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Yamagata K. Astrocytic nutritional dysfunction associated with hypoxia-induced neuronal vulnerability in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104786. [PMID: 32579896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) is a valuable animal model to investigate human strokes. SHRSP Izumo strain (Izm) neurons are highly sensitive to blood supply changes. Furthermore, SHRSP/Izm astrocytes show various abnormalities upon hypoxic stimulation compared to control Wistar Kyoto (WKY/Izm) rats. This study aimed to describe stroke-related characteristics of SHRSP/Izm-derived neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we discuss the role of astrocytes in the development of stroke in SHRSP/Izm model. In SHRSP/Izm, neuronal death is induced upon reoxygenation after hypoxia. Furthermore, it was shown that SHRSP/Izm astrocytes show significantly reduced lactate production and supply ability to nerve cells when subjected to hypoxic stimulation. In particular, decreased lactate production and monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) expression in SHRSP/Izm astrocytes are factors that induce neuronal cell death. Remarkable differences in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression and L-serine production were also observed in SHRSP/Izm-derived astrocytes compared to WKY/Izm. Reduced production of both GDNF and L-serine contributes to diminished neuronal survival. The differences between SHRSP/Izm and WKY/Izm astrocyte cellular properties may contribute to compromised neuronal nutrition and induction of neuronal death. These properties are likely to be the factors that enhance stroke in SHRSP/Izm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University (UNBS), Japan.
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Bailey EL, Smith C, Sudlow CLM, Wardlaw JM. Is the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat a pertinent model of sub cortical ischemic stroke? A systematic review. Int J Stroke 2012; 6:434-44. [PMID: 21951409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat is best known as an inducible model of large artery stroke. Spontaneous strokes and stroke propensity in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat are less well characterized; however, could be relevant to human lacunar stroke. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess the brain tissue and small vessel pathology underlying the spontaneous strokes of the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat. We searched systematically three online databases from 1970 to May 2010; excluded duplicates, reviews, and articles describing the consequences of induced middle cerebral artery occlusion or noncerebral pathology; and recorded data describing brain region and the vessels examined, number of animals, age, dietary salt intake, vascular and tissue abnormalities. Among 102 relevant studies, animals sacrificed after developing stroke-like symptoms displayed arteriolar wall thickening, subcortical lesions, enlarged perivascular spaces and cortical infarcts and hemorrhages. Histopathology, proteomics and imaging studies suggested that the changes not due simply to hypertension. There may be susceptibility to endothelial permeability increase that precedes arteriolar wall thickening, degeneration and perivascular tissue changes; systemic inflammation may also precede cerebrovascular changes. There were very few data on venules or tissue changes before hypertension. The spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat shows similar features to human lacunar stroke and may be a good spontaneous model of this complex human disorder. Further studies should focus on structural changes at early ages and genetics to identify factors that predispose to vascular and brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Bailey
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Yamagata K. Pathological alterations of astrocytes in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats under ischemic conditions. Neurochem Int 2011; 60:91-8. [PMID: 22100568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm) develop severe hypertension, and more than 95% of them die of cerebral stroke. We showed the vulnerability of neuronal cells of SHRSP/Izm rats. Furthermore, we analyzed the characteristics of SHRSP/Izm astrocytes during a stroke. It is known that the proliferating ability of SHRSP/Izm astrocytes is significantly enhanced compared with those in the normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY/Izm) strain. Conversely, the ability of SHRSP/Izm astrocytes to form tight junctions (TJ) was attenuated compared with astrocytes from WKY/Izm rats. During the stress of hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R), lactate production, an energy source for neuronal cells, decreased in SHRSP/Izm astrocytes in comparison with the WKY/Izm strain. Moreover, during H/R, SHRSP/Izm astrocytes decreased their production of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in comparison with WKY/Izm astrocytes. Furthermore, SHRSP/Izm rats decreased production of l-serine, compared with WKY/Izm rats following nitric oxide (NO) stimulation. Additionally, in H/R, astrocytes of SHRSP/Izm rats expressed adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1 at higher levels. It is possible that all of these differences between SHRSP/Izm and WKY/Izm astrocytes are not associated with the neurological disorders in SHRSP/Izm. However, attenuated production of lactate and reduced GDNF production in astrocytes may reduce required energy levels and weaken the nutritional status of SHRSP/Ism neuronal cells. We suggest that the attenuation of astrocytes' functions accelerates neuronal cell death during stroke, and may contribute to the development of strokes in SHRSP/Izm. In this review, we summarize the altered properties of SHRSP/Izm astrocytes during a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Health Science of Food, Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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The potential of neural stem cells to repair stroke-induced brain damage. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:469-80. [PMID: 19283395 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute injuries to CNS such as stroke induce neural progenitor proliferation in adult brain which might be an endogenous attempt to self-repair. This process is known to be altered by several exogenous and endogenous modulators including growth factors that could help to reinforce the post-stroke neurogenesis. Increasing the neurogenesis may be a future therapeutic option to decrease the cognitive and behavioral deficits following stroke. In addition, transplantation of various types of stem cells into the injured brain is currently thought to be an exciting option to replace the neurons lost in the post-ischemic brain. These include immortalized stem cell lines, neural progenitors prepared from embryonic and adult animals and mesenchymal stem cells. Using exogenous stem cells in addition to modulating endogenous neurogenesis, we may be able to repair the injured brain after a devastating stroke. This article reviewed the current literature of these two issues.
