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Geirola N, Greco S, Mare R, Ricupero D, Settino M, Tirinato L, Maurotti S, Montalcini T, Pujia A. Assessment of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Food Matrix by an Innovative Spectrophotometric Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8501. [PMID: 39126070 PMCID: PMC11313681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Foods contaminants pose a challenge for food producers and consumers. Due to its spontaneous formation during heating and storage, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a prevalent contaminant in foods rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Colorimetric assays, such as the Seliwanoff test, offer a rapid and cost-effective method for HMF quantification but require careful optimization to ensure accuracy. We addressed potential interference in the Seliwanoff assay by systematically evaluating parameters like incubation time, temperature, and resorcinol or hydrochloric acid concentration, as well as the presence of interfering carbohydrates. Samples were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in scan mode, and data obtained were validated using HPLC, which also enabled quantification of unreacted HMF for assessing the protocol's accuracy. Incubation time and hydrochloric acid percentage positively influenced the colorimetric assay, while the opposite effect was observed with the increase in resorcinol concentration. Interference from carbohydrates was eliminated by reducing the acid content in the working reagent. HPLC analyses corroborated the spectrophotometer data and confirmed the efficacy of the proposed method. The average HMF content in balsamic vinegar samples was 1.97 ± 0.94 mg/mL. Spectrophotometric approaches demonstrated to efficiently determine HMF in complex food matrices. The HMF levels detected in balsamic vinegars significantly exceeded the maximum limits established for honey. This finding underscores the urgent need for regulations that restrict contaminant levels in various food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Geirola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.G.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Simona Greco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.G.); (L.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.G.); (L.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Domenico Ricupero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.G.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Mariagiovanna Settino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.G.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Luca Tirinato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.G.); (L.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.G.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.G.); (D.R.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (T.M.)
- Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.G.); (L.T.); (A.P.)
- Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Salis S, Spano N, Ciulu M, Floris I, Pilo MI, Sanna G. Electrochemical Determination of the "Furanic Index" in Honey. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144115. [PMID: 34299390 PMCID: PMC8307740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde, better known as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), is a well-known freshness parameter of honey: although mostly absent in fresh samples, its concentration tends to increase naturally with aging. However, high quantities of HMF are also found in fresh but adulterated samples or honey subjected to thermal or photochemical stresses. In addition, HMF deserves further consideration due to its potential toxic effects on human health. The processes at the origin of HMF formation in honey and in other foods, containing saccharides and proteins—mainly non-enzymatic browning reactions—can also produce other furanic compounds. Among others, 2-furaldehyde (2F) and 2-furoic acid (2FA) are the most abundant in honey, but also their isomers (i.e., 3-furaldehyde, 3F, and 3-furoic acid, 3FA) have been found in it, although in small quantities. A preliminary characterization of HMF, 2F, 2FA, 3F, and 3FA by cyclic voltammetry (CV) led to hypothesizing the possibility of a comprehensive quantitative determination of all these compounds using a simple and accurate square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. Therefore, a new parameter able to provide indications on quality of honey, named “Furanic Index” (FI), was proposed in this contribution, which is based on the simultaneous reduction of all analytes on an Hg electrode to ca. −1.50 V vs. Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). The proposed method, validated, and tested on 10 samples of honeys of different botanical origin and age, is fast and accurate, and, in the case of strawberry tree honey (Arbutus unedo), it highlighted the contribution to the FI of the homogentisic acid (HA), i.e., the chemical marker of the floral origin of this honey, which was quantitatively reduced in the working conditions. Excellent agreement between the SWV and Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) data was observed in all samples considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severyn Salis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Nadia Spano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.I.P.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-569
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Ignazio Floris
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maria I. Pilo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.I.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Gavino Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.I.P.); (G.S.)
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Gürkan R. A New Enrichment Method for Quantification of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Indirect Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Honey and Jam Samples. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:682-692. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Because of increasing amounts of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in processed foods and the complexity of the matrix, monitoring of trace 5-HMF requires accurate and reliable methods. Hence, an efficient sample pretreatment procedure is necessary for extraction and preconcentration of 5-HMF from the matrix.
Objective
In this study, a new and efficient sample preparation method utilizing ultrasound-assisted-cloud point extraction (UA-CPE), indirectly followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), was introduced for the monitoring of trace amounts of 5-HMF in honey and jam samples.
Method
With this method, hydroxylamine was used as a derivatizing agent in the presence of Mn(II) and an anionic surfactant, SDS for extraction of 5-HMF at pH 9.0. For dispersing reagents in sample solution, low amounts of mixed surfactant, triton X-45 and SDS were mixed and fast-injected into the extraction media. A cloudy solution formed, and after reaction of 5-HMF with reagents, the cloudy solution was centrifuged. The extracted 5-HMF in the surfactant-rich phase was dissolved in acidic acetone and indirectly analyzed by FAAS.
Results
The method showed a detection limit of 1.27 μg/L in linear working range of 4–240 μg/L, good precision (2.3–6.5%), and recovery rates (93.5–97%) after preconcentration of 70-fold.
Conclusions
Within this study, an accurate and reliable method for the indirect quantification of 5-HMF in selected samples was successfully developed with a sensitivity improvement factor of 30.6.
