñalver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Efres Belmonte-Reche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Norma Adán
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - María Luisa Mateos-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Progressive striatonigral degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy: translational implications for interventional therapies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29298733 PMCID: PMC5753576 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by widespread oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions of filamentous α-synuclein, and neuronal loss in autonomic centres, basal ganglia and cerebellar circuits. It has been suggested that primary oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy may represent a trigger in the pathogenesis of MSA, but the mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability and disease progression are unclear. The post-mortem analysis of MSA brains provides a static final picture of the disease neuropathology, but gives no clear indication on the sequence of pathogenic events in MSA. Therefore, alternative methods are needed to address these issues. We investigated selective vulnerability and disease progression in the transgenic PLP-α-syn mouse model of MSA characterized by targeted oligodendroglial α-synuclein overexpression aiming to provide a neuropathological correlate of motor deterioration. We show progressive motor deficits that emerge at 6 months of age and deteriorate up to 18 months of follow-up. The motor phenotype was associated with dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta at 6 months, followed by loss of striatal dopaminergic terminals and DARPP32-positive medium sized projection neurons at 12 months. Olivopontocerebellar motor loops remained spared in the PLP-α-syn model of MSA. These findings replicate progressive striatonigral degeneration underlying Parkinson-variant MSA. The initiation of the degenerative process was linked to an increase of soluble oligomeric α-synuclein species between 2 and 6 months. Early region-specific α-synuclein-associated activation profile of microglia was found in MSA substantia nigra. The role of abnormal neuroinflammatory signalling in disease progression was further supported by increased levels of CD68, CCL3, CCL5 and M-CSF with a peak in aged PLP-α-syn mice. In summary, transgenic PLP-α-syn mice show a distinctive oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy that is associated with progressive striatonigral degeneration linked to abnormal neuroinflammatory response. The model provides a relevant tool for preclinical therapeutic target discovery for human Parkinson-variant MSA.
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Abstract
Motor deficits are a characteristic consequence of striatal damage, whether induced by experimental lesions, or in genetic models of Huntington's disease involving polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein. With the growing power of genetic models and genetic tools for analysis, mice are increasingly the animal model of choice, and objective quantitative measures of motor performance are in demand for experimental analysis of disease pathophysiology, progression, and treatment. We present methodological protocols for six of the most common tests of motor function-ranging from spontaneous activity, locomotor coordination, balance, and skilled limb use-that are simple, effective, efficient, and widely used for motor assessment in Huntington's disease research in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon P Brooks
- The Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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33
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Nadal X, del Río C, Casano S, Palomares B, Ferreiro‐Vera C, Navarrete C, Sánchez‐Carnerero C, Cantarero I, Bellido ML, Meyer S, Morello G, Appendino G, Muñoz E. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4263-4276. [PMID: 28853159 PMCID: PMC5731255 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Phytocannabinoids are produced in Cannabis sativa L. in acidic form and are decarboxylated upon heating, processing and storage. While the biological effects of decarboxylated cannabinoids such as Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol have been extensively investigated, the bioactivity of Δ9 -tetahydrocannabinol acid (Δ9 -THCA) is largely unknown, despite its occurrence in different Cannabis preparations. Here we have assessed possible neuroprotective actions of Δ9 -THCA through modulation of PPARγ pathways. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of six phytocannabinoids on PPARγ binding and transcriptional activity were investigated. The effect of Δ9 -THCA on mitochondrial biogenesis and PPARγ coactivator 1-α expression was investigated in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. The neuroprotective effect was analysed in STHdhQ111/Q111 cells expressing a mutated form of the huntingtin protein and in N2a cells infected with an adenovirus carrying human huntingtin containing 94 polyQ repeats (mHtt-q94). The in vivo neuroprotective activity of Δ9 -THCA was investigated in mice intoxicated with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). KEY RESULTS Cannabinoid acids bind and activate PPARγ with higher potency than their decarboxylated products. Δ9 -THCA increased mitochondrial mass in neuroblastoma N2a cells and prevented cytotoxicity induced by serum deprivation in STHdhQ111/Q111 cells and by mutHtt-q94 in N2a cells. Δ9 -THCA, through a PPARγ-dependent pathway, was neuroprotective in mice treated with 3-NPA, improving motor deficits and preventing striatal degeneration. In addition, Δ9 -THCA attenuated microgliosis, astrogliosis and up-regulation of proinflammatory markers induced by 3-NPA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Δ9 -THCA shows potent neuroprotective activity, which is worth considering for the treatment of Huntington's disease and possibly other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen del Río