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Fior-Chadi DR, Varella TCN, Maximino JR, Chadi G. Aortic coarctation hypertension induces fibroblast growth factor-2 immunoreactivity in the stimulated nucleus tractus solitarii. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:285-94. [PMID: 17562191 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The actions of neurotrophic factors i.e. basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) to neurons are related not only to neuronal development and maintenance but also to synaptic plasticity regarding neurotransmission. We analyzed here the levels of FGF-2 immunoreactivity in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of Wistar Kyoto rats in response to alterations of neuronal activity promoted by the stimulation of the baroreceptor reflex following an aortic coarctation-induced-hypertension. The FGF-2 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in the cytoplasm of the neurons and in the nuclei of the glial cells in the NTS. A large number of NTS neurons expressed FOS immunoreactivity 4 h after coarctation, as an indication of neuronal activity. Stereological methods showed an increased number of FGF-2 immunoreactive (ir) neuronal profiles (90%) and glial profiles (149%) in the NTS of the 72 h aortic coarctated rats. 1-week later, FGF-2 ir neurons were still increased (54%) but no change was found in the number of FGF-2 ir glial profiles. The double immunoperoxidase method revealed that the majority of the FGF-2 ir glial cells was glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive astrocytes. GFAP immunohistochemistry showed an astroglial reaction at 72 h time-interval (55%) but not 1 week after stimulation. The number of the cresyl violet positive neurons and OX42 ir profiles (marker of activated microglia) in the NTS of coarctated rats were not different from control by 1 week and 1 month after the surgery, indicating a lack of NTS injury in this period following coarctation hypertension. FGF-2 may be an important neurotrophic factor in areas involved in the control of blood pressure. The increased FGF-2 IR in the NTS cells following neuronal stimulation may represent trophic and plastic adaptive responses in this nucleus in an autocrine/paracrine fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Rejane Fior-Chadi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Scorza FA, Arida RM, Cysneiros RM, Scorza CA, de Albuquerque M, Cavalheiro EA. Estudo qualitativo da formação hipocampal de animais hipertensos com epilepsia. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2005; 63:283-8. [PMID: 16100975 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2005000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar qualitativamente o hipocampo e o giro dentado de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) com epilepsia. MÉTODO: Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: Wistar controle, Wistar com epilepsia, SHR controle e SHR com epilepsia. Para indução da epilepsia, utilizamos o modelo da pilocarpina. Após os animais apresentarem crises espontâneas e recorrentes, o tecido cerebral dos animais foi encaminhado para análise histológica através dos métodos de Nissl e neo-Timm. RESULTADOS: Nos animais Wistar e SHR controle submetidos à coloração de Nissl observamos a manutenção das camadas celulares da formação hipocampal. Nos animais Wistar com epilepsia verificamos intensa morte neuronal na região CA1 e CA3 do hipocampo e no hilo do giro dentado. Nos animais SHR com epilepsia verificou-se a presença de atrofia hipocampal com dilatação do sistema ventricular. A coloração de neo-Timm revelou a presença de brotamento supragranular em todos os animais com epilepsia. CONCLUSÃO: Foram encontradas alterações neuropatológicas na citoarquitetura hipocampal nos animais Wistar com epilepsia e SHR com epilepsia, demonstrando que a epilepsia isoladamente ou associadamente à hipertensão são capazes de causar destruição neuronal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
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Weickert CS, Kittell DA, Saunders RC, Herman MM, Horlick RA, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in the human hippocampal formation. Neuroscience 2005; 131:219-33. [PMID: 15680705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an important mitogen and neurotrophic factor that binds and signals through the high-affinity receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). However, only a limited amount of information is available concerning the molecular forms and anatomical distribution of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in the normal human brain. We found multiple bFGF and FGFR1 mRNA transcripts which vary in expression pattern across human brain regions. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we localized bFGF and FGFR1 mRNA and protein to cells in the normal adult human hippocampus and caudal entorhinal cortex (ERC). The majority of pyramidal neurons contained FGFR1 mRNA and protein in the mesial temporal lobe, with neurons in the CA2/CA3 region demonstrating the highest levels of FGFR1 mRNA. In contrast to FGFR1, bFGF mRNA expression was detected at very low levels in a small fraction of the neurons in the human hippocampus and caudal ERC. While bFGF mRNA may be expressed at low levels in neurons, bFGF-immunopositive cells with astrocytic features were detected throughout the mesial temporal lobe in rats, monkeys and humans. bFGF immunoreactive processes are found traversing the dentate gyrus, and bFGF immunoreactive cells are found in the neurogenic subgranular zone in all three mammalian species studied. The anatomical distribution of these two FGF family members suggests that bFGF is endogenously positioned to be involved in ongoing neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus, and that FGF trophic signaling to differentiated neurons could involve the release of astrocytic bFGF acting on neuronal FGFR1 in the normal adult human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Weickert
- Neuropathology Section, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1385, USA.