Highlights
The figures of merit for the developed indirect method were appropriate. The applicability of the method for the analysis of 5-HMF in processed foods was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Gürkan
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Cumhuriyet, TR-58140 Sivas, Turkey
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Baş SD, Gürkan R. Selective extraction and enrichment of 5-hydroymethylfurfural from honey, molasses, jam and vinegar samples prior to sensitive determination by micro-volume UV-vis spectrophotometry. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ünüvar S. Determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in Expired Pharmaceutical Syrups by Using HPLC-DAD Method. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.477710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Shapla UM, Solayman M, Alam N, Khalil MI, Gan SH. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in honey and other food products: effects on bees and human health. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29619623 PMCID: PMC5884753 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An organic compound known as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is formed from reducing sugars in honey and various processed foods in acidic environments when they are heated through the Maillard reaction. In addition to processing, storage conditions affect the formation HMF, and HMF has become a suitable indicator of honey quality. HMF is easily absorbed from food through the gastrointestinal tract and, upon being metabolized into different derivatives, is excreted via urine. In addition to exerting detrimental effects (mutagenic, genotoxic, organotoxic and enzyme inhibitory), HMF, which is converted to a non-excretable, genotoxic compound called 5-sulfoxymethylfurfural, is beneficial to human health by providing antioxidative, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypoxic, anti-sickling, and anti-hyperuricemic effects. Therefore, HMF is a neo-forming contaminant that draws great attention from scientists. This review compiles updated information regarding HMF formation, detection procedures, mitigation strategies and effects of HMF on honey bees and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummay Mahfuza Shapla
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Solayman
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, 1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Nadia Alam
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Özkök D, Silici S. Effects of honey HMF on enzyme activities and serum biochemical parameters of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20186-20193. [PMID: 27439754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a by-product of thermal degradation of glucose and fructose. In this study, the effects of high HMF content of honey on biochemical parameters of rats were investigated. Experiments were conducted with 40 Wistar albino male rats, each weighing 250-350 g and covered a period of 5 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups. The first group was served as control group. HMF was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 200 mg/kg rat b.w. to the animals in group 2. Group 3 was fed with honey that contains 10 mg HMF/kg honey. In group 4 and 5, there were honeys that contain significantly high HMF content due to long storage period (181 mg HMF/kg honey) and heat process (140 mg HMF/kg honey). At the end of the feeding process, biochemical blood parameters of rats were investigated. It was observed that there were no differences among the glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, uric acid, Na, GGT, and ALP parameters of the groups. On the other hand, significant differences were observed among the cholesterol, LDL, BUN, creatinine, Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, total bilirubin, LDH, CPK, AST, ALT, total protein, and pseudocholinesterase values of the rats. The highest adverse effects were obtained from group HMF, and it was followed by groups SH (stored honey) and HH (heated honey). It can be concluded that high HMF content of honey may affect the human health adversely; thus, HMF in honey must be controlled by beekeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duran Özkök
- Safiye Cikrikcioglu Vocational School, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sibel Silici
- Agriculture Faculty, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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CASTOLDI K, MILANI MI, ROSSINI EL, PEZZA L, PEZZA HR. Flow Injection Analysis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde in Honey by a Modified Winkler Method. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:413-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine CASTOLDI
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)
| | - Maria Izabel MILANI
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)
| | - Eduardo L. ROSSINI
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)
| | - Leonardo PEZZA
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)
| | - Helena R. PEZZA
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)
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Gürkan R, Altunay N. Quantification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in honey samples and acidic beverages using spectrophotometry coupled with ultrasonic-assisted cloud point extraction. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Švecová B, Bordovská M, Kalvachová D, Hájek T. Analysis of Czech meads: Sugar content, organic acids content and selected phenolic compounds content. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Rajchl A, Drgová L, Grégrová A, Čížková H, Ševčík R, Voldřich M. Rapid determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by DART ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4737-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Monakhova YB, Lachenmeier DW. The Margin of Exposure of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in Alcoholic Beverages. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:e2012016. [PMID: 23106038 PMCID: PMC3479239 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) regularly occurs in foods and in alcoholic beverages. However, the risk of HMF associated with alcohol consumption has not been systematically studied, so that this study will provide the first quantitative risk assessment of HMF for consumers of alcoholic beverages. METHODS Human dietary intake of HMF via alcoholic beverages in the European Union was estimated based on WHO alcohol consumption data combined with our own survey data (n=944) and literature data (n=147) about the HMF contents of different beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The risk assessment was conducted using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. RESULTS For olfactory epithelium metaplasia in female mice, a benchmark dose (BMD) of 127 mg/kg bodyweight (bw)/d and a BMD lower confidence limit (BMDL) of 79 mg/kg bw/d were calculated from National Toxicology Program oral long-term animal experiments. The average human exposure to HMF from alcoholic beverages was estimated at 6.0E-3 mg/kg bw/d, which is approximately 8.5% of the total dietary exposure. In comparison of the human exposure with BMDL, the MOE was 13,167 for average alcohol consumption scenarios, which is a value that would be generally assumed as safe for threshold based compounds. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the risk from HMF to the alcohol-consuming population is rather low and the priority for risk management (e.g. to reduce the contamination) is also low. Further toxicological research about HMF is required to further elucidate its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Department of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Rufián-Henares J, de la Cueva S. Assessment of hydroxymethylfurfural intake in the Spanish diet. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1306-12. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802163406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Spano N, Ciulu M, Floris I, Panzanelli A, Pilo MI, Piu PC, Scanu R, Sanna G. Chemical characterization of a traditional honey-based Sardinian product: Abbamele. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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