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | | | - Belén Palomares
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Irene Cantarero
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità del Piemonte OrientaleNovaraItaly
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e InmunologíaHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de CórdobaCórdobaSpain
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Of rodents and men: understanding the emergence of motor and cognitive symptoms in Huntington disease. Behav Pharmacol 2017; 27:403-14. [PMID: 26886208 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Arguably, one of the most important milestones in Huntington disease research since the discovery of the gene responsible has been the generation of different genetic animal models. Although clinical reports have shown evidence of progressive cognitive impairments in gene carriers before motor symptoms are diagnosed, such symptoms have been much less obvious in animal models. In this review, we summarize the three main classes of animal models for Huntington disease and describe some relevant translational assays for behavioural deficits evaluation. Finally, we argue that a good knowledge of the emergence of motor and cognitive symptoms in mice and rat models is indispensable for the selection of endpoint measures in early preclinical drug screening studies.
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35
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Mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: preclinical imaging and neurovascular component. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:1160-1196. [PMID: 29075922 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent great challenges for basic science and clinical medicine because of their prevalence, pathologies, lack of mechanism-based treatments, and impacts on individuals. Translational research might contribute to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. The mouse has become a key model for studying disease mechanisms that might recapitulate in part some aspects of the corresponding human diseases. Neurodegenerative disorders are very complicated and multifactorial. This has to be taken in account when testing drugs. Most of the drugs screening in mice are very difficult to be interpretated and often useless. Mouse models could be condiderated a 'pathway models', rather than as models for the whole complicated construct that makes a human disease. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in mice has gained increasing interest in preclinical research in the last years thanks to the availability of high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), high field Magnetic resonance, Optical Imaging scanners and of highly specific contrast agents. Behavioral test are useful tool to characterize different animal models of neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, many authors have observed vascular pathological features associated to the different neurodegenerative disorders. Aim of this review is to focus on the different existing animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, describe behavioral tests and preclinical imaging techniques used for diagnose and describe the vascular pathological features associated to these diseases.
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36
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Jinnah HA, Neychev V, Hess EJ. The Anatomical Basis for Dystonia: The Motor Network Model. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29123945 PMCID: PMC5673689 DOI: 10.7916/d8v69x3s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The dystonias include a clinically and etiologically very diverse group of disorders. There are both degenerative and non-degenerative subtypes resulting from genetic or acquired causes. Traditionally, all dystonias have been viewed as disorders of the basal ganglia. However, there has been increasing appreciation for involvement of other brain regions including the cerebellum, thalamus, midbrain, and cortex. Much of the early evidence for these other brain regions has come from studies of animals, but multiple recent studies have been done with humans, in an effort to confirm or refute involvement of these other regions. The purpose of this article is to review the new evidence from animals and humans regarding the motor network model, and to address the issues important to translational neuroscience. Methods The English literature was reviewed for articles relating to the neuroanatomical basis for various types of dystonia in both animals and humans. Results There is evidence from both animals and humans that multiple brain regions play an important role in various types of dystonia. The most direct evidence for specific brain regions comes from animal studies using pharmacological, lesion, or genetic methods. In these studies, experimental manipulations of specific brain regions provide direct evidence for involvement of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and other regions. Additional evidence also comes from human studies using neuropathological, neuroimaging, non-invasive brain stimulation, and surgical interventions. In these studies, the evidence is less conclusive, because discriminating the regions that cause dystonia from those that reflect secondary responses to abnormal movements is more challenging. Discussion Overall, the evidence from both animals and humans suggests that different regions may play important roles in different subtypes of dystonia. The evidence so far provides strong support for the motor network model. There are obvious challenges, but also advantages, of attempting to translate knowledge gained from animals into a more complete understanding of human dystonia and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vladimir Neychev