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Chi SI, Wang CK, Chen JJ, Chau LY, Lin TN. Differential regulation of H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA subunits, ferritin protein and iron following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Neuroscience 2001; 100:475-84. [PMID: 11098110 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron may catalyse the production of reactive oxygen species during post-ischemic reoxygenation and subsequently lead to brain damage. Ferritin, an iron sequestering and storage protein, can also be a source of iron after ischemic insult. However, its role in ischemia-reperfusion has not been carefully investigated. In the present study, we examined the temporal and spatial induction profiles of both H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA and protein in a well-defined focal cerebral ischemia model. Results of northern blot analysis showed a delayed and prolonged induction of both H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA in the ischemic cortex of rats subjected to 60min ischemic insult. A significant induction of both H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA was observed at 12h and remained elevated for up to 336h after the onset of reperfusion. At the peak level, quantitative analysis of the blot indicated a 2.5-fold and a six-fold increase in H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA, respectively, compared with the sham-operated controls. No apparent change in the levels of either messenger RNA was observed in the contralateral side. Results of in situ hybridization studies revealed constitutive expression of both H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA throughout the brain in sham-operated animals, in particular the hippocampus and the piriform cortex. Nevertheless, the signal intensity of H-ferritin messenger RNA was much higher than that of L-ferritin messenger RNA. Seventy-two hours after 60min ischemia, marked expression of H-ferritin messenger RNA was observed in the area surrounding the middle cerebral artery irrigated cortex, the medial part of the caudoputamen and in the subfield of the CA1 hippocampal region of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Similarly, a large induction of L-ferritin messenger RNA was also noted in several areas, including the middle cerebral artery irrigated cortex, the lateral part of the caudoputamen and the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 hippocampal region, which were totally different from areas where H-ferritin messenger RNA was found. At 336h after ischemia, increased expression of H-ferritin messenger RNA was observed in the peri-necrosis and ipsilateral thalamus regions, while L-ferritin messenger RNA was noted exclusively at the edge within the necrosis. Results of immunohistochemical study further revealed that ferritin immunoreactivity was present in the same areas where increased ferritin messenger RNA was found. Sixty-minute ischemia also led to iron deposition in discrete areas. Iron deposition was highly associated with the induction of ferritin, particularly in the macrophage- and microglia-positive areas where cell death or tissue necrosis was noted.In summary, our initial findings indicate that ischemic insult leads to induction of both H- and L-ferritin messenger RNA. In the present study, although the temporal induction profiles were similar, the major expression areas for these two genes were totally different. Ferritin immunoreactivity was observed in the same areas where increased ferritin messenger RNA was found. Ischemia also resulted in iron deposition, which highly associated with the ferritin immunoreactivity. The exact regulatory mechanism and pathological significance for the differential expression of H- and L-ferritin genes following ischemia/reperfusion remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Chi
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin TN, Te J, Lee M, Sun GY, Hsu CY. Induction of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression following focal cerebral ischemia. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 49:255-65. [PMID: 9387885 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a biologically active polypeptide with mitogenic, angiogenic, and neurotrophic properties. In the present study, we examined the temporal and spatial expression profiles of bFGF mRNA and protein concentration in a focal cerebral ischemia model induced by transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and both common carotid arteries (CCAs). Results of Northern blot analysis shows a transient 2.5-fold increase in the 6.0 kb transcript of bFGF mRNA within the ischemic cortex of rats subjected to 60 min ischemic insult followed by 12 h of reperfusion. Although enhanced expression of bFGF mRNA was also noted in the ipsilateral hippocampus, the temporal induction profile appeared to be different from that of the ischemic cortex. A significant increase in bFGF mRNA was observed as early as 60 min following ischemia and remained elevated for up to 2 weeks after the onset of reperfusion. In situ hybridization studies revealed constitutive expression of bFGF mRNA in discrete brain regions of sham-operated animals. Following 60 min ischemia and 12 h reperfusion, increased expression of bFGF mRNA was observed in the ischemic cortex (both peri-infarct and infarct area). Increased expression of bFGF mRNA within the infarcted area is largely confined rostrally to the outer cortical layers of the infarct, an area with increased density of blood vessels. bFGF-like immunoreactivity was also detected in areas expressing bFGF mRNA. Furthermore, a striking increase in bFGF-like immunoreactivity was observed in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Double-staining with anti-GFAP antibody indicated that the majority of the bFGF-like immunoreactivity was localized in the astrocytes, however, not all astrocytes showed bFGF-like immunoreactivity. Some GFAP negative cell also showed bFGF-like immunoreactivity. In summary, increased expression of both bFGF mRNA and immunoreactivity following ischemia were located in the same brain regions. An increase in bFGF-like immunoreactivity after ischemic insult is likely due to an increase in the expression of its 6.0 kb bFGF mRNA transcripts. Although increased bFGF mRNA was observed in both ischemic cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus after ischemic insult, the temporal expression profiles differed. Results from the present study raise the possibility that increased expression of bFGF in the peri-infarcted area may limit the spread of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Lin
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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