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Ma MW, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Dhandapani KM, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28095923 PMCID: PMC5240251 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand. However, therapies attempting to scavenge free radicals have shown little success. By shifting the focus to inhibit the generation of damaging free radicals, recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to disease pathology. NADPH oxidase has the primary function to generate free radicals. In particular, there is growing evidence that the isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 can be upregulated by a variety of neurodegenerative factors. The majority of recent studies have shown that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase enzymes are neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following ischemic and traumatic brain injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathology of these neurological disorders, explores pharmacological strategies of targeting this major oxidative stress pathway, and outlines obstacles that need to be overcome for successful translation of these therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Bridgman AC, Barr MS, Goodman MS, Chen R, Rajji TK, Daskalakis ZJ, George TP. Deficits in GABAA receptor function and working memory in non-smokers with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:125-30. [PMID: 26796540 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is unclear whether the influence of GABA on working memory processes is confounded by nicotine use in this population. It is therefore crucial to evaluate working memory and its underlying mechanisms in non-smokers with schizophrenia to eliminate the confounding effects of nicotine on behavior and neurophysiology. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, working memory was assessed using the verbal N-back task, while GABAergic function was assessed through motor cortical inhibition using single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the left primary motor cortex in 11 non-smokers with schizophrenia and 13 non-smoker healthy subjects. RESULTS Similar to previously published studies, working memory performance was significantly impaired in the 3-back condition in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy subjects (p=0.036). In addition, GABAA receptor function was significantly reduced in schizophrenia as assessed by short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) (p=0.005). A positive correlation was found between GABAA inhibition and working memory performance on the 3-back task (r(23)=0.55, p=0.006), suggesting that greater GABAA inhibition is associated with better performance on tasks of working memory. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the role of GABAA receptor dysfunction in working memory and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and may represent a selective characteristic of schizophrenia. Moreover, these findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for targeting GABA receptor activity to improve cognition and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Bridgman
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Mera S Barr
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.
| | - Michelle S Goodman
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Division of Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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de Jesus DR, Favalli GPDS, Hoppenbrouwers SS, Barr MS, Chen R, Fitzgerald PB, Daskalakis ZJ. Determining optimal rTMS parameters through changes in cortical inhibition. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:755-762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Selemidis S, Sobey CG, Wingler K, Schmidt HH, Drummond GR. NADPH oxidases in the vasculature: Molecular features, roles in disease and pharmacological inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:254-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park SE, Song JD, Kim KM, Park YM, Kim ND, Yoo YH, Park YC. Diphenyleneiodonium induces ROS-independent p53 expression and apoptosis in human RPE cells. FEBS Lett 2006; 581:180-6. [PMID: 17184774 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is widely used as an inhibitor of flavoenzymes, particularly NADPH oxidase. In this study, we investigated the effect of DPI on the apoptosis of human RPE cells. DPI treatment in ARPE-19 cells evoked a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition, and also induced DNA fragmentation and protein content of the proapoptotic factor Bax. In addition, DPI significantly induced the expression and phosphorylation of p53, which induces proapoptotic genes in response to DNA damage or irreparable cell cycle arrest. ROS have been implicated as a key factor in the activation of p53 by many chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent data on the regulation of intracellular ROS by DPI are controversial. Therefore, we analyzed whether DPI could contribute to the generation of intracellular ROS. Although there was increase in ROS level from cells treated for 24h with DPI, it was not detectable at early time points, required to induce p53 expression. And DPI-induced p53 expression was not affected by the ROS scavenger NAC. We conclude that DPI induces the expression of p53 by ROS-independent mechanism in ARPE-19 cells, and renders cells sensitive to drug-induced apoptosis by induction of p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Dong-A University School of Medicine, Busan 602-714, South Korea
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Riganti C, Gazzano E, Polimeni M, Costamagna C, Bosia A, Ghigo D. Diphenyleneiodonium inhibits the cell redox metabolism and induces oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47726-31. [PMID: 15358777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406314200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and the structurally related compound diphenyliodonium (DIP) are widely used as inhibitors of flavoenzymes, particularly NADPH oxidase. Here we report further evidence that DPI and DIP are not specific flavin binders. A 3-h incubation of N11 glial cells with DPI significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent way both the pentose phosphate pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In parallel, we observed a dose-dependent increase of reactive oxygen species generation and lipoperoxidation and increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the extracellular medium. The glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio decreased, whereas the efflux of glutathione out of the cells increased. This suggests that DPI causes an augmented oxidative stress and exerts a cytotoxic effect in N11 cells. Indeed, the cells were protected from these events when loaded with glutathione. Similar results were observed using DIP instead of DPI and also in other cell types. We suggest that the DPI-elicited inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle may be mediated by the blockade of several NAD(P)-dependent enzymes, such as glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase. In light of these results, we think that some effects of DPI or DIP in in vitro and in vivo experimental models should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Genetics, Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Abstract
This review examines progress in understanding the physiologic functions of glutamic acid in the body since the first symposium on glutamic acid physiology and biochemistry was held at the Mario Negri Institute in Milan in 1978. The topics reviewed, although not exhaustive, include the metabolism of glutamic acid, umami taste, the role of glutamic acid as a neurotransmitter, glutamate safety and the development of new drugs resulting from the knowledge of the neurodegeneration induced by high doses of glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garattini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, 20157 Milan, Italy
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