- Department of Surgery, University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment "Alexandrovska", Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kim EJ, Jang M, Lee MJ, Choi JH, Lee SJ, Kim SK, Jang DS, Cho IH. Schisandra chinensis Stem Ameliorates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Toxicity via Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway and Inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:673. [PMID: 29033839 PMCID: PMC5627181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial value of the stems of Schisandra chinensis (SSC) in neurological diseases is unclear. We examined whether SSC aqueous extract (SSCE) alleviates striatal toxicity in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). SSCE (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was given daily before or after 3-NPA treatment. Pre- and onset-treatment with SSCE displayed a significant protective effect and pretreatment was more effective as assessed by neurological scores and survival rate. These effects were related to reductions in mean lesion area, cell death, succinate dehydrogenase activity, microglial activation, and protein expression of inflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the striatum after 3-NPA treatment. Pretreatment with SSCE stimulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway and inhibited phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways in the striatum after 3-NPA treatment. The gomisin A and schizandrin components of SSCE significantly reduced the neurological impairment and lethality induced by 3-NPA treatment. These results indicate for the first time that SSCE may effectively prevent 3-NPA-induced striatal toxicity during a wide therapeutic time window through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. SSCE has potential value in preventive and therapeutic strategies for HD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minhee Jang
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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de Benito A, Ibáñez C, Moncho W, Martínez D, Vettorazzi A, de Cerain AL. Database on the taxonomical characterisation and potential toxigenic capacities of microorganisms used for the industrial production of food enzymes and feed additives, which do not have a recommendation for Qualified Presumption of Safety. EFSA SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7163622 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Venkatesh Gobi V, Rajasankar S, Ramkumar M, Dhanalakshmi C, Manivasagam T, Justin Thenmozhi A, Essa MM, Chidambaram R, Kalandar A. Agaricus blazei extract abrogates rotenone-induced dopamine depletion and motor deficits by its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in Parkinsonic mice. Nutr Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1337290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muthu Ramkumar
- Department of Anatomy, Bharath University, Selaiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600073, India
| | - Chinnasamy Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Thamilarasan Manivasagam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Arokiasamy Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Food and Brain Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600094, India
| | - Ranganathan Chidambaram
- Department of Radiology, Sri Lakshminarayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - Ameer Kalandar
- College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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40
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He Y, Akumuo RC, Yang Y, Hewett SJ. Mice deficient in L-12/15 lipoxygenase show increased vulnerability to 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2017; 643:65-69. [PMID: 28229935 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports a contributory role for leukocyte-type 12/15 Lipoxygenase (L-12/15 LO) in mediating hippocampal and cortical neuronal injury in models of Alzheimer's disease and stroke. Whether L-12/15 LO contributes to neuronal injury in a model of Huntington's disease (HD) has yet to be determined. HD is characterized by marked striatal neuronal loss, which can be mimicked in humans and animals by inhibition of mitochondrial complex II using 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Herein, we compared histological and behavioral outcomes between mice that were wild-type or null for L-12/15 LO following systemic injection of 3NP. We found that mice deficient in L-12/15 LO had a higher incidence of striatal lesions coincident with an increase in morbidity as compared to their wild-type littermate controls. This could not be explained by differential metabolism of 3-NP as striatal succinate dehydrogenase activity was inhibited to the same extent in both genotypes. The present results show that deleting L-12/15 LO is detrimental to the striatum in the setting of chronic, systemic 3-NP exposure and are consistent with the overall conclusion that region-specific effects may determine the ultimate outcome of L-12/15 LO activation in the setting of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Rita C Akumuo
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Sandra J Hewett
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
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VCE-003.2, a novel cannabigerol derivative, enhances neuronal progenitor cell survival and alleviates symptomatology in murine models of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29789. [PMID: 27430371 PMCID: PMC4949444 DOI: 10.1038/srep29789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have shown to exert neuroprotective actions in animal models by acting at different targets including canonical cannabinoid receptors and PPARγ. We previously showed that VCE-003, a cannabigerol (CBG) quinone derivative, is a novel neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cannabinoid acting through PPARγ. We have now generated a non-thiophilic VCE-003 derivative named VCE-003.2 that preserves the ability to activate PPARγ and analyzed its neuroprotective activity. This compound exerted a prosurvival action in progenitor cells during neuronal differentiation, which was prevented by a PPARγ antagonist, without affecting neural progenitor cell proliferation. In addition, VCE-003.2 attenuated quinolinic acid (QA)-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation and also reduced mutant huntingtin aggregates in striatal cells. The neuroprotective profile of VCE-003.2 was analyzed using in vivo models of striatal neurodegeneration induced by QA and 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) administration. VCE-003.2 prevented medium spiny DARPP32+ neuronal loss in these Huntington’s-like disease mice models improving motor deficits, reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. In the 3NP model VCE-003.2 inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory markers and improved antioxidant defenses in the brain. These data lead us to consider VCE-003.2 to have high potential for the treatment of Huntington’s disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases with neuroinflammatory traits.
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Shinomol GK, Ranganayaki S, Joshi AK, Gayathri N, Gowda H, Muralidhara, Srinivas Bharath MM. Characterization of age-dependent changes in the striatum: Response to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:66-82. [PMID: 27143313 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative phenomena are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and this could be exacerbated by aging. Age-dependence of mitochondrial response to toxins could help understand these mechanisms and evolve novel therapeutics. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a mitochondrial toxin that induces neurotoxicity in the striatum via inhibition of complex II. We investigated the age-related events that contribute to 3-NPA toxicity. 3-NPA induced neuronal death, oxidative stress and altered mitochondrial structure in neuronal cells. 3-NPA injection in vivo caused motor impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage with different trend in young and adult mice. To understand the age-dependent mechanisms, we carried out proteomic analysis of the striatal protein extract from young mice (control: YC vs. 3-NPA treated: YT) and adult mice (control: AC vs. 3-NPA treated: AT). Among the 3752 identified proteins, 33 differentially expressed proteins (mitochondrial, synaptic and microsomal proteins) were unique either to YT or AT. Interestingly, comparison of the proteomic profile in AC and YC indicated that 161 proteins (linked with cytoskeletal structure, neuronal development, axogenesis, protein transport, cell adhesion and synaptic function) were down-regulated in AC compared to YC. We surmise that aging contributes to the cellular and molecular architecture in the mouse striatum with implications for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Shinomol
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India; Neurotoxicology laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ranganayaki
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India; Neurotoxicology laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Apurva K Joshi
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India; Neurotoxicology laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - N Gayathri
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Discoverer, Industrial Technology Park Limited (ITPL), Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Muralidhara
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India; Neurotoxicology laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
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Fellner L, Kuzdas-Wood D, Levin J, Ryazanov S, Leonov A, Griesinger C, Giese A, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Anle138b Partly Ameliorates Motor Deficits Despite Failure of Neuroprotection in a Model of Advanced Multiple System Atrophy. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:99. [PMID: 27013960 PMCID: PMC4785146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disorder multiple system atrophy (MSA) is characterized by autonomic failure, cerebellar ataxia and parkinsonism in any combination associated with predominantly oligodendroglial α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates (glial cytoplasmic inclusions = GCIs). To date, there is no effective disease modifying therapy. Previous experiments have shown that the aggregation inhibitor anle138b reduces neurodegeneration, as well as behavioral deficits in both transgenic and toxin mouse models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we analyzed whether anle138b improves motor skills and reduces neuronal loss, as well as oligodendroglial α-syn aggregation in the PLP-α-syn transgenic mouse challenged with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) to model full-blown MSA. Following 1 month of treatment with anle138b, MSA mice showed signs of motor improvement affecting stride length, but not pole, grip strength, and beam test performance. Loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons and Purkinje cells was not attenuated and GCI density remained unchanged. These data suggest that the pathology in transgenic PLP-α-syn mice receiving 3-NP might be too advanced to detect significant effects of anle138b treatment on neuronal loss and intracytoplasmic α-syn inclusion bodies. However, the partial motor amelioration may indicate potential efficacy of anle138b treatment that may be mediated by its actions on α-syn oligomers or may reflect improvement of neuronal dysfunction in neural at risk populations. Further studies are required to address the efficacy of anle138b in transgenic α-syn models of early-stage MSA and in the absence of additional toxin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fellner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Kuzdas-Wood
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the BrainGöttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the BrainGöttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- NMR based structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingen, Germany; DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the BrainGöttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
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Bleasel JM, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Animal modeling an oligodendrogliopathy--multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26860328 PMCID: PMC4748629 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, yet rapidly-progressive neurodegenerative disease that presents clinically with autonomic failure in combination with parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. The definitive neuropathology differentiating MSA from Lewy body diseases is the presence of α-synuclein aggregates in oligodendrocytes (called glial cytoplasmic inclusion or GCI) rather than the fibrillar aggregates in neurons (called Lewy bodies). This makes the pathological pathway(s) in MSA unique in that oligodendrocytes are involved rather than predominantly neurons, as is most other neurodegenerative disorders. MSA is therefore regarded as an oligodendrogliopathy. The etiology of MSA is unknown. No definitive risk factors have been identified, although α-synuclein and other genes have been variably linked to MSA risk. Utilization of postmortem brain tissues has greatly advanced our understanding of GCI pathology and the subsequent neurodegeneration. However, extrapolating the early pathogenesis of MSA from such resource has been difficult and limiting. In recent years, cell and animal models developed for MSA have been instrumental in delineating unique MSA pathological pathways, as well as aiding in clinical phenotyping. The purpose of this review is to bring together and discuss various animal models that have been developed for MSA and how they have advanced our understanding of MSA pathogenesis, particularly the dynamics of α-synuclein aggregation. This review will also discuss how animal models have been used to explore potential therapeutic avenues for MSA, and future directions of MSA modeling.
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Caspr3-Deficient Mice Exhibit Low Motor Learning during the Early Phase of the Accelerated Rotarod Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147887. [PMID: 26807827 PMCID: PMC4726695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspr3 (Contactin-associated protein-like 3, Cntnap3) is a neural cell adhesion molecule belonging to the Caspr family. We have recently shown that Caspr3 is expressed abundantly between the first and second postnatal weeks in the mouse basal ganglia, including the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. However, its physiological role remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a series of behavioral analyses on Capsr3-knockout (KO) mice and equivalent wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of Caspr3 in brain function. No significant differences were observed in most behavioral traits between Caspr3-KO and WT mice, but we found that Caspr3-KO mice performed poorly during the early phase of the accelerated rotarod task in which latency to falling off a rod rotating with increasing velocity was examined. In the late phase, the performance of the Caspr3-KO mice caught up to the level of WT mice, suggesting that the deletion of Caspr3 caused a delay in motor learning. We then examined changes in neural activity after training on the accelerated rotarod by conducting immunohistochemistry using antibody to c-Fos, an indirect marker for neuronal activity. Experience of the accelerated rotarod task caused increases in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in the dorsal striatum, cerebellum, and motor cortex in both Caspr3-KO and WT mice, but the number of c-Fos-positive cells was significantly lower in the dorsal striatum of Caspr3-KO mice than in that of WT mice. The expression of c-Fos in the ventral striatum of Caspr3-KO and WT mice was not altered by the training. Our findings suggest that reduced activation of neural cells in the dorsal striatum in Caspr3-KO mice leads to a decline in motor learning in the accelerated rotarod task.
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Cho KJ, Cheon SY, Kim GW. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 mediates striatal degeneration via the regulation of C1q. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18840. [PMID: 26728245 PMCID: PMC4700432 DOI: 10.1038/srep18840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1), an early signaling element in the cell death pathway, has been hypothesized to participate in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. The systemic administration of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) facilitates the development of selective striatal lesions. However, it remains unclear whether specific neurons are selectively targeted in 3-NP-infused striatal degeneration. Recently, it has been proposed that complement-mediated synapse elimination may be reactivated aberrantly in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesized that ASK1 is involved in striatal astrocyte reactivation; reactive astrocyte secretes molecules detrimental to neuron; and striatal neurons are more susceptible to these factors. Our results indicate that striatal astrocyte is reactivated and ASK1 level increases after 3-NP general and chronic infusion. Reactive striatal astrocyte increases TGF-beta differentially to cortex and striatum. ASK1 may be involved in regulation of astrocyte TGF-beta and it is linked to the C1q level in spatial and temporal, and moreover in the earlier stage of progressing striatal neuronal loss. Conclusively the present study suggests that ASK1 mediates 3-NP toxicity and regulates C1q level through the astrocyte TGF-beta. And also it may suggest that C1q level may be a surrogate of prediction marker representing neurodegenerative disease progress before developing behavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Joo Cho
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Young Cheon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyung Whan Kim
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul, South Korea
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Mu S, Liu B, Ouyang L, Zhan M, Chen S, Wu J, Chen J, Wei X, Wang W, Zhang J, Lei W. Characteristic Changes of Astrocyte and Microglia in Rat Striatum Induced by 3-NP and MCAO. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:707-14. [PMID: 26586406 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies had confirmed that both 3-NP and MCAO induced the behavioral defect as well as striatal neuronal injury and loss in experimental rats. This study aimed to examine different response forms of striatal astrocyte and microglia in 3-NP and MCAO rat models. The present results showed that the immunoreaction for GFAP was extremely weak in the lesioned core of striatum, but in the transition zone of 3-NP model and the penumbra zone of MCAO model, GFAP+ cells showed strong hypertrophic and proliferative changes. Statistical analysis for the number, size and integral optical density (IOD) of GFAP+ cells showed significant differences when compared with their controls and compared between the core and the transition zone or the penumbra zone, respectively, but no differences between the 3-NP and MCAO groups. However, Iba-1+ cells showed obvious hypertrophy and proliferation in the injured striatum in the 3-NP and the MCAO models, especially in the transition zone of 3-NP model and the penumbra zone of MCAO model. These Iba-1+ cells displayed two characteristic forms as branching cells with thick processes and amoeboid cells with thin processes. Statistical analysis showed that the number, size and IOD of Iba-1+ cells were significantly increased in the cores and the transition zone of 3-NP group and the penumbra zone of MCAO group than that of the controls, and the immune response of Iba-1 was stronger in the MCAO group than in the 3-NP group. The present results suggested that characteristic responses of astrocyte and microglia in the 3-NP and the MCAO models display their different effects on the pathological process of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Mu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Emergency Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Ouyang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mali Zhan
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiachang Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xianyou Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. .,School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Wanlong Lei
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SUN Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Differential caspase activity in the cortex and striatum with chronic infusion of 3-nitropropionic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:631-7. [PMID: 26297950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) facilitates the development of select striatal lesions, and some reports provide clues about this pathology. In this study, we investigated the relationship between reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in lesioned brain regions and caspase activity, as well as involvement of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in caspase activation. We analyzed apoptotic cell death, BDNF distribution, caspase-3 activity, caspase-6 activity, ASK1 expression level, and active ASK1 in the cortex and striatum. There were different levels and distributions of these factors within each sub-region. Caspase-6 activity was reduced with down-regulation of ASK1 in the cortex. BDNF protein levels did not decrease in the cortex, but there was replenishment of severely reduced BDNF in the striatum. The present study suggests that an increase in ASK1 in the damaged cortex is related to caspase-6 activation and is involved in cortical depletion of BDNF in the striatum. Furthermore, with systemic infusion of 3-NP, differential expression of ASK1 in the cortex and striatum suggests that this kinase may modulate caspase activation and striatal degeneration.
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Kaindlstorfer C, Sommer P, Georgievska B, Mather RJ, Kugler AR, Poewe W, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Failure of Neuroprotection Despite Microglial Suppression by Delayed-Start Myeloperoxidase Inhibition in a Model of Advanced Multiple System Atrophy: Clinical Implications. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:185-94. [PMID: 26194617 PMCID: PMC4556742 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease. Post-mortem hallmarks of MSA neuropathology include oligodendroglial α-synuclein (αSYN) inclusions, striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, and increased microglial activation that accompanies the wide spread neurodegeneration. Recently, we demonstrated upregulation of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in activated microglia and provided evidence for the role of microglial MPO in the mediation of MSA-like neurodegeneration (Stefanova et al. Neurotox Res 21:393–404, 2015). The aim of the current study was to assess the therapeutic potency of MPO inhibition (MPOi) in a model of advanced MSA. We replicated the advanced pathology of MSA by intoxicating transgenic PLP-α-synuclein transgenic mice with 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). After onset of the full-blown pathology, MSA mice received either MPOi or vehicle over 3 weeks. Motor phenotype and neuropathology were analyzed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of MPOi compared to vehicle treatment in MSA mice. MPOi therapy initiated after the onset of severe MSA-like neuropathology in mice failed to attenuate motor impairments and neuronal loss within the striatum, substantia nigra pars compacta, inferior olives, pontine nuclei, and cerebellar cortex. However, we observed a significant reduction of microglial activation in degenerating brain areas. Further, nitrated αSYN accumulation was reduced in the striatonigral region. In summary, delayed-start MPOi treatment reduced microglial activation and levels of nitrated αSYN in a mouse model of advanced MSA. These effects failed to impact on motor impairments and neuronal loss in contrast to previously reported disease modifying efficacy of early-start therapy with MPOi in MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kaindlstorfer
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lazzara CA, Riley RR, Rane A, Andersen JK, Kim YH. The combination of lithium and l-Dopa/Carbidopa reduces MPTP-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) via calpain-1 inhibition in a mouse model: Relevance for Parkinson׳s disease therapy. Brain Res 2015; 1622:127-36. [PMID: 26119916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lithium has recently been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in several models of neurodegenerative disease including Parkinson׳s disease (PD). Levodopa (l-Dopa) replacement therapy remains the most common and effective treatment for PD, although it induces the complication of l-Dopa induced dyskinesia after years of use. Here we examined the potential use of lithium in combination with l-Dopa/Carbidopa for both reducing MPTP-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) as well as protecting against cell death in MPTP-lesioned mice. Chronic lithium administration (0.127% LiCl in the feed) in the presence of daily l-Dopa/Carbidopa injection for a period of 2 months was sufficient to effectively reduce MPTP-induced AIMs in mice. Mechanistically, lithium was found to suppress MPTP-induced calpain activities in vivo coinciding with down-regulation of calpain-1 but not calpain-2 expression in both the striatum (ST) and the brain stem (BS). Calpain inhibition has previously been associated with increased levels of the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is probably mediated by the up-regulation of the transcription factors MEF-2A and 2D. Lithium was found to induce up-regulation of TH expression in the ST and the BS, as well as in N27 rat dopaminergic cells. Further, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) expression was substantially up-regulated by lithium treatment in vitro. These results suggest the potential use of lithium in combination with l-Dopa/Carbidopa not only as a neuroprotectant, but also for reducing AIMs and possibly alleviating potential side-effects associated with the current treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Lazzara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901-2277, United States
| | - Rebeccah R Riley
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | - Anand Rane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | - Julie K Andersen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States.
| | - Yong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901-2277, United States.